Antropologia e política nos estudos de caráter nacional
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AntropologiaResumo
O ataque efetuado em dezembro de 1941 pelas forças armadas japonesas à base militar de Pearl Harbor é bem conhecido por ter desencadeado a intervenção norte-americana na II Guerra Mundial. Menos conhecido é o fato de que esta guerra entre estados nacionais serviu de cenário para o primeiro capítulo da história da antropologia no qual as nações foram transformadas explicitamente em objeto de análise: ao mesmo tempo em que os Estados Unidos entravam na guerra, a chamada escola norte-americana de cultura e personalidade inaugurava os estudos de "caráter nacional".
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Referências
BAST1DE, Roger. 1974. Sociologia e Psicanálise. São Paulo: Melhoramentos/EDUSP.
BATESON, Gregory. 1942. "Morale and National Character". In Civilian Morale (Watson Goodwin, org.). Nova Iorque e Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 71-91.
BATESON, Gregory e Margaret MEAD. 1942. "Balinese Character: A photographic analysis". Special Publications o f the New York Academy o f Sciences II.
BENEDICT, Ruth. 1934. Patterns o f Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
_______ . 1989 [1946]. The Chrysanthemum an d the Sword: Patterns o f Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
BENNETT, John W. e Michio NAGAI. 1953. The Japanese Critique o f the Methodology o f Benedict’s ‘Crysanthemum and the Sword’. American Anthropologist 55: 404-11.
BOAS, Franz. 1966 [1932]. "The Aims o f Anthropological Research". In Race, Language and Culture. Nova Iorque: The Free Press, pp. 243-59.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. 1981. Décrire et Prescrire: les conditions de possibilité et les limites de l ’efficacité politique. Actes d e la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 38: 69-74.
CHÂTELET, François. 1976. "La Question de l ’Histoire de la Philosophie Aujourd’hui". In Politiques de la Philosophie (Dominique Grisoni, org.). Paris: Bernard Grasset. pp. 29-53.
DARNELL, Regna. 1986. "Personality and Culture: The fate o f the Sapirian alternative". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 156-83.
DUMONT, Louis. 1978 [1966]. Homo Hierarchicus. Paris: Gallimard.
ELIAS, Norbert. 1989a [1939]. El Proceso de la Civilización: Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
_______ . 1989b [1968]. "Introducción". El P roceso de la Civilización: Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 9-46.
_______ . 1996. The Germans: Power struggles and the de velopment o f habitus in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1995. After the Fact: Two countries, fou r decades, one anthropologist. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
GORER, Geoffrey. 1943. Themes in Japanese Culture. Transactions o f the New York A cademy o f Sciences 2(5): 106-24.
_______ . 1948. The American People. Nova Iorque: Norton.
_______ . 1953. "National Character: Theory and Practice". In The Study o f Culture at a Distance (Margaret Mead e Rhoda Métraux, orgs.). Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 7-83.
_______ . 1955. Exploring English Character. Londres: The Cresset Press.
GULICK, John. 1973. "Urban Anthropology". In Handbook o f Social and Cultural Anthropology (John J. Honigmann, org.). Chicago: Rand McNally Colegge Publishing Co. pp. 979- 1029.
HANDLER, Richard. 1986. "Vigorous Male and Aspiring Female: Poetry, personality, and culture
in Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 127-55.
_______. 1988. Nationalism and the Politics o f Culture in Quebec. Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press.
_______. 1989. Anti-Romantic Romanticism: Edward Sapir and the critique o f American individualism. Anthropological Quarterly 62(1): 1-14.
HARRIS, Marvin. 1968. The Rise o f Anthropological Theory. Nova Iorque: Crowell.
HERSKOVITS, Melville J. 1941. The Myth o f the Negro Past. Nova lorque: Harper and Row.
_______ . 1948. Man and his Works. Nova lorque: Knopf.
HERZFELD, M ichael H. 1993. The Social Production o f Indifference: Exploring the symbolic roots o f western bureaucracy. Chicago: The University o f Chicago Press.
HSU, Francis L. K. 1972. "Introduction: Psychological anthropology in the behavioral sciences". In Psychological Anthropology (Francis L. K. Hsu, org.). Cambridge: Schenknian. pp. 1-15.
INKELES, Alex. 1972 [1961], "National Character and Modern political Systems". In Psychological Anthropology (Francis L. K. Hsu, org.). Cambridge: Schenknian. pp. 201-40.
JACKSON, Walter. 1986. "Melville Herskovits and the Search for Afro-American Culture". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 95-126.
KAPLAN, David e Robert A. MANNERS. 1972. Culture Theory. Nova Jersey: Prentice Hall.
KARDINER, Abram. 1939. The Individual and his Society. Nova lorque: Columbia University Press.
KARDINER, Abram e E. PREBLE. 1961. They Studied Man. Cleveland: World Publishing Co.
KLUKHOHN, Clyde. 1949. Mirror fo r Man. Nova lorque: McGraw-Hill.
KUPER, Adam. 1988. The Invention o f Primitive Society: Transformations o f an illusion. Londres: Routledge.
LEITE, Dante Moreira. 1969 [1954], O Caráter Nacional Brasileiro: História de urna ideologia. São Paulo: Pioneira.
LINDESMITH, Alfred R. e Anselm L. STRAUSS. 1950. A Critique of Culture and Personality Writings. American Journal R eview 15: 587-600.
LINTON, Ralph. 1936. The Study o f Man. Nova lorque: Appleton-Century.
LOWIE, Robert H. 1980 [1945]. The German People: A social portrait to 1914. Nova lorque: Octagon Books.
MANSON, William C. 1986. "Abram Kardiner and the Neo-Freudian Alternative to Culture and Personality". In Malinowski, Rivers. Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f W isconsin Press, pp. 72-126
MARCUS, George E. e M. J. FISCHER. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An experimental moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University o f Chicago Press.
MAUSS, Marcel. 1969 [1921]. "La Nation”. In uvres, III. Paris: Minuit, pp. 571-625.
MEAD, Margaret. 1953. "The Study o f Culture at a Distance". In The Study o f Culture a t a Distance (Margaret Mead e Rhoda Métraux, orgs.). Chicago: University Press, pp. 3-53.
_______ . 1962 [1953]. "National Character". In Anthropology Today: Selections (Sol Tax, org.). Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 396-421
_______ . 1965 [1942], And Keep Your Powder Dry: An anthropologist looks a t America. Nova Iorque: Morrow Quill.
_______ . 1969 [1928]. Coming o f Age in Samoa. Harmonds worth: Penguin.
_______ . 1978. "End Linkage: A tool for cross-cultural analysis". In About Bateson (John Brockman, org.). Londres: Wildwood Home. pp. 169-231.
MEAD, Margaret e Rhoda MÉTRAUX (orgs.). 1953. The Study o f Culture at a Distance. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
NOIRIEL, Gérard. 1988. Le Creuset Français: Histoire de Vimmigration XIX" -XX" siècles . Paris: Editions du Seuil.
PARTRIDGE, William L. e Elizabeth M. EDDY. 1978. "The Development o f Applied Anthropology in America". In Applied A nthropology in America (William L. Partridge e Elizabeth M. Eddy, orgs.). Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, pp. 3-45.
POLLAK, Michael. 1979. Paul F. Lazarfeld Foundateur d’une Multinationale Scientifique. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 25: 45-59.
SAPIR, Edward. 1985a [1924], "Culture, Genuine and Spurious". In Selected Writings o f Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality (David G. Mandelbaum, org.). Berkeley: University o f California Press, 1985. pp. 308-31.
_______ . 1985b [1934], "The Emergence o f the Concept o f Personality in a Study o f Cultures". In S e le c ted Writings o f Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Person ality (David G. Mandelbaum, org.). Berkeley: University o f California Press. 1985. pp. 590-597.
SCHNEIDER, David M. e Richard HANDLER. 1995. Schneider on Schneider: The conversion o f the Jews and o ther anthropological stories. Duke: Duke University Press.
SHWEDER, Richard A. 1979. Rethinking Culture and Personality. Ethos 7(3-4): 2 5 5 -3 11.
SPINDLER, George D. e Louise SPINDLER. 1983. Anthropologists View American Culture. Annual Review o f Anthropology 12: 49-78.
STARN, Orin. 1986. Engineering Internment: Anthropologists and the War Relocation Authority. American Ethnologist 13(4): 700-20.
STOCKING, George W., Jr. 1968. Race, Culture and E volution: Essays in the h is to n o f anthropology. Nova Iorque: Free Press.
_______ . 1976. "Ideas and Institutions in American Anthropology: Thoughts toward a history o f the interwar period". In Selected Papers from the American Anthropologist, II (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Washington: American Anthropological Association, pp. 1-44.
_______ . 1986. "Essays on Culture and Personality”. In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict an d Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f W isconsin Press, pp. 3-12.
STOETZEL, Jean. 1955 [1954], Without the Oysanthemum and the Sword: A study o f youth in p ost-war Japan. Nova lorque: Columbia University Press.
SUZUKI, Peter T. 1980. A Retrospective Analysis o f Wartime ‘National Character’ Study. Dialectical Anthropology 5(1): 33-46.
_______ . 1981. Anthropologists in the Wartime Cainps for Japanese Americans: A documentary study. Dialectical Anthropology 6(1): 23-60.
YANS-MCLAUGHLIN, Virginia. 1986. "Science, Democracy, and Ethos: Mobilizing culture and personality for World War II". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on
culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin
Press, pp. 184-217.
BATESON, Gregory. 1942. "Morale and National Character". In Civilian Morale (Watson Goodwin, org.). Nova Iorque e Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 71-91.
BATESON, Gregory e Margaret MEAD. 1942. "Balinese Character: A photographic analysis". Special Publications o f the New York Academy o f Sciences II.
BENEDICT, Ruth. 1934. Patterns o f Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
_______ . 1989 [1946]. The Chrysanthemum an d the Sword: Patterns o f Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
BENNETT, John W. e Michio NAGAI. 1953. The Japanese Critique o f the Methodology o f Benedict’s ‘Crysanthemum and the Sword’. American Anthropologist 55: 404-11.
BOAS, Franz. 1966 [1932]. "The Aims o f Anthropological Research". In Race, Language and Culture. Nova Iorque: The Free Press, pp. 243-59.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. 1981. Décrire et Prescrire: les conditions de possibilité et les limites de l ’efficacité politique. Actes d e la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 38: 69-74.
CHÂTELET, François. 1976. "La Question de l ’Histoire de la Philosophie Aujourd’hui". In Politiques de la Philosophie (Dominique Grisoni, org.). Paris: Bernard Grasset. pp. 29-53.
DARNELL, Regna. 1986. "Personality and Culture: The fate o f the Sapirian alternative". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 156-83.
DUMONT, Louis. 1978 [1966]. Homo Hierarchicus. Paris: Gallimard.
ELIAS, Norbert. 1989a [1939]. El Proceso de la Civilización: Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
_______ . 1989b [1968]. "Introducción". El P roceso de la Civilización: Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 9-46.
_______ . 1996. The Germans: Power struggles and the de velopment o f habitus in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1995. After the Fact: Two countries, fou r decades, one anthropologist. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
GORER, Geoffrey. 1943. Themes in Japanese Culture. Transactions o f the New York A cademy o f Sciences 2(5): 106-24.
_______ . 1948. The American People. Nova Iorque: Norton.
_______ . 1953. "National Character: Theory and Practice". In The Study o f Culture at a Distance (Margaret Mead e Rhoda Métraux, orgs.). Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 7-83.
_______ . 1955. Exploring English Character. Londres: The Cresset Press.
GULICK, John. 1973. "Urban Anthropology". In Handbook o f Social and Cultural Anthropology (John J. Honigmann, org.). Chicago: Rand McNally Colegge Publishing Co. pp. 979- 1029.
HANDLER, Richard. 1986. "Vigorous Male and Aspiring Female: Poetry, personality, and culture
in Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 127-55.
_______. 1988. Nationalism and the Politics o f Culture in Quebec. Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press.
_______. 1989. Anti-Romantic Romanticism: Edward Sapir and the critique o f American individualism. Anthropological Quarterly 62(1): 1-14.
HARRIS, Marvin. 1968. The Rise o f Anthropological Theory. Nova Iorque: Crowell.
HERSKOVITS, Melville J. 1941. The Myth o f the Negro Past. Nova lorque: Harper and Row.
_______ . 1948. Man and his Works. Nova lorque: Knopf.
HERZFELD, M ichael H. 1993. The Social Production o f Indifference: Exploring the symbolic roots o f western bureaucracy. Chicago: The University o f Chicago Press.
HSU, Francis L. K. 1972. "Introduction: Psychological anthropology in the behavioral sciences". In Psychological Anthropology (Francis L. K. Hsu, org.). Cambridge: Schenknian. pp. 1-15.
INKELES, Alex. 1972 [1961], "National Character and Modern political Systems". In Psychological Anthropology (Francis L. K. Hsu, org.). Cambridge: Schenknian. pp. 201-40.
JACKSON, Walter. 1986. "Melville Herskovits and the Search for Afro-American Culture". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin Press, pp. 95-126.
KAPLAN, David e Robert A. MANNERS. 1972. Culture Theory. Nova Jersey: Prentice Hall.
KARDINER, Abram. 1939. The Individual and his Society. Nova lorque: Columbia University Press.
KARDINER, Abram e E. PREBLE. 1961. They Studied Man. Cleveland: World Publishing Co.
KLUKHOHN, Clyde. 1949. Mirror fo r Man. Nova lorque: McGraw-Hill.
KUPER, Adam. 1988. The Invention o f Primitive Society: Transformations o f an illusion. Londres: Routledge.
LEITE, Dante Moreira. 1969 [1954], O Caráter Nacional Brasileiro: História de urna ideologia. São Paulo: Pioneira.
LINDESMITH, Alfred R. e Anselm L. STRAUSS. 1950. A Critique of Culture and Personality Writings. American Journal R eview 15: 587-600.
LINTON, Ralph. 1936. The Study o f Man. Nova lorque: Appleton-Century.
LOWIE, Robert H. 1980 [1945]. The German People: A social portrait to 1914. Nova lorque: Octagon Books.
MANSON, William C. 1986. "Abram Kardiner and the Neo-Freudian Alternative to Culture and Personality". In Malinowski, Rivers. Benedict and Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f W isconsin Press, pp. 72-126
MARCUS, George E. e M. J. FISCHER. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An experimental moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University o f Chicago Press.
MAUSS, Marcel. 1969 [1921]. "La Nation”. In uvres, III. Paris: Minuit, pp. 571-625.
MEAD, Margaret. 1953. "The Study o f Culture at a Distance". In The Study o f Culture a t a Distance (Margaret Mead e Rhoda Métraux, orgs.). Chicago: University Press, pp. 3-53.
_______ . 1962 [1953]. "National Character". In Anthropology Today: Selections (Sol Tax, org.). Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 396-421
_______ . 1965 [1942], And Keep Your Powder Dry: An anthropologist looks a t America. Nova Iorque: Morrow Quill.
_______ . 1969 [1928]. Coming o f Age in Samoa. Harmonds worth: Penguin.
_______ . 1978. "End Linkage: A tool for cross-cultural analysis". In About Bateson (John Brockman, org.). Londres: Wildwood Home. pp. 169-231.
MEAD, Margaret e Rhoda MÉTRAUX (orgs.). 1953. The Study o f Culture at a Distance. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
NOIRIEL, Gérard. 1988. Le Creuset Français: Histoire de Vimmigration XIX" -XX" siècles . Paris: Editions du Seuil.
PARTRIDGE, William L. e Elizabeth M. EDDY. 1978. "The Development o f Applied Anthropology in America". In Applied A nthropology in America (William L. Partridge e Elizabeth M. Eddy, orgs.). Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, pp. 3-45.
POLLAK, Michael. 1979. Paul F. Lazarfeld Foundateur d’une Multinationale Scientifique. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 25: 45-59.
SAPIR, Edward. 1985a [1924], "Culture, Genuine and Spurious". In Selected Writings o f Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality (David G. Mandelbaum, org.). Berkeley: University o f California Press, 1985. pp. 308-31.
_______ . 1985b [1934], "The Emergence o f the Concept o f Personality in a Study o f Cultures". In S e le c ted Writings o f Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Person ality (David G. Mandelbaum, org.). Berkeley: University o f California Press. 1985. pp. 590-597.
SCHNEIDER, David M. e Richard HANDLER. 1995. Schneider on Schneider: The conversion o f the Jews and o ther anthropological stories. Duke: Duke University Press.
SHWEDER, Richard A. 1979. Rethinking Culture and Personality. Ethos 7(3-4): 2 5 5 -3 11.
SPINDLER, George D. e Louise SPINDLER. 1983. Anthropologists View American Culture. Annual Review o f Anthropology 12: 49-78.
STARN, Orin. 1986. Engineering Internment: Anthropologists and the War Relocation Authority. American Ethnologist 13(4): 700-20.
STOCKING, George W., Jr. 1968. Race, Culture and E volution: Essays in the h is to n o f anthropology. Nova Iorque: Free Press.
_______ . 1976. "Ideas and Institutions in American Anthropology: Thoughts toward a history o f the interwar period". In Selected Papers from the American Anthropologist, II (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Washington: American Anthropological Association, pp. 1-44.
_______ . 1986. "Essays on Culture and Personality”. In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict an d Others: Essays on culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f W isconsin Press, pp. 3-12.
STOETZEL, Jean. 1955 [1954], Without the Oysanthemum and the Sword: A study o f youth in p ost-war Japan. Nova lorque: Columbia University Press.
SUZUKI, Peter T. 1980. A Retrospective Analysis o f Wartime ‘National Character’ Study. Dialectical Anthropology 5(1): 33-46.
_______ . 1981. Anthropologists in the Wartime Cainps for Japanese Americans: A documentary study. Dialectical Anthropology 6(1): 23-60.
YANS-MCLAUGHLIN, Virginia. 1986. "Science, Democracy, and Ethos: Mobilizing culture and personality for World War II". In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on
culture and personality (George W. Stocking Jr., org.). Madison: The University o f Wisconsin
Press, pp. 184-217.
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2018-02-07
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Goldman, Marcio, e Federico Neiburg. 2018. “Antropologia E política Nos Estudos De caráter Nacional”. Anuário Antropológico 22 (1):105-38. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6707.
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