Modelos de Risco na Psicologia do Desenvolvimento
Palavras-chave:
Desenvolvimento atípico, Modelos prospectivos, PrevençãoResumo
Este artigo revê a literatura empírica de vanguarda sobre a natureza das condições de risco e as possíveis trajetórias
cronológicas dos efeitos de risco na infância e na adolescência, com implicações para os programas de prevenção psicossocial.
As pesquisas indicam que as condições de risco desenvolvimental tendem a ser multifatoriais e específicas ao organismo e ao
contexto, com variações graduadas entre distais, meio-proximais e proximais. Quatro modelos de trajetórias prospectivas são
apresentados, com base em pesquisas longitudinais recentes, a saber, os modelos da vulnerabilidade, da continuidade dos
primeiros efeitos, dos efeitos cumulativos e dos efeitos posteriores.
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Referências
Bates, J.E., Pettit, G.S. & Dodge, K.A. (1995). Family and child
factors in stability and change in children's aggressiveness in
elementary school. Em J. McCord (Org.), Coercion and punishment
in long-term perspectives (pp. 124-138). New York;
Cambridge University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not
good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64,
1299-1317.
Bear, G.G., Telzrow, CF. & De Oliveira, E.A. (1997). Socially responsible
behavior. Em G.G. Bear, K.M. Minke & A. Thomas
(Orgs.), Children's needs: Development, problems and alternatives
(2a. ed., pp. 51-63). Bethesda, MD: National Association
of School Psychologists.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment, vol.1 de attachment and loss (2nd.
ed.). London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R.H., Caldwell, B.M. & Rock, S.L. (1988). Home environment
and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and
examination of three models of environmental action. Child
Development, 59, 852-867.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development.
Research paradigms: Present and future. Em N. Bolger,
A. Caspi, G. Downey & M. Moorehouse (Orgs.), Persons in
context (pp. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Curtiss, S. (1977). Genie: A psychological study of a modern-day
wild child. New York: Academic Press.
Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1996).
Physical discipline among African American and European
American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065-1072.
Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1990). Mechanisms in the
cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. & Bates, J.E. (1994). Socialization mediators
of the relation between socioeconomic status and child
conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649-665.
Eckenrode, J., Rowe, E., Laird, M. & Brathwaite, J. (1995). Mobility
as a mediator of the effects of child maltreatment on academic
performance. Child Development, 66, 1130-1142.
Egeland, Ð’., Pianta, R. & O'Brien, M.A. (1993). Maternal intrusiveness
and child maladaptation in early school years. Development
and Psychopathology, 5, 359-370.
Fagot, B.I. & Gauvain, M. (1997). Mother-child problem solving:
Continuity through the early childhood years. Developmental
Psychology, 33, 480-488.
Gandour, M.J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament
in toddlers. Child Development, 60, 1092-1098.
Hashima, P.Y. & Amato, PR. (1994). Poverty, social support, and
parental behavior. Child Development, 65, 394-403.
Maughan, Ð’., Pickles, A. & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility,
childhood behavior, and adult social functioning. Em J. McCord
(Org.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp.
34-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McLoyd, V.C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black
families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and
socioemotional development. Child Development, 61,311-346.
Oliveira, E.A. de (1998). Cognições sociais maternas, interações
mãe-criança e o desenvolvimento social da criança na fase
pré-escolar (relatório n° 301381/97-6). Brasília: MCT/CNPq.
Oliveira, E.A. de, Ackerman, B.P. & Izard, CE. (1996). The role
of caregiver-child microregulation in the externalizing behavior
of Head-Start children. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark
& R. Robinson (Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings:
Making a difference for children, families and communities:
Partnerships among researchers, practitioners and policymakers
(p. 499). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference,
Washington, DC.
Pike, A., McGuire, S., Hetherington, E.M., Reiss, D. & Plomin, R.
(1996). Family environment and adolescent depressive symptoms
and antisocial behavior: A multivariate genetic analysis.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 590-603.
Plomin, R. (1989). Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior.
American Psychologist, 44, 105-111.
Rutter, M. (1976). Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings,
new concepts, new approaches. Child Development, 50,
283-305.
Rutter, M. (1996). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience, and
recovery. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark & R. Robinson
(Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings: Making a difference
for children, families and communities: Partnerships
among researchers, practitioners and policymakers (pp. 27-
42). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference, Washington,
DC.
Sameroff, A.J. & Fiese, B.H. (1990). Transactional regulation and
early intervention. Em S.J. Meisels & J.P. Shonkoff (Orgs.),
Handbook of early childbook intervention (pp. 119-149). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A. & Baldwin, С (1993). Stability
of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence
of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64,
80-97.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Barocas, Ð’., Zax, M. & Greenspan, S.
(1987). IQ scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental
risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343-350.
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development
and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
Sroufe, L.A., Egeland, B. & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early
experience following developmental change in longitudinal
approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development,
61, 1363-1373.
Sternberg, K.J. & Lamb, M.E. (1993). Can we ignore context in
the definition of child maltreatment? Development and Psychopathology,
3, 87-92.
Sternberg, K.J., Lamb, M.E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud,
S., Cortes, R.M., Krispin, O. & Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic
violence on children's behavior problems and depression.
Developmental Psychology, 29, 44-52.
Werner, E. (1989). Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American,
260, 107-111.
factors in stability and change in children's aggressiveness in
elementary school. Em J. McCord (Org.), Coercion and punishment
in long-term perspectives (pp. 124-138). New York;
Cambridge University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not
good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64,
1299-1317.
Bear, G.G., Telzrow, CF. & De Oliveira, E.A. (1997). Socially responsible
behavior. Em G.G. Bear, K.M. Minke & A. Thomas
(Orgs.), Children's needs: Development, problems and alternatives
(2a. ed., pp. 51-63). Bethesda, MD: National Association
of School Psychologists.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment, vol.1 de attachment and loss (2nd.
ed.). London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books.
Bradley, R.H., Caldwell, B.M. & Rock, S.L. (1988). Home environment
and school performance: A ten-year follow-up and
examination of three models of environmental action. Child
Development, 59, 852-867.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development.
Research paradigms: Present and future. Em N. Bolger,
A. Caspi, G. Downey & M. Moorehouse (Orgs.), Persons in
context (pp. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Curtiss, S. (1977). Genie: A psychological study of a modern-day
wild child. New York: Academic Press.
Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1996).
Physical discipline among African American and European
American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065-1072.
Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1990). Mechanisms in the
cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S. & Bates, J.E. (1994). Socialization mediators
of the relation between socioeconomic status and child
conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649-665.
Eckenrode, J., Rowe, E., Laird, M. & Brathwaite, J. (1995). Mobility
as a mediator of the effects of child maltreatment on academic
performance. Child Development, 66, 1130-1142.
Egeland, Ð’., Pianta, R. & O'Brien, M.A. (1993). Maternal intrusiveness
and child maladaptation in early school years. Development
and Psychopathology, 5, 359-370.
Fagot, B.I. & Gauvain, M. (1997). Mother-child problem solving:
Continuity through the early childhood years. Developmental
Psychology, 33, 480-488.
Gandour, M.J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament
in toddlers. Child Development, 60, 1092-1098.
Hashima, P.Y. & Amato, PR. (1994). Poverty, social support, and
parental behavior. Child Development, 65, 394-403.
Maughan, Ð’., Pickles, A. & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility,
childhood behavior, and adult social functioning. Em J. McCord
(Org.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp.
34-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McLoyd, V.C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black
families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and
socioemotional development. Child Development, 61,311-346.
Oliveira, E.A. de (1998). Cognições sociais maternas, interações
mãe-criança e o desenvolvimento social da criança na fase
pré-escolar (relatório n° 301381/97-6). Brasília: MCT/CNPq.
Oliveira, E.A. de, Ackerman, B.P. & Izard, CE. (1996). The role
of caregiver-child microregulation in the externalizing behavior
of Head-Start children. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark
& R. Robinson (Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings:
Making a difference for children, families and communities:
Partnerships among researchers, practitioners and policymakers
(p. 499). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference,
Washington, DC.
Pike, A., McGuire, S., Hetherington, E.M., Reiss, D. & Plomin, R.
(1996). Family environment and adolescent depressive symptoms
and antisocial behavior: A multivariate genetic analysis.
Developmental Psychology, 32, 590-603.
Plomin, R. (1989). Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior.
American Psychologist, 44, 105-111.
Rutter, M. (1976). Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings,
new concepts, new approaches. Child Development, 50,
283-305.
Rutter, M. (1996). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience, and
recovery. Em F.L. Parker, J. Hagen, C. Clark & R. Robinson
(Orgs.), Summary of conference proceedings: Making a difference
for children, families and communities: Partnerships
among researchers, practitioners and policymakers (pp. 27-
42). Head Start's 3rd. National Research Conference, Washington,
DC.
Sameroff, A.J. & Fiese, B.H. (1990). Transactional regulation and
early intervention. Em S.J. Meisels & J.P. Shonkoff (Orgs.),
Handbook of early childbook intervention (pp. 119-149). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A. & Baldwin, С (1993). Stability
of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence
of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64,
80-97.
Sameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., Barocas, Ð’., Zax, M. & Greenspan, S.
(1987). IQ scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental
risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343-350.
Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development
and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
Sroufe, L.A., Egeland, B. & Kreutzer, T. (1990). The fate of early
experience following developmental change in longitudinal
approaches to individual adaptation in childhood. Child Development,
61, 1363-1373.
Sternberg, K.J. & Lamb, M.E. (1993). Can we ignore context in
the definition of child maltreatment? Development and Psychopathology,
3, 87-92.
Sternberg, K.J., Lamb, M.E., Greenbaum, C., Cicchetti, D., Dawud,
S., Cortes, R.M., Krispin, O. & Lorey, F. (1993). Effects of domestic
violence on children's behavior problems and depression.
Developmental Psychology, 29, 44-52.
Werner, E. (1989). Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American,
260, 107-111.
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Publicado
2012-09-17
Como Citar
de Oliveira, E. A. (2012). Modelos de Risco na Psicologia do Desenvolvimento. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 14(1), 019–026. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17304
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