Effects of Focused Meditation on Stress and Dispositional Mindfulness in College Students
Keywords:
meditation; stress; mindfulness; college studentsAbstract
Meditation based interventions have been used in universities to reduce stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a six-week focused meditation-training on stress (using Lipp´s Inventory of Stress Symptoms) and dispositional mindfulness (using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire - Brazilian version) in college students from southern Brazil. A nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the experimental group and the waitlist control group before and after the training. Compared with controls, the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements for stress, and increases in mindfulness scores, particularly for the facets describe and non-react. The results suggest that meditative practice may be an alternative for interventions aiming to tackle stress and enhance mindfulness skills in the university context.
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References
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Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., … Williams, J. M. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Meditating and Nonmeditating Samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342. doi: 10.1177/1073191107313003 [ Links ]
Barros, V. V. D., Kozasa, E. H., Souza, I. C. W. D., & Ronzani, T. M. (2014). Validity evidence of the brazilian version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 30(3), 317-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722014000300009 [ Links ]
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 [ Links ]
Bruin, E. I., Meppelink, R., & Bögels, S. M. de (2015). Mindfulness in higher education: Awareness and attention in university students increase during and after participation in a mindfulness curriculum course. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0364-5 [ Links ]
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7 [ Links ]
Cerchiari, E. A. N. (2004). Saúde mental e qualidade de vida em estudantes universitários (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP. Recuperado de http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313371 [ Links ]
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(9), 515-523. [ Links ]
Edwards, L. J. (2000). Modern statistical techniques for the analysis of longitudinal data in biomedical research. Pediatric Pulmonology, 30(4), 330-344. [ Links ]
Fan, Y., Tang, Y., & Posner, M. (2014). Cortisol level modulated by integrative meditation in a dose-dependent fashion. Stress Health, 30(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2497 [ Links ]
Goldberg, S. B., Wielgosz, J., Dahl, C., Schuyler, B., MacCoon, D. S., Rosenkranz, M., … Davidson, R. J. (2015). Does the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire measure what we think it does? Construct validity evidence from an active controlled randomized clinical trial. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1009-1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000233 [ Links ]
Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E., Gould, N., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., … Haythornthwaite, J. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368. [ Links ]
Greeson, J. M., Juberg, M. K., Maytan, M., James, K., & Rogers, H. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of koru: A mindfulness program for college students and other emerging adults. Journal of American College Health, 62(4), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.887571 [ Links ]
Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220 [ Links ]
Heffner, K. L., Crean, H. F., & Kemp, J. E. (2016). Meditation programs for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Aggregate findings from a multi-site evaluation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000106 [ Links ]
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Evans, K. C., Hoge, E. A., Dusek, J. A., Morgan, L., ... Lazar, S. W. (2009). Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp034 [ Links ]
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S., Mills, P., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm33 [ Links ]
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026743 [ Links ]
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., ... Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness -based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 [ Links ]
Lipp, M. N. (2005). Manual do inventário de sintomas de stress para adultos de Lipp (ISSL). Casa do Psicólogo, São Paulo. [ Links ]
Lipp, M. N., & Malagris, L. N. (2001). O stress emocional e seu tratamento. Bernard Range. Artes Médicas, São Paulo. [ Links ]
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., ... Brühl, A. B. (2013). Mindfulness and emotion regulation - An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 776-785. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst043 [ Links ]
Mari, J. J., & Williams, P. (1986). A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of São Paulo. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.1.23 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., & Bizarro, L. (2015). Effects of focused meditation on difficulties in emotion regulation and trait anxiety. Psychology & Neuroscience, 8(3), 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pne0000015 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., Couto, M. C., Buratto, L. G., Erthal, F., Pereira, M. G., & Bizarro, L. (2013). The improvement of emotion and attention regulation after a 6-week training of focused meditation: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013,1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/984678 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., Fiorentin, B., & Araujo, L. B. (2012). Meditação na universidade: A motivação de alunos da UFRGS para aprender meditação. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 16(2), 309-315. [ Links ]
Neves, M. C. C., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2007). Transtornos mentais auto-referidos em estudantes universitários. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 56(4), 237-244. Recuperado de http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/21496 [ Links ]
Oman, D., Shapiro, S. L., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial. Jounal of American College Health, 56(5), 569-578. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.569-578 [ Links ]
Paulino, C., Prezotto, A., Frias, A., Bataglia, P., & Aprile, M. (2010). Sintomas de estresse e tontura em estudantes de pós-graduação. Revista Equilíbrio Corporal e Saúde ., 2(1), 15-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2176-9524.2010v2n1p%25p [ Links ]
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026 [ Links ]
Santos, A. F., & Alves Júnior, A. (2007). Estresse e estratégias de enfrentamento em mestrandos de ciências da saúde. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 20(1), 104-113. [ Links ]
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011). The moderation of mindfulness-based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20761 [ Links ]
Shearer, A., Hunt, M., Chowdhury, M., & Nicol, L. (2016). Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on student stress and heart rate variability. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 232. [ Links ]
Soler, J., Cebolla, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Demarzo, M. M., Pascual, J. C., Baños, R., & García-Campayo, J. (2014). Relationship between meditative practice and self-reported mindfulness: The MINDSENS composite index. PloS one, 9(1), e86622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086622 [ Links ]
Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225. doi:10.1038/nrn3916 [ Links ]
Associação Nacional de Empresas de Pesquisa. (2010). Critério de classificação econômica do Brasil. São Paulo. Recuperado de http://www.anep.org.br/codigosguias/CCEB.pdf [ Links ]
Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., & Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 755-765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21865 [ Links ]
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., … Williams, J. M. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Meditating and Nonmeditating Samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342. doi: 10.1177/1073191107313003 [ Links ]
Barros, V. V. D., Kozasa, E. H., Souza, I. C. W. D., & Ronzani, T. M. (2014). Validity evidence of the brazilian version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 30(3), 317-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722014000300009 [ Links ]
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 [ Links ]
Bruin, E. I., Meppelink, R., & Bögels, S. M. de (2015). Mindfulness in higher education: Awareness and attention in university students increase during and after participation in a mindfulness curriculum course. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0364-5 [ Links ]
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7 [ Links ]
Cerchiari, E. A. N. (2004). Saúde mental e qualidade de vida em estudantes universitários (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP. Recuperado de http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313371 [ Links ]
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(9), 515-523. [ Links ]
Edwards, L. J. (2000). Modern statistical techniques for the analysis of longitudinal data in biomedical research. Pediatric Pulmonology, 30(4), 330-344. [ Links ]
Fan, Y., Tang, Y., & Posner, M. (2014). Cortisol level modulated by integrative meditation in a dose-dependent fashion. Stress Health, 30(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2497 [ Links ]
Goldberg, S. B., Wielgosz, J., Dahl, C., Schuyler, B., MacCoon, D. S., Rosenkranz, M., … Davidson, R. J. (2015). Does the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire measure what we think it does? Construct validity evidence from an active controlled randomized clinical trial. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1009-1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000233 [ Links ]
Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E., Gould, N., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., … Haythornthwaite, J. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368. [ Links ]
Greeson, J. M., Juberg, M. K., Maytan, M., James, K., & Rogers, H. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of koru: A mindfulness program for college students and other emerging adults. Journal of American College Health, 62(4), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.887571 [ Links ]
Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220 [ Links ]
Heffner, K. L., Crean, H. F., & Kemp, J. E. (2016). Meditation programs for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Aggregate findings from a multi-site evaluation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000106 [ Links ]
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Evans, K. C., Hoge, E. A., Dusek, J. A., Morgan, L., ... Lazar, S. W. (2009). Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp034 [ Links ]
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S., Mills, P., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm33 [ Links ]
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026743 [ Links ]
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., ... Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness -based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 [ Links ]
Lipp, M. N. (2005). Manual do inventário de sintomas de stress para adultos de Lipp (ISSL). Casa do Psicólogo, São Paulo. [ Links ]
Lipp, M. N., & Malagris, L. N. (2001). O stress emocional e seu tratamento. Bernard Range. Artes Médicas, São Paulo. [ Links ]
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., ... Brühl, A. B. (2013). Mindfulness and emotion regulation - An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 776-785. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst043 [ Links ]
Mari, J. J., & Williams, P. (1986). A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of São Paulo. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.1.23 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., & Bizarro, L. (2015). Effects of focused meditation on difficulties in emotion regulation and trait anxiety. Psychology & Neuroscience, 8(3), 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pne0000015 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., Couto, M. C., Buratto, L. G., Erthal, F., Pereira, M. G., & Bizarro, L. (2013). The improvement of emotion and attention regulation after a 6-week training of focused meditation: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013,1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/984678 [ Links ]
Menezes, C. B., Fiorentin, B., & Araujo, L. B. (2012). Meditação na universidade: A motivação de alunos da UFRGS para aprender meditação. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 16(2), 309-315. [ Links ]
Neves, M. C. C., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2007). Transtornos mentais auto-referidos em estudantes universitários. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 56(4), 237-244. Recuperado de http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/21496 [ Links ]
Oman, D., Shapiro, S. L., Thoresen, C. E., Plante, T. G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial. Jounal of American College Health, 56(5), 569-578. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.569-578 [ Links ]
Paulino, C., Prezotto, A., Frias, A., Bataglia, P., & Aprile, M. (2010). Sintomas de estresse e tontura em estudantes de pós-graduação. Revista Equilíbrio Corporal e Saúde ., 2(1), 15-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2176-9524.2010v2n1p%25p [ Links ]
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026 [ Links ]
Santos, A. F., & Alves Júnior, A. (2007). Estresse e estratégias de enfrentamento em mestrandos de ciências da saúde. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 20(1), 104-113. [ Links ]
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., Thoresen, C., & Plante, T. G. (2011). The moderation of mindfulness-based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20761 [ Links ]
Shearer, A., Hunt, M., Chowdhury, M., & Nicol, L. (2016). Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on student stress and heart rate variability. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 232. [ Links ]
Soler, J., Cebolla, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Demarzo, M. M., Pascual, J. C., Baños, R., & García-Campayo, J. (2014). Relationship between meditative practice and self-reported mindfulness: The MINDSENS composite index. PloS one, 9(1), e86622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086622 [ Links ]
Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225. doi:10.1038/nrn3916 [ Links ]
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Published
2019-10-24
How to Cite
Xavier Carpena, M. ., & Baptista Menezes, C. . (2019). Effects of Focused Meditation on Stress and Dispositional Mindfulness in College Students. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 34. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/27911
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