Is timeless eternity the only option for the theist?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26512/2358-82842019e29366Keywords:
Theism; Time; Eternity; Free Will.Abstract
Theistic religions assume that God has certain attributes such as omniscience, perfect omnipotence, goodness and eternity. Philosophers of religion subject such religious concepts to critical analysis and generally have different perspectives on what each one means. There are two main perspectives on the attribute of eternity: eternity involves time, or it does not involve time. During most of the philosophical tradition of theism, timeless eternity was considered the best interpretation for a few reasons, among them: God's absolute immutability guarantees His perfection and incorruptibility; timelessness answers better to questions about what God did before creating the world and how to reconcile omniscience and free will. However, temporal eternity has been increasingly popular - especially among analytical philosophers. Temporal eternity has been pointed out as capable of answering the same mentioned questions and of carrying an understanding of divine immutability in a bland sense that can be a better way to reconcile eternity with the free and creative nature of God.
Downloads
References
AGOSTINHO (2015). Confissões. Trad. de J. Oliveira e A. Ambrósio de Pina. 6. ed. Petrópolis,RJ: Vozes.
AGOSTINHO (1995). O livre-arbítrio. Trad. Nair de Assis Oliveira. São Paulo: Paulus.
BOÉCIO (2012). A consolação da filosofia. Trad. Willian Li. 2. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
CAMPBELL, Joseph K (2011). Free Will. Cambridge; Malden: Polity Press.
CRAIG, William Lane (2000). The Only Wise God. The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom. Eugene: Wipf and Stock.
DAVIES, Brian (2004). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. 3. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DENG, Natalja (2019). God and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Série Cambridge Elements)
FRANKFURT, Harry (1969). “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”. The Journal of Philosophy. 66(23): 829-839.
GANSSLE, Gregory E (2001). “Introduction: Thinking About God & Time” in God and Time: Four Views, by Gregory E. GANSSLE (Ed). InterVarsity Press: 9-27
GARRETT, Brian (2008). Metafísica: conceitos-chave em filosofia. Trad. Felipe Rangel Elizalde. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
HASKER, William (1994). “A Philosophical Perspective” in The Openness of God, by Charles PINNOCK et al. InterVarsity Press: 162-154.
HASKER, William (1989). God, Time and Knowledge. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
HELM, Paul (2010). Eternal God: A Study of God Without Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HELM, Paul (2001). “Divine Timelessness Eternity” in God and Time: Four Views, by Gregory E. GANSSLE (Ed). InterVarsity Press: 28-60.
HUGHES, Gerard J. (1995). The Nature of God. London: Routledge.
JAPIASSÚ, Hilton; MARCONDES, Danilo (2008). Dicionário básico de filosofia. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
KANE, Robert (2005). A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
LEWIS, C. S. (2009). Cristianismo puro e simples. Trad. Álvaro Oppermann e Marcelo Brandão Cipolla. 3. ed. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes.
LEFTOW, Brian (2006). “A eternidade” in Filosofia das Religiões: uma antologia, by C. TALIAFERRO and P. GRIFFITHS. Instituto Piaget: 107-114.
LUCAS, J. R (2002). “Time and Religion” in Time, by Katinka RIDERBOS (Ed.). Cambridge University Press: 143-165.
MARENBON, John; LUSCOMBE, D. E. (2008). “Duas ideias medievais: Eternidade e Hierarquia” in Filosofia Medieval. Trad. André Oídes. by A. G. MCGRADE. Ideias & Letras: 71-95. (Coleção Companions & Companions)
MAWSON, T J (2019). The Divine Attributes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Série Cambridge Elements)
MCTAGGART, J. M. E. (1908). “The Unreality of Time”. Mind. 17(68): 457-474.
MEISTER, Chad (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. London; New York: Routledge.
MORELAND, J. P.; CRAIG, William Lane (2003). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
MORRIS, Thomas V. (2002). Our Idea of God. Vancouver: Regent College.
MULLINS, R. T. (2014). “Doing Hard Time: Is God the Prisoner of the Oldest Dimension?”. Journal of Analytic Theology. 2: 160-185.
MULLINS, R. T. (2013). “Simply Impossible: A Case against Divine Simplicity”. Journal of Reformed Theology. 7(2): 181-203.
MURRAY, Michael J.; REA, Michael C. (2008). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
PADGETT, Allan G (2001). “Response to William Lane Craig” in God and Time: Four Views, by Gregory E. GANSSLE (Ed). InterVarsity Press: 165-169.
PLATÃO (2011). Timeu-Critias. Trad. de Rodolfo Lopes. Coimbra: Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos. (Série Colecção autores gregos e latinos)
SENOR, Thomas D. (2009). “The Real Presence of an Eternal God” in Metaphysics and God: Essays in Honor of Eleonore Stump, by Kevin TIMPE (Ed.). Routledge: 39-59.
SORABJI, Richard (1983). Time, Creation and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. London: Duckworth.
SHOEMAKER, Sydney (1993). “Time Without Change” in The Philosophy of Time, by Robin
LE POIDEVIN and Murray MACBEATH (Eds.). Oxford University Press: 63-79.
STUMP, Eleonore (2008). “Simplicity” in A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, by Philip L. QUINN and Charles TALIAFERRO (Eds.). Blackwell: 50-56.
STUMP, Eleonore; KRETZMANN, Norman (1987). “Atemporal Duration: A Reply to Fitzgerald.” The Journal of Philosophy. 84(4): 214-219.
STUMP, Eleonore; KRETZMANN, Norman (1981). “Eternity”. The Journal of Philosophy. 78(8): 429-458.
SWINBURNE, Richard (2016). The Coherence of Theism. 2. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SWINBURNE, Richard (1996). Is There a God? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
WARD, Keith (2011). Is Religion Irrational? Oxford: Lion.
WARD, Keith (2001). “The Temporality of God”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 50(1-3)153-169.
ZAGZEBSKI, Linda (2017). “Foreknowledge and Free Will” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward N. ZALTA (Ed.). Available at
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/free-will-foreknowledge/, accessed May 29, 2019.
ZIMMERMAN. Dean W. (2001). “God inside Time and before Creation” in God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature, by G. E. GANSSLE and D. M. WOODRUFF (eds.). OxfordUniversity Press: 75-94.
ZUPKO, Jack (2018). “John Buridan” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward N. ZALTA (Ed.). Avaiable on the internet at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/buridan/, accessed August 02, 2019.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Brazilian Journal for Philosophy of Religion
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
