Escala de assertividade Rathus - Ras:
Adaptação brasileira
Resumo
Com uma amostra de 302 estudantes solteiros secundaristas e universitários, tendo idade média de 19 anos, foi adaptada e validada para o Brasil a Escala de Assertividade RAS. Uma análise fatorial Alpha mostrou a presença de um grande fator, no qual 20 dos 30 itens originais da escala possuíam cargas relevantes. O fator foi definido como Inibição vs. Desinibição, apresentando uma consistência interna de 0,81 (Alpha de Cronbach). Dois outros fatores apareceram, mas com estrutura ainda muito indefinida. Concluiu-se que a escala é útil para medir Inibição vs. Desinibição, porém apresenta-se modesta para medir o construto assertividade.
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Referências
Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. L. (1974). You're perfect right: A guide to assertive
behavior. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact.
Allport, G. (1928).4-S reaction study. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Bates, H. D., & Zimmerman, S. F. (1971). Toward the development of a screening
scale for assertive training. Psychological Reports, 28, 99-107.
Borkovec, T. D., Stone, N. M., O'Brien, G. Т., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1974). Evaluation of
a clinically relevant target behavior for analog outcome research. Behavior
Therapy, 5, 503-513.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S.
R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 1-7.
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
Delamater, R. J., & McNamara, J. R. (1985). Perceptions of assertiveness by high -
and low-assertive female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 779(6),
581-586.
Eisler, R. M., Hersen, M., Miller, P. M., & Blanchard, E. B. (1975). Situational
determinants of assertive behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 43, 330-340.
Eisler, R. M., Miller, P. M., & Hersen, M. (1973). Components of assertive behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 295-299.
Epstein, N. (1980). Social consequences of assertion, aggression, passive
aggression, and submission: Situational and dispositional determinants. Behavior
Therapy, 11, 662-669.
Fixsen, D. I., Phillips, E. I., & Wolf, M. M. (1972). Achievement place: The reliability of
self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior. Journal of Applied
Behavior Analyis, 5, 19-30.
Friedman, P. M. (1968). The effects of modeling and role playing on assertive
behavior. Dissertation Abstracts, 29, 3557B-4901B.
Galassi, J. P., DeLeo, J. S., Galassi, M. D. & Bastien, S. (1974). The college
Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5,
165-171.
Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1974). Validity of a measure of assertiveness. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 21, 248-250.
Gambrill, E. D., & Richey, С. Ð. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment
and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Goldfried, A. P., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1974). Behavioral personality assessment
Morristown. J. N.: General Learning Press.
Goldstein, A. P., Martens, J., Hubben, J., Van Belle, H. A., Schaaf, W., Weirsma, &
Goedhart, A. (1973). The use of modeling to increase independent behavior.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 31-42.
Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1956). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament
Survey. Beverly Hills, California: Sheridan Psychology Services.
Hrop, S., & Rakos, R. F. (1985). The influence of race in the evaluation of assertion in
conflict situations. Behavior Therapy, 16, 478-493.
Hull, D. Ð’., & Schoeder, H. E. (1979). Some interpessoal effects of assertion,
nonassertion and aggression. Behavior Therapy, 10, 22-28.
Kern, J. M. (1982). Predicting the impact of assertive, empathic-assertive, and
non-assertive behavior: The assertiveness of the assertee. Behavior Therapy, 13,
486-498.
Kern, J. M., Cavell, T. A., & Beck, B. (1985). Predicting differential reactions to 'males'
versus females' assertions, empathic-assertions, and nonassertions. Behavior
Therapy, 16, 63-75.
Kelley, J. A., Kern, J. M., Kirkley, G. В., Patterson, J. N.. & Keane, Т. М. (1980).
Reactions to assertive versus unassertive behavior: Differential effects for males
and females and implications for assertive training. Behavior Therapy, 11,
670-681.
Lawrence, P. S. (1970). The assessment and modification of assertive behavior.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 1B-971B.
Lazarus, A. A. (1971). Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4,
697-699.
Lieberman, R. P. (1972). A guide to behavioral analysis and therapy. New York:
Pergamon.
Lao, R. С, Upchurch, W. H., Corwin, В. J., & Grassnickle, W. F. (1975). Biased
attitudes towards females as indicated by intelligence and likeability. Psychological
Reports, 37, 1315-1320.
Loo, R. M. (1971). The effects of projected consequences and overt behavioral
rehearsal on assertive behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Illinois.
McFall, R. M., & Lillesand, D. B. (1971). Behavior rehearsal with modeling and
coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 313-323.
McFall, R. M., & Marston, A. R. (1970). An experimental investigation of behavior
rehearsal in assertive training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 295-303.
McFall, R. M., & Twentyman, С. Т. (1973). Four experiments on the relative
contributions of rehearsal, modeling, and coaching to assertion training. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 81, 199-218.
Meyer, R. (1971). The art of refusal. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 265-274.
O'Connor, R. D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2,15-22.
Rakos, R. F., & Hrop, S. (1983). The influence of positive content and mode of
presentation on the social evaluation of assertive behavior in conflict situations.
Behavior Counseling and Community Interventions, 3,153-164.
Rathus, S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior
Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training.
Psychology Bulletin, 03(6), 1081-1096.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968).
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.
Salter, A. (1949). Conditioned reflex therapy. New York: Farrar, Strauss.
Serber, M. (1972). Teaching the non-verbal components of assertive training. Journal
of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, 3,179-183.
Vestewing, R. E., & Mose, M. K. (1976). The relationship of extroversion and
neuroticism to two measures of assertive behavior. The Journal of Psychology,
93,141-146.
Weinman, Ð’., Gelbart, P., Wallace, M., & Post, M. (1972). Inducing assertive behavior
in chronic schizophrenics: A comparison of socioenvironmental, desensitization,
and relaxation therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39,
246-252.
Williams, J. M„ & Stout, J. K. (1985). The effects of high and low assertiveness on
locus of control and health problems. The Journal the Psychology, 119(2),
169-173.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1980). Prática da terapia comportamental (3- edição). São Paulo: Editora
Brasiliense.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Woolfolk, L, & Dever, S. (1979). Perception of assertion: An empirical analysis.
Behavior Therapy, 10,404-411.
behavior. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact.
Allport, G. (1928).4-S reaction study. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Bates, H. D., & Zimmerman, S. F. (1971). Toward the development of a screening
scale for assertive training. Psychological Reports, 28, 99-107.
Borkovec, T. D., Stone, N. M., O'Brien, G. Т., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1974). Evaluation of
a clinically relevant target behavior for analog outcome research. Behavior
Therapy, 5, 503-513.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S.
R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 1-7.
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
Delamater, R. J., & McNamara, J. R. (1985). Perceptions of assertiveness by high -
and low-assertive female college students. The Journal of Psychology, 779(6),
581-586.
Eisler, R. M., Hersen, M., Miller, P. M., & Blanchard, E. B. (1975). Situational
determinants of assertive behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 43, 330-340.
Eisler, R. M., Miller, P. M., & Hersen, M. (1973). Components of assertive behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 295-299.
Epstein, N. (1980). Social consequences of assertion, aggression, passive
aggression, and submission: Situational and dispositional determinants. Behavior
Therapy, 11, 662-669.
Fixsen, D. I., Phillips, E. I., & Wolf, M. M. (1972). Achievement place: The reliability of
self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior. Journal of Applied
Behavior Analyis, 5, 19-30.
Friedman, P. M. (1968). The effects of modeling and role playing on assertive
behavior. Dissertation Abstracts, 29, 3557B-4901B.
Galassi, J. P., DeLeo, J. S., Galassi, M. D. & Bastien, S. (1974). The college
Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5,
165-171.
Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1974). Validity of a measure of assertiveness. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 21, 248-250.
Gambrill, E. D., & Richey, С. Ð. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment
and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Goldfried, A. P., & Sprafkin, J. N. (1974). Behavioral personality assessment
Morristown. J. N.: General Learning Press.
Goldstein, A. P., Martens, J., Hubben, J., Van Belle, H. A., Schaaf, W., Weirsma, &
Goedhart, A. (1973). The use of modeling to increase independent behavior.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 11, 31-42.
Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1956). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament
Survey. Beverly Hills, California: Sheridan Psychology Services.
Hrop, S., & Rakos, R. F. (1985). The influence of race in the evaluation of assertion in
conflict situations. Behavior Therapy, 16, 478-493.
Hull, D. Ð’., & Schoeder, H. E. (1979). Some interpessoal effects of assertion,
nonassertion and aggression. Behavior Therapy, 10, 22-28.
Kern, J. M. (1982). Predicting the impact of assertive, empathic-assertive, and
non-assertive behavior: The assertiveness of the assertee. Behavior Therapy, 13,
486-498.
Kern, J. M., Cavell, T. A., & Beck, B. (1985). Predicting differential reactions to 'males'
versus females' assertions, empathic-assertions, and nonassertions. Behavior
Therapy, 16, 63-75.
Kelley, J. A., Kern, J. M., Kirkley, G. В., Patterson, J. N.. & Keane, Т. М. (1980).
Reactions to assertive versus unassertive behavior: Differential effects for males
and females and implications for assertive training. Behavior Therapy, 11,
670-681.
Lawrence, P. S. (1970). The assessment and modification of assertive behavior.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 1B-971B.
Lazarus, A. A. (1971). Behavior therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4,
697-699.
Lieberman, R. P. (1972). A guide to behavioral analysis and therapy. New York:
Pergamon.
Lao, R. С, Upchurch, W. H., Corwin, В. J., & Grassnickle, W. F. (1975). Biased
attitudes towards females as indicated by intelligence and likeability. Psychological
Reports, 37, 1315-1320.
Loo, R. M. (1971). The effects of projected consequences and overt behavioral
rehearsal on assertive behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Illinois.
McFall, R. M., & Lillesand, D. B. (1971). Behavior rehearsal with modeling and
coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 313-323.
McFall, R. M., & Marston, A. R. (1970). An experimental investigation of behavior
rehearsal in assertive training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 295-303.
McFall, R. M., & Twentyman, С. Т. (1973). Four experiments on the relative
contributions of rehearsal, modeling, and coaching to assertion training. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 81, 199-218.
Meyer, R. (1971). The art of refusal. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 265-274.
O'Connor, R. D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2,15-22.
Rakos, R. F., & Hrop, S. (1983). The influence of positive content and mode of
presentation on the social evaluation of assertive behavior in conflict situations.
Behavior Counseling and Community Interventions, 3,153-164.
Rathus, S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior
Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training.
Psychology Bulletin, 03(6), 1081-1096.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968).
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.
Salter, A. (1949). Conditioned reflex therapy. New York: Farrar, Strauss.
Serber, M. (1972). Teaching the non-verbal components of assertive training. Journal
of Behavior and Experimental Psychiatry, 3,179-183.
Vestewing, R. E., & Mose, M. K. (1976). The relationship of extroversion and
neuroticism to two measures of assertive behavior. The Journal of Psychology,
93,141-146.
Weinman, Ð’., Gelbart, P., Wallace, M., & Post, M. (1972). Inducing assertive behavior
in chronic schizophrenics: A comparison of socioenvironmental, desensitization,
and relaxation therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39,
246-252.
Williams, J. M„ & Stout, J. K. (1985). The effects of high and low assertiveness on
locus of control and health problems. The Journal the Psychology, 119(2),
169-173.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1980). Prática da terapia comportamental (3- edição). São Paulo: Editora
Brasiliense.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Woolfolk, L, & Dever, S. (1979). Perception of assertion: An empirical analysis.
Behavior Therapy, 10,404-411.
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Publicado
2012-08-16
Como Citar
Pasquali, L., & Gouveia, V. V. (2012). Escala de assertividade Rathus - Ras:: Adaptação brasileira. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 6(3), 233–249. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17096
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