Instituições sociais: Um diálogo entre sociologia de Chicago e filosofia pragmatista

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202136020005

Palavras-chave:

Instituiçoes, Ecologia humana, pragmatismo, sociologia de Chicago, empowerment, inteligência coletiva

Resumo

Este artigo volta às propostas teóricas de Robert E. Park e William I. Thomas sobre o processo de desorganização/reorganização social e a forma como isso foi tratado em algumas das dissertações de sociologia de Chicago na década de 1920. As instituições sociais eram consideradas organismos vivos que nascem, crescem e morrem e que existem através de suas transações com seus ambientes e através da gênese destas transações. Os processos básicos desta ecologia de instituições sociais, nas ordens biótica e moral, foram apreendidos com as categorias de competição e seleção, isolamento, invasão e sucessão, cooperação, parasitismo e simbiose, conflito, acomodação e assimilação. As descrições e análises estatísticas e cartográficas tornaram possível dar conta de processos ecológicos de diferenciação funcional e territorial, étnica e racial, distribuição e segregação. Esta primeira etapa, nos anos 1920-30, ajuda a entender como W. F. Whyte, H. Blumer e E. C. Hughes estudaram o processo de institucionalização de hospitais, empresas, sindicatos, igrejas e organizações de movimentos sociais nos anos 1940-60. Esta perspectiva ecológica clássica é enriquecida aqui através de seu confronto com a filosofia pragmatista – da qual Park e Thomas eram próximos. As instituições sociais, além de sua base ecológica, são tomadas como campos experimentais e matrizes culturais, que crescem em torno de tentativas de definir e dominar os problemas sociais. As noções tomadas emprestadas a Dewey de razão pública, inteligência coletiva e aprendizagem coletiva pelas comunidades de debatedores, investigadores e experimentadores, entram em jogo. As instituições sociais são acumuladores, condensadores e geradores de experiência, know-how e conhecimento: elas empoderam ou des-empoderam seus membros ou beneficiários. Tal conjunto de questões nos permite abordar numa nova perspectiva algumas questões de sociologia das organizações.

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Biografia do Autor

Daniel Cefai, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales

Daniel Cefaï é diretor de estudos na Ehess, pesquisador no Centro de Estudo dos Movimentos Sociais (Cems); é cofundador e diretor de redação da revista Pragmata (https://revuepragmata.wordpress.com/les-numeros). Suas áreas de estudo abarcam a história da sociologia nos Estados Unidos, particularmente a pesquisa de campo (L’Engagement ethnographique, Paris: Éditions de l’Ehess, 2010) e a sociologia da ação pública, das mobilizações coletivas e dos problemas públicos, em uma perspectiva pragmatista (Pourquoi se mobilise-t-on? Paris: La Découverte, 2007). Criou a Bienal de Etnografia da Ehess e pesquisou sobre a questão dos moradores de rua (L’urgence sociale en action: ethnographie du Samusocial de Paris. Paris: La Découverte, 2011). Coeditou Arenas públicas. Por uma etnografia da vida associativa (Niterói, RJ: Editora UFF, 2011), L’Expérience des problèmes publics (com Cédric Terzi, 2012, Raisons Pratiques), e, mais recentemente, Pragmatisme et sciences sociales: explorations, enquêtes, expérimentations (SociologieS, 2015) e Problèmes, expériences, publics: une enquête pragmatiste (Sociologie et Sociétés, 2019).

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Publicado

13-09-2021

Como Citar

Cefai, D. (2021). Instituições sociais: Um diálogo entre sociologia de Chicago e filosofia pragmatista. Sociedade E Estado, 36(02), 461–485. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202136020005

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