Maternal Psychological Control and Internalizing Problems of Preschool Children
Keywords:
Problemas internalizantes, Controle materno, Desenvolvimento infantil, Internalizing problems, Maternal control, Child developmentAbstract
The present study investigated relations between maternal psychological control and behavior control and
internalizing problems of preschool children, with ages varying between three and five years. Participants in the study were
103 mothers who completed the CBCL and the Child Socialization and Parental Childrearing Practices Structured Interview.
The results showed that two of the syndromes representing the group of internalizing problems, anxiety/depression and
withdrawal, were positively correlated with critical control, which is a dimension of psychological control. It is possible that
maternal critical control limits the socio-emotional development of children and their access to reinforcers, contributing to
the emergence of withdrawal and symptoms of anxiety/depression. The relevance of other variables for the understanding of
internalizing problems, as emotional socialization practices, is also discussed.
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References
Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children’s psychiatric
symptoms: a factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs:
General and Applied, 80(7), 1-37. doi:10.1037/h0093906
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification
of child psychopathology: a review and analysis of
empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301.
doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.6.1275
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA
Preschool Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of
Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Alvarenga, P. (2000). Práticas educativas maternas e problemas
de comportamento na infância. (Unpublished master´s thesis)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Anselmi, L., Piccinini, C. A., Barros, F. C., & Lopes, R. S. (2004).
Psychosocial determinants of behaviour problems in Brazilian
preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
45(4), 779-788. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00271.x
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a
neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x
Bayer, J. K., Hastings, P. D., Sanson, A. V, Ukoumunne, O., &
Rubin, K. H. (2010). Predicting mid-childhood symptoms:
a longitudinal community study. International Journal of
Mental Health Promotion, 12(1), 16-28. doi:10.1080/14623
730.2010.9721802
Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V, & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent
influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal
of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 542-559.
doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002
Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V, & Hemphill, S. A. (2009). Early
childhood aetiology of internalising difficulties: a longitudinal
community study. International Journal of Mental Health
Promotion, 11(1), 22-32. doi:10.1080/14623730.2009.9721777
Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting
behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: specificity,
task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical
Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 34-45. doi:10.1207/
s15374424jccp3501_4
Cova, F., Maganto, C., & Melipillán, R. (2005). Género, adversidad
familiar y síntomas emocionales en preadolescentes.
Psykhe (Santiago), 14(1), 227-232. doi:10.4067/S0718-
22282005000100017
Coyne, L. W., & Thompson, A. D. (2011). Maternal depression,
locus of control, and emotion regulatory strategy as predictors
of preschoolers’ internalizing problems. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 20(6), 873-883. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-
9455-2
Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Midlarsky, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001).
Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: gender differences
in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. Journal of
Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 95-118. doi:10.1111/1532-
7795.00005
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: an
integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
Feng, X., Shaw, D., & Moilanen, K. L. (2011). Parental negative
control moderates the shyness-emotion regulation pathway to
school-age internalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 39(3), 425-436. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9469-z
Feng, X., Shaw, D., & Silk, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories
of anxiety symptoms among boys across early and middle
childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 32-47.
doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.32
Findlay, L. C., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, A. B. (2009). Keeping
it all inside: shyness, internalizing coping strategies
and socio-emotional adjustment in middle childhood.
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(1), 47-
54. doi:10.1177/0165025408098017
Granic, I., & Lamey, A. V. (2002). Combining dynamic systems and
multivariate analyses to compare the mother-child interactions
of externalizing subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 30(3), 265-283. doi:0091-0627/02/0600-0265/0
Halgunseth, L. C., Ispa, J. M., & Rudy, D. (2006). Parental control
in Latino families: an integrated review of the literature.
Child Development, 77(5), 1282-1297. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8624.2006.00934.x
Javo, C., Rønning, J. A., Heyerdahl, S., & Rudmin, F. W. (2004).
Parenting correlates of child behavior problems in a multiethnic
community sample of preschool children in northern Norway.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(1), 8-18.
doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0349-3
Keiley, M. K., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S.
(2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: externalizing
and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 161-179.
doi:10.1023/A:1005122814723
Keiley, M. K., Lofthouse, N., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G.
S. (2003). Differential risks of covarying and pure components
in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing
behavior across ages 5 to 14. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 31(3), 267-283. doi:10.1023/A:1023277413027
Kovacs, M., & Devlin, B. (1998). Internalizing disorders in
childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(1),
47-63. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00303
Lamb, M., Hwang, C. P., Ketterlinus, R. D., & Fracasso, M. P.
(1999). Parent-child relationships: development in context
of the family. In M. H. Bornstein & M. Lamb (Eds.),
Developmental Psychology: an advanced text book (pp. 411-
450). Mahwah/London: LEA.
Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2005). Childhood
temperament and family environment as predictors of
internalizing and externalizing trajectories from ages 5 to
17. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(5), 505-520.
doi:10.1007/s10802-005-6734-7
Lins, T., Oliveira, J. M., Palma, E., & Alvarenga, P. (2012).
Entrevista Estruturada sobre Práticas Educativas Parentais
e Socialização Infantil. Manuscrito não publicado.
Marturano, E. M., Toller, G. P., & Elias, L. C. S. (2005). Gênero,
adversidade e problemas socioemocionais associados à queixa
escolar. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 22(4), 371-380.
doi:10.1590/S0103-166X2005000400005
Mathiesen, K. S., Sanson, A. V, Stoolmiller, M., & Karevold, E.
(2009). The nature and predictors of undercontrolled and
internalizing problem trajectories across early childhood.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(2), 209”“222.
doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9268-y
McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the
association between parenting and childhood depression: a
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 986-1003.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001
McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining
the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155-172.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002
McShane, K. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2009). The New Friends
Vignettes: measuring parental psychological control that
confers risk for anxious adjustment in preschoolers.
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(6), 481-
495. doi:10.1177/0165025409103874
Mills, R. S. L., Hastings, P. D., Helm, J., Serbin, L. A., Etezadi,
J., Stack, D. M., … Li, H. H. (2012). Temperamental,
parental, and contextual contributors to early-emerging
internalizing problems: a new integrative analysis approach.
Social Development, 21(2), 229-253. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
9507.2011.00629.x
Mills, R. S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (1998). Are behavioural and
psychological control both differentially associated with
childhood aggression and social withdrawal? Canadian
Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(2), 132-136. doi:10.1037/
h0085803
Oland, A. A., & Shaw, D. (2005). Pure versus co-occurring
externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children: the
potential role of socio-developmental milestones. Clinical
Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(4), 247-270.
doi:10.1007/s10567-005-8808-z
Patterson, G., Reid, J., & Dishion, T. (1992). Positive parenting
and children’s prossocial skills. In G. Patterson, J. Reid, & T.
Dishion (Eds.), Antisocial boys: a Social Interaction Approach
(Vol. 4). Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing Co.
Peterson, D. R. (1961). Behavior problems of middle childhood.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25(3), 205-209. doi:10.1037/
h0038994
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability
and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited
temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development,
73(2), 483-495. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00419
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, P. B. (2006). Metodologia
de pesquisa. São Paulo, SP: McGraw-Hill.
Sawyer, M. G., Arney, F. M., Baghurst, P. A., Clark, J. J., Graetz,
B. W., Kosky, R. J., … Zubrick, S. R. (2001). The mental
health of young people in Australia: key findings from the
child and adolescent component of the national survey of
mental health and well-being. The Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Psychiatry, 35(6), 806-814. doi:10.1046/j.1440-
1614.2001.00964.x
Silk, J., Shaw, D., Prout, J., O’Rourke, F., Lane, T., & Kovacs, M.
(2011). Socialization of emotion and offspring internalizing
symptoms in mothers with childhood-onset depression.
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 127-
136. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.02.001
Silvares, E. F. M., Rocha, M. M., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2010).
Inventário de Comportamentos de Crianças entre 1 1/2 - 5
anos (CBCL/1½-5). Versão brasileira do “Child Behavior
Checklist for ages 1 ½ -5.” Manuscrito não publicado.
Van der Bruggen, C., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bogels, S. M., &
Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C. (2010). Parenting behaviour as
a mediator between young children’s negative emotionality
and their anxiety/depression. Infant and Child Development,
19(4), 354-365. doi:10.1002/icd.665
symptoms: a factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs:
General and Applied, 80(7), 1-37. doi:10.1037/h0093906
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification
of child psychopathology: a review and analysis of
empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-1301.
doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.6.1275
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA
Preschool Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of
Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
Alvarenga, P. (2000). Práticas educativas maternas e problemas
de comportamento na infância. (Unpublished master´s thesis)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Anselmi, L., Piccinini, C. A., Barros, F. C., & Lopes, R. S. (2004).
Psychosocial determinants of behaviour problems in Brazilian
preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
45(4), 779-788. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00271.x
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a
neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x
Bayer, J. K., Hastings, P. D., Sanson, A. V, Ukoumunne, O., &
Rubin, K. H. (2010). Predicting mid-childhood symptoms:
a longitudinal community study. International Journal of
Mental Health Promotion, 12(1), 16-28. doi:10.1080/14623
730.2010.9721802
Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V, & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent
influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal
of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(6), 542-559.
doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002
Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V, & Hemphill, S. A. (2009). Early
childhood aetiology of internalising difficulties: a longitudinal
community study. International Journal of Mental Health
Promotion, 11(1), 22-32. doi:10.1080/14623730.2009.9721777
Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting
behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: specificity,
task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical
Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 34-45. doi:10.1207/
s15374424jccp3501_4
Cova, F., Maganto, C., & Melipillán, R. (2005). Género, adversidad
familiar y síntomas emocionales en preadolescentes.
Psykhe (Santiago), 14(1), 227-232. doi:10.4067/S0718-
22282005000100017
Coyne, L. W., & Thompson, A. D. (2011). Maternal depression,
locus of control, and emotion regulatory strategy as predictors
of preschoolers’ internalizing problems. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 20(6), 873-883. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-
9455-2
Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Midlarsky, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001).
Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: gender differences
in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. Journal of
Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 95-118. doi:10.1111/1532-
7795.00005
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: an
integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
Feng, X., Shaw, D., & Moilanen, K. L. (2011). Parental negative
control moderates the shyness-emotion regulation pathway to
school-age internalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 39(3), 425-436. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9469-z
Feng, X., Shaw, D., & Silk, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories
of anxiety symptoms among boys across early and middle
childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 32-47.
doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.32
Findlay, L. C., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, A. B. (2009). Keeping
it all inside: shyness, internalizing coping strategies
and socio-emotional adjustment in middle childhood.
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(1), 47-
54. doi:10.1177/0165025408098017
Granic, I., & Lamey, A. V. (2002). Combining dynamic systems and
multivariate analyses to compare the mother-child interactions
of externalizing subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 30(3), 265-283. doi:0091-0627/02/0600-0265/0
Halgunseth, L. C., Ispa, J. M., & Rudy, D. (2006). Parental control
in Latino families: an integrated review of the literature.
Child Development, 77(5), 1282-1297. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8624.2006.00934.x
Javo, C., Rønning, J. A., Heyerdahl, S., & Rudmin, F. W. (2004).
Parenting correlates of child behavior problems in a multiethnic
community sample of preschool children in northern Norway.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(1), 8-18.
doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0349-3
Keiley, M. K., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S.
(2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: externalizing
and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 161-179.
doi:10.1023/A:1005122814723
Keiley, M. K., Lofthouse, N., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G.
S. (2003). Differential risks of covarying and pure components
in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing
behavior across ages 5 to 14. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 31(3), 267-283. doi:10.1023/A:1023277413027
Kovacs, M., & Devlin, B. (1998). Internalizing disorders in
childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(1),
47-63. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00303
Lamb, M., Hwang, C. P., Ketterlinus, R. D., & Fracasso, M. P.
(1999). Parent-child relationships: development in context
of the family. In M. H. Bornstein & M. Lamb (Eds.),
Developmental Psychology: an advanced text book (pp. 411-
450). Mahwah/London: LEA.
Leve, L. D., Kim, H. K., & Pears, K. C. (2005). Childhood
temperament and family environment as predictors of
internalizing and externalizing trajectories from ages 5 to
17. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(5), 505-520.
doi:10.1007/s10802-005-6734-7
Lins, T., Oliveira, J. M., Palma, E., & Alvarenga, P. (2012).
Entrevista Estruturada sobre Práticas Educativas Parentais
e Socialização Infantil. Manuscrito não publicado.
Marturano, E. M., Toller, G. P., & Elias, L. C. S. (2005). Gênero,
adversidade e problemas socioemocionais associados à queixa
escolar. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 22(4), 371-380.
doi:10.1590/S0103-166X2005000400005
Mathiesen, K. S., Sanson, A. V, Stoolmiller, M., & Karevold, E.
(2009). The nature and predictors of undercontrolled and
internalizing problem trajectories across early childhood.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(2), 209”“222.
doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9268-y
McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the
association between parenting and childhood depression: a
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 986-1003.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001
McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining
the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a
meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155-172.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002
McShane, K. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2009). The New Friends
Vignettes: measuring parental psychological control that
confers risk for anxious adjustment in preschoolers.
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(6), 481-
495. doi:10.1177/0165025409103874
Mills, R. S. L., Hastings, P. D., Helm, J., Serbin, L. A., Etezadi,
J., Stack, D. M., … Li, H. H. (2012). Temperamental,
parental, and contextual contributors to early-emerging
internalizing problems: a new integrative analysis approach.
Social Development, 21(2), 229-253. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
9507.2011.00629.x
Mills, R. S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (1998). Are behavioural and
psychological control both differentially associated with
childhood aggression and social withdrawal? Canadian
Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(2), 132-136. doi:10.1037/
h0085803
Oland, A. A., & Shaw, D. (2005). Pure versus co-occurring
externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children: the
potential role of socio-developmental milestones. Clinical
Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(4), 247-270.
doi:10.1007/s10567-005-8808-z
Patterson, G., Reid, J., & Dishion, T. (1992). Positive parenting
and children’s prossocial skills. In G. Patterson, J. Reid, & T.
Dishion (Eds.), Antisocial boys: a Social Interaction Approach
(Vol. 4). Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing Co.
Peterson, D. R. (1961). Behavior problems of middle childhood.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25(3), 205-209. doi:10.1037/
h0038994
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability
and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited
temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development,
73(2), 483-495. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00419
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, P. B. (2006). Metodologia
de pesquisa. São Paulo, SP: McGraw-Hill.
Sawyer, M. G., Arney, F. M., Baghurst, P. A., Clark, J. J., Graetz,
B. W., Kosky, R. J., … Zubrick, S. R. (2001). The mental
health of young people in Australia: key findings from the
child and adolescent component of the national survey of
mental health and well-being. The Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Psychiatry, 35(6), 806-814. doi:10.1046/j.1440-
1614.2001.00964.x
Silk, J., Shaw, D., Prout, J., O’Rourke, F., Lane, T., & Kovacs, M.
(2011). Socialization of emotion and offspring internalizing
symptoms in mothers with childhood-onset depression.
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 127-
136. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.02.001
Silvares, E. F. M., Rocha, M. M., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2010).
Inventário de Comportamentos de Crianças entre 1 1/2 - 5
anos (CBCL/1½-5). Versão brasileira do “Child Behavior
Checklist for ages 1 ½ -5.” Manuscrito não publicado.
Van der Bruggen, C., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bogels, S. M., &
Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C. (2010). Parenting behaviour as
a mediator between young children’s negative emotionality
and their anxiety/depression. Infant and Child Development,
19(4), 354-365. doi:10.1002/icd.665
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Published
2015-11-17
How to Cite
Lins, T., & Alvarenga, P. (2015). Maternal Psychological Control and Internalizing Problems of Preschool Children. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 31(3), 311–319. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18607
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Section
Estudos Empíricos
