Political Participation in Brazil and Sweden
The Role of Stereotypes and Contagion
Keywords:
Political Participation, Stereotypes about Parliamentarians, Behavioral ContagionAbstract
This study assessed the influence of Stereotypes about Parliamentarians and Behavioral Contagion on Political Participation, comparing two countries: Brazil and Sweden. Stereotypes were admitted to be useful to tell parliamentarians’ groups apart and predict their behavior. Behavioral Contagion was investigated as a possible catalyst of political action. Online questionnaires were administered to 984 Brazilians (37.4% women) and 879 Swedes (46.5% women). Structural Equation Modeling assessed relationships among variables. Behavioral Contagion played a pivotal role on predicting political engagement. Stereotypes predicted participation where they challenged commonsense: Brazilians usually cannot tell the difference among politicians, then those Brazilians who could were more politically engaged; in Sweden, the factor “corruption” predicts noninstitutional types of Participation.
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References
Allison, P. D. (2003). Missing data techniques for structural
equation modeling. Journal of abnormal psychology, 112(4),
545-557.
Almond, G. & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture. Princeton:
Princeton University.
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1980). The civic culture revisited: An
analytic study. Boston: Little Brown.
Amnå, E., & Ekman, J. (2014). Standby citizens diverse faces of
political passivity. European Political Science Review, 6(02),
261-281.
Arceneaux, K. (2008). Can partisan cues diminish democratic
accountability? Political Behavior, 30, 139-160.
Berinsky, A. J., & Lenz, G. S. (2011). Education and political
participation: Exploring the causal link. Political Behavior,
33(3), 357-373.
Bethell L. (2008). The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume
IX: Brazil since 1930. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brussino, S., Rabbia, H. & Sorribas, P. (2008). Una Propuesta
de Categorización de la Participación Política de Jóvenes
Cordobeses [Uma proposta de Categorização da Participação
Política de Jovens de Córdoba]. Psicologia Política, 8(16),
285-304.
Carlin, R. E., & Love, G. J. (2013). The Politics of Interpersonal
Trust and Reciprocity: An Experimental Approach. Political
Behavior, 35(1), 43-63.
Cho, W. K. T., & Rudolph, T. J. (2008). Emanating political
participation: untangling the spatial structure behind
participation. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 273.
Cinnanti, C. J. J. (2011). A (des)confiança do cidadão no Poder
Legislativo e a qualidade da democracia no Brasil. E-Legis,
6(6), 84-95.
Cunha, R. (2006). Mídia reforça imagem negativa do parlamento.
Ciência e Cultura, 58(2), 8-10.
Dahl, R. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Dalton, R. J. (2008). Citizenship norms and the expansion of
political participation. Political studies, 56(1), 76-98.
Diener, E. (1980). Deindividuation: The absence of self- awareness
and self regulation in group members. In P. B. Paulus (Org.),
Psychology of group influence (pp.209-242). Hillsdale:
Erlbaum.
Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York:
Harper & Row.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for
citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225”“256.
Ekman, J., & Amnå, E. (2012). Political participation and civic
engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22(3),
283-300.
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human
cooperation. Trends in cognitive sciences, 8(4), 185-190.
Festinger, L. (1975). Teoria da dissonância cognitiva. Rio de
Janeiro: Zahar.
Garzia, D. (2013). Changing Parties, Changing Partisans: The
Personalization of Partisan Attachments in Western Europe.
Political Psychology, 34(1), 67-89.
Gomes, M. D. A., & Maheirie, K. (2011). Passe Livre Já: participação
política e constituição do sujeito. Revista Psicologia Política,
11(22), 359-375.
Green" Pedersen, C. (2012). A giant fast asleep: Party incentives and
the politicization of European integration. Political Studies,
60(1), 115-130.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C., & Babin,
B. J. (2006). Multivariate analysis. New Jersey: Pearson
Education.
Hansson, K., Cars, G., Ekenberg, L., & Danielson, M. (2013).
The importance of recognition for equal representation in
participatory processes: Lessons from Husby. Footprint, 13,
81-98.
Harrigan, N., Achananuparp, P., & Lim, E. P. (2012). Influentials,
novelty, and social contagion: The viral power of average
friends, close communities, and old news. Social Networks,
34(4), 470-480.
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Reynolds,
K. J. (1997). The group as a basis for emergent stereotype
consensus. European review of social psychology, 8(1), 203-239.
Henrique, A. L. (2010). Cidadãos crentes, críticos e ocultos:
assimetrias da confiança no Congresso Nacional. Anais do
7º Encontro da Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política,
Recife ”“ PE.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values,
behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations.
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Holmberg, S., & Hedberg, P. (2009). Party Influence on Nuclear
Power Opinion in Sweden. In Department of Political Science,
University of Gothenburg. Conference on Nuclear Power
Attitudes in Western Europe. Mannheim April (pp. 24-25).
Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A., (2007). The Delphi Technique:
Making Sense of Consensus. Practical Assessment, Research
& Evaluation, 12 (10), 2-9.
Jesus, J. G. de. (2013). Psicologia das massas: contexto e desafios
brasileiros. Psicologia & Sociedade, 25(3), 493-503.
Johansson, E., & Lilja, M. (2013). Understanding power and
performing resistance: Swedish feminists, civil society
voices, biopolitics and “angry” men. NORA-Nordic Journal
of Feminist and Gender Research, 21(4), 264-279.
Jussim, L. J., McCauley, C. R., & Lee, Y. T. (1995). Why study
stereotype accuracy and inaccuracy? In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim
& C. R. McCauley (Eds.). Stereotype accuracy: Toward
appreciating group differences (pp. 3-27). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Kaase, M. & Marsh, A. (1979). Political Action. A Theoretical
Perspective. In: S. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.). Political Action:
Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. London: Sage.
Kam, C. D. (2007). Implicit attitudes, explicit choices: When
subliminal priming predicts candidate preference. Political
Behavior, 29(3), 343-367.
Kam, C. D., & Palmer, C. L. (2008). Reconsidering the effects of
education on political participation. The Journal of Politics,
70(03), 612-631.
Kinder, D. R. & Sears, D. O. (1985). Public opinion and political
action. In: G. Lindsey, E. Aronson (eds.). The Handbook of
Social Psychology, Vol. II, 3rd ed. New York: Random House,
pp. 659-741.
Kinzo, M. A. G. (2004). Partidos, eleições e democracia no Brasil
pós-1985. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 19(54),
23-41.
Koch, J. W. (2003). Being certain versus being right: Citizen
certainty and accuracy of house candidates’ ideological
orientations. Political Behavior, 25(3), 221-246.
Kumlin, S., & Rothstein, B. (2005). Making and breaking social
capital the impact of welfare-state institutions. Comparative
Political Studies, 38(4), 339-365.
Lake, R. L. D., & Huckfeldt, R. (1998). Social capital, social
networks, and political participation. Political Psychology,
19(3), 567-584.
Lau, R. R., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and disadvantages
of cognitive heuristics in political decision making. American
Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951-971.
Le Bon, G. (1896). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New
York: Macmillan.
Mackie, M. (1973). Arriving at “truth” by definition: the case of
stereotype inaccuracy. Social Problems, 20, 431-447.
Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2011). Does political trust matter? An
empirical investigation into the relation between political trust
and support for law compliance. European Journal of Political
Research, 50(2), 267-291.
Mayer, A. K. (2011). Does education increase political participation?
Journal of Politics, 73(3), 633-45.
McClurg, S. D. (2003). Social networks and political participation:
The role of social interaction in explaining political
participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56(4), 449-464.
McFarland, D. A., & Thomas, R. J. (2006). Bowling young:
How youth voluntary associations influence adult political
participation. American sociological review, 71(3), 401-425.
McGuire, G. R. (1987). Pathological Subconscious and Irrational
Determinism In The Social Psychology of The Crowd: The
Legacy of Gustave Le Bon. Advances in Psychology, 40,
201-217.
Milbrath, L. W. (1965). Political Participation. Chicago:
RandMcNally.
Moisés, J. Á., & Carneiro, G. P. (2008). Democracia, desconfiança
política e insatisfação com o regime: o caso do Brasil. Opinião
Pública, 14(1), 1-42.
Moscovici, S. (1985). L’âge des foules: un traité historique de
psychologie des masses. Bruxelles: Les Éditions Complexe.
Acessado em http://classiques.uqac.ca/ contemporains/
moscovici_serge/age_des_foules/age_des_foules.pdf
Natividade, M. (2010). Uma homossexualidade santificada?
Etnografia de uma comunidade inclusiva pentecostal. Religião
& Sociedade, 30(2), 90-121.
Nye, R. A. (1973). Two paths to a psychology of social action
Gustave LeBon and Georges Sorel. The Journal of Modern
History, 45(3) 411-438.
Ranthum, R. (2013, June 16). Um ensaio sobre o mês de junho de
2013. Observatório da Imprensa. Acessado em http://www.
observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/ news/view/_ed755_um_
ensaio_sobre_o_mes_de_junho_de_2013
Realo, A., Allik, J., & Greenfield, B. (2008). Radius of trust: Social
capital in relation to familism and institutional collectivism.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(4), 447-462.
Rothstein, B., & Uslaner, E. M. (2005). All for all: Equality,
corruption, and social trust. World politics, 58(01), 41-72.
Roussel, P., Durrieu, F., Campoy, E. & Akremi, A. E. (2002),
Méthodes d’équations structurelles: recherche et applications
en gestion. Economica: Paris.
Ryan, C. S. (2003). Stereotype accuracy. European review of social
psychology, 13(1), 75-109.
Sacchi, S., Carnaghi, A., Castellini, F., & Colombo, M. (2013).
Group merger between political parties: The role of the ingroup
projection process. Political psychology, 34(1), 91-105.
Samuels, D., & Zucco, C. (2013). The Power of Partisanship in
Brazil: Evidence from Survey Experiments. American Journal
of Political Science, 58(1), 212-225.
Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2011). An exploration of the content
of stereotypes of black politicians. Political Psychology, 32(2),
205-233.
Schumpeter, J. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy.
London: Allen & Unwin.
Stolle, D., Hooghe, M. & Micheletti, M. (2005). Politics in the
supermarket: political consumerism as a form of political
participation. International Political Science Review, 26(3),
245-269.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup
conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Orgs.), The social
psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Chicago:
Nelson-Hall.
Teorell, J. (2006). Political participation and three theories of
democracy: A research inventory and agenda. European
Journal of Political Research, 45(5), 787-810.
Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging
measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and
collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
74(1), 118-128.
Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1972): Participation in America:
Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York:
Harper & Row.
equation modeling. Journal of abnormal psychology, 112(4),
545-557.
Almond, G. & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture. Princeton:
Princeton University.
Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1980). The civic culture revisited: An
analytic study. Boston: Little Brown.
Amnå, E., & Ekman, J. (2014). Standby citizens diverse faces of
political passivity. European Political Science Review, 6(02),
261-281.
Arceneaux, K. (2008). Can partisan cues diminish democratic
accountability? Political Behavior, 30, 139-160.
Berinsky, A. J., & Lenz, G. S. (2011). Education and political
participation: Exploring the causal link. Political Behavior,
33(3), 357-373.
Bethell L. (2008). The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume
IX: Brazil since 1930. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brussino, S., Rabbia, H. & Sorribas, P. (2008). Una Propuesta
de Categorización de la Participación Política de Jóvenes
Cordobeses [Uma proposta de Categorização da Participação
Política de Jovens de Córdoba]. Psicologia Política, 8(16),
285-304.
Carlin, R. E., & Love, G. J. (2013). The Politics of Interpersonal
Trust and Reciprocity: An Experimental Approach. Political
Behavior, 35(1), 43-63.
Cho, W. K. T., & Rudolph, T. J. (2008). Emanating political
participation: untangling the spatial structure behind
participation. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 273.
Cinnanti, C. J. J. (2011). A (des)confiança do cidadão no Poder
Legislativo e a qualidade da democracia no Brasil. E-Legis,
6(6), 84-95.
Cunha, R. (2006). Mídia reforça imagem negativa do parlamento.
Ciência e Cultura, 58(2), 8-10.
Dahl, R. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Dalton, R. J. (2008). Citizenship norms and the expansion of
political participation. Political studies, 56(1), 76-98.
Diener, E. (1980). Deindividuation: The absence of self- awareness
and self regulation in group members. In P. B. Paulus (Org.),
Psychology of group influence (pp.209-242). Hillsdale:
Erlbaum.
Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York:
Harper & Row.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for
citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225”“256.
Ekman, J., & Amnå, E. (2012). Political participation and civic
engagement: Towards a new typology. Human Affairs, 22(3),
283-300.
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human
cooperation. Trends in cognitive sciences, 8(4), 185-190.
Festinger, L. (1975). Teoria da dissonância cognitiva. Rio de
Janeiro: Zahar.
Garzia, D. (2013). Changing Parties, Changing Partisans: The
Personalization of Partisan Attachments in Western Europe.
Political Psychology, 34(1), 67-89.
Gomes, M. D. A., & Maheirie, K. (2011). Passe Livre Já: participação
política e constituição do sujeito. Revista Psicologia Política,
11(22), 359-375.
Green" Pedersen, C. (2012). A giant fast asleep: Party incentives and
the politicization of European integration. Political Studies,
60(1), 115-130.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C., & Babin,
B. J. (2006). Multivariate analysis. New Jersey: Pearson
Education.
Hansson, K., Cars, G., Ekenberg, L., & Danielson, M. (2013).
The importance of recognition for equal representation in
participatory processes: Lessons from Husby. Footprint, 13,
81-98.
Harrigan, N., Achananuparp, P., & Lim, E. P. (2012). Influentials,
novelty, and social contagion: The viral power of average
friends, close communities, and old news. Social Networks,
34(4), 470-480.
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Reynolds,
K. J. (1997). The group as a basis for emergent stereotype
consensus. European review of social psychology, 8(1), 203-239.
Henrique, A. L. (2010). Cidadãos crentes, críticos e ocultos:
assimetrias da confiança no Congresso Nacional. Anais do
7º Encontro da Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política,
Recife ”“ PE.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values,
behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations.
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Holmberg, S., & Hedberg, P. (2009). Party Influence on Nuclear
Power Opinion in Sweden. In Department of Political Science,
University of Gothenburg. Conference on Nuclear Power
Attitudes in Western Europe. Mannheim April (pp. 24-25).
Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A., (2007). The Delphi Technique:
Making Sense of Consensus. Practical Assessment, Research
& Evaluation, 12 (10), 2-9.
Jesus, J. G. de. (2013). Psicologia das massas: contexto e desafios
brasileiros. Psicologia & Sociedade, 25(3), 493-503.
Johansson, E., & Lilja, M. (2013). Understanding power and
performing resistance: Swedish feminists, civil society
voices, biopolitics and “angry” men. NORA-Nordic Journal
of Feminist and Gender Research, 21(4), 264-279.
Jussim, L. J., McCauley, C. R., & Lee, Y. T. (1995). Why study
stereotype accuracy and inaccuracy? In Y. T. Lee, L. J. Jussim
& C. R. McCauley (Eds.). Stereotype accuracy: Toward
appreciating group differences (pp. 3-27). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Kaase, M. & Marsh, A. (1979). Political Action. A Theoretical
Perspective. In: S. Barnes & M. Kaase (Eds.). Political Action:
Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. London: Sage.
Kam, C. D. (2007). Implicit attitudes, explicit choices: When
subliminal priming predicts candidate preference. Political
Behavior, 29(3), 343-367.
Kam, C. D., & Palmer, C. L. (2008). Reconsidering the effects of
education on political participation. The Journal of Politics,
70(03), 612-631.
Kinder, D. R. & Sears, D. O. (1985). Public opinion and political
action. In: G. Lindsey, E. Aronson (eds.). The Handbook of
Social Psychology, Vol. II, 3rd ed. New York: Random House,
pp. 659-741.
Kinzo, M. A. G. (2004). Partidos, eleições e democracia no Brasil
pós-1985. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 19(54),
23-41.
Koch, J. W. (2003). Being certain versus being right: Citizen
certainty and accuracy of house candidates’ ideological
orientations. Political Behavior, 25(3), 221-246.
Kumlin, S., & Rothstein, B. (2005). Making and breaking social
capital the impact of welfare-state institutions. Comparative
Political Studies, 38(4), 339-365.
Lake, R. L. D., & Huckfeldt, R. (1998). Social capital, social
networks, and political participation. Political Psychology,
19(3), 567-584.
Lau, R. R., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and disadvantages
of cognitive heuristics in political decision making. American
Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951-971.
Le Bon, G. (1896). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New
York: Macmillan.
Mackie, M. (1973). Arriving at “truth” by definition: the case of
stereotype inaccuracy. Social Problems, 20, 431-447.
Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2011). Does political trust matter? An
empirical investigation into the relation between political trust
and support for law compliance. European Journal of Political
Research, 50(2), 267-291.
Mayer, A. K. (2011). Does education increase political participation?
Journal of Politics, 73(3), 633-45.
McClurg, S. D. (2003). Social networks and political participation:
The role of social interaction in explaining political
participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56(4), 449-464.
McFarland, D. A., & Thomas, R. J. (2006). Bowling young:
How youth voluntary associations influence adult political
participation. American sociological review, 71(3), 401-425.
McGuire, G. R. (1987). Pathological Subconscious and Irrational
Determinism In The Social Psychology of The Crowd: The
Legacy of Gustave Le Bon. Advances in Psychology, 40,
201-217.
Milbrath, L. W. (1965). Political Participation. Chicago:
RandMcNally.
Moisés, J. Á., & Carneiro, G. P. (2008). Democracia, desconfiança
política e insatisfação com o regime: o caso do Brasil. Opinião
Pública, 14(1), 1-42.
Moscovici, S. (1985). L’âge des foules: un traité historique de
psychologie des masses. Bruxelles: Les Éditions Complexe.
Acessado em http://classiques.uqac.ca/ contemporains/
moscovici_serge/age_des_foules/age_des_foules.pdf
Natividade, M. (2010). Uma homossexualidade santificada?
Etnografia de uma comunidade inclusiva pentecostal. Religião
& Sociedade, 30(2), 90-121.
Nye, R. A. (1973). Two paths to a psychology of social action
Gustave LeBon and Georges Sorel. The Journal of Modern
History, 45(3) 411-438.
Ranthum, R. (2013, June 16). Um ensaio sobre o mês de junho de
2013. Observatório da Imprensa. Acessado em http://www.
observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/ news/view/_ed755_um_
ensaio_sobre_o_mes_de_junho_de_2013
Realo, A., Allik, J., & Greenfield, B. (2008). Radius of trust: Social
capital in relation to familism and institutional collectivism.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(4), 447-462.
Rothstein, B., & Uslaner, E. M. (2005). All for all: Equality,
corruption, and social trust. World politics, 58(01), 41-72.
Roussel, P., Durrieu, F., Campoy, E. & Akremi, A. E. (2002),
Méthodes d’équations structurelles: recherche et applications
en gestion. Economica: Paris.
Ryan, C. S. (2003). Stereotype accuracy. European review of social
psychology, 13(1), 75-109.
Sacchi, S., Carnaghi, A., Castellini, F., & Colombo, M. (2013).
Group merger between political parties: The role of the ingroup
projection process. Political psychology, 34(1), 91-105.
Samuels, D., & Zucco, C. (2013). The Power of Partisanship in
Brazil: Evidence from Survey Experiments. American Journal
of Political Science, 58(1), 212-225.
Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2011). An exploration of the content
of stereotypes of black politicians. Political Psychology, 32(2),
205-233.
Schumpeter, J. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy.
London: Allen & Unwin.
Stolle, D., Hooghe, M. & Micheletti, M. (2005). Politics in the
supermarket: political consumerism as a form of political
participation. International Political Science Review, 26(3),
245-269.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup
conflict. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Orgs.), The social
psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Chicago:
Nelson-Hall.
Teorell, J. (2006). Political participation and three theories of
democracy: A research inventory and agenda. European
Journal of Political Research, 45(5), 787-810.
Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging
measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and
collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
74(1), 118-128.
Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1972): Participation in America:
Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York:
Harper & Row.
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Published
2017-05-23
How to Cite
Carneiro, T. L., Torres, C. V., & Ekman, J. (2017). Political Participation in Brazil and Sweden: The Role of Stereotypes and Contagion. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 32(5). Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/19399
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Estudos Empíricos
