Physical Child Abuse:
Analyzing Parental Stress and Social Support
Keywords:
Physical abuse, Parental stress, Social support, MaltreatmentAbstract
This study verified the existence of a relationship between parental stress, social support, and physical child abuse. Two groups were compared, G1 ”“ caregivers reported for abuse, and G2 ”“ caregivers not reported for abuse. Three questionnaires were applied: one assessing social demographic and economic variables, one measuring Social Support, and one assessing the Parental Stress Index. Results indicated that G1 not only showed higher levels of stress and lower levels of social support, but also lower values on the dimensions “Affective” and “Positive Social Interaction”. The parents of G1 were younger when their first child was born, and reported less satisfaction with their neighborhood. The investigated variables should be incorporated in prevention and treatment programs directed to reduce physical child abuse.
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References
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Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Ateah, C. A. & Durrant, J. E. (2005). Maternal use of physical punishment in response to child misbehavior: implications for child abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 169-185.
Balge, K. A. & Milner, J. S. (2000). Emotion recognition ability in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10 (24), 1289-1298.
Bazon, M. R.; Matias, A.S.A., & Estevão, R. (2004). Domestic violence against children and adolescents: the actors perspective. In: Victimization of children and youth: an international research conference. Portsmouth Program, 14-14.
Bazon, M. R., Mello, I. L. A., Bérgamo, L. P. D., & Faleiros, J. M. (2010). Negligência infantil: Estudo comparativo do nível socioeconômico, estresse parental e apoio social. Temas em Psicologia, 18(1), 71-84.
Bigras, M., & Lafrenière, P. J. (1995). Índice de stress parental. Manuel d’utilisation. Complément francophone à l’édition américaine. Multi-Healthy System.
Bigras, M., & Paquette, D. (2000). L’Interdépendance entre les sous-systèmes conjugal et parental: Une analyse personne-processus-contexte. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16(2), 91-102.
Bordin, I. A. S., Paula, C. S., Nascimento, R., & Duarte, C. S. (2006). Severe physical punishment and mental health problems in an economically disadvantaged population of children and adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(4), 290-296.
Bringiotti, M. I. (1999). Maltrato infantil. Factores de riesgo para el maltrato físico en la poblacion infantil que concurre a las escuelas dependientes del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Madrid/Buenos Aires: Niño y Dávila editores.
Budd, K. S., Heilman, N. E., & Kane, D. (2000). Psychosocial correlates of child abuse potential in multiply disadvantaged adolescent mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5(24), 611-625.
Carmo, C. J., & Harada, M. J. C. S. (2006). Violência física como prática educativa. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 14(6), 849-856.
Cecconello, A. M., De Antoni, C., & Koller, S. H. (2003). Práticas educativas, estilos parentais e abuso físico no contexto familiar. Psicologia em Estudo, 8, 45-54.
Chor, D., Griep, R. H., Lopes, C. S., & Faerstein, E. (2001). Medidas de rede e apoio social no Estudo Pró-Saúde: pré-testes e estudo piloto. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 4(17), 887-896.
Combs-Orme, T., Cain, D. S., & Wilson, E. E. (2004). Do maternal concerns at delivery predict parenting stress during infancy? Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 377-392.
Coohey, C. (1996). Child maltreatment: Testing the social isolation hypothesis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(3), 241-254.
Crouch, J. L., & Behl, L. E. (2001). Relationships among parental beliefs in corporal punishment, reported stress, and physical child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 413-419.
Crouch J. L., Milner, J. S., & Thomsen, C. (2001). Childhood physical abuse, early social support, and risk for maltreatment: current social support as a mediator of risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 93-107.
De Antoni, C., Barone, L. R., & Koller, S. H. (2007). Indicadores de risco e proteção em famílias fisicamente abusivas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23(2), 125-132.
Dessen, M. A., & Bigras, M. (2000). As crianças pré-escolares com problemas de comportamento e suas famílias: identificação de fatores de risco. Relatório de Pesquisa. Brasília:CNPq.
Dessen, M. A., & Braz, M. P. (2000). Rede social de apoio durante transições familiares decorrentes do nascimento de filhos. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16(3), 221-231.
Dessen, M. A., & Szelbracikowski, A. C. (2004). Crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado e a dinâmica familiar. Interação em Psicologia, 8(2), 171-180.
Dessen, M. A., & Szelbracikowski, A. C. (2006). Estabilidades e mudanças em padrões familiares de crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado. Paidéia, 16(33), 71-80.
De Paúl, J., & Domenech, L. (2000). Childhood history of abuse and child abuse potential in adolescent mothers: a longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5(24), 701-713.
DiLauro, M. D. (2004). Psychosocial factors associated with types of child maltreatment. Child Welfare, 83, 69-99.
Dopke, C. A., & Milner, J. S. (2000). Impact of child noncompliance on stress appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 4(24), 493-504.
Florsheim, P., Sumida, E., McCann, C., Fukui, R., Seedfeldt, T., Winstanley, M., & Moore, D. (2003). The transition to parenthood among young African American and latino couples: relational predictors of risk for parental dysfunction. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 65-79.
Gracia, E., & Musitu, G. (2003). Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: a cross-cultural comparison. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 153-168.
Guterman, N. B., Lee, S. J., Taylor, C.A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2009). Parental perceptions of neighborhood processes, stress, personal control, and risk for physical child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 897-906.
Hecht, D. B., & Hansen, D. J. (2001). The environment of child maltreatment: contextual factors and the development of psychopathology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 433-457.
Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2000). Risk factors for family violence: introduction to the special series. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 115-119.
Hildyard, K. L., & Wolfe, D. A. (2002). Child neglect: developmental issues and outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 679-695.
Jackson, A.P. (2000). Maternal self-efficacy and children’s influence on stress and parenting among single black mothers in poverty. Journal of Family Issues, 21(1), 3-16.
Lee, Y. (2009). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and cultural capital. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 625-637.
McCurdy, K. (2005). The influence of support and stress on maternal attitudes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 251-268.
McLewin, L. A., & Muller, R. T. (2006). Attachment and social support in the prediction of psychopathology among young adults with and without a history of physical maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 171-191.
Milner, J. S. (1994). Assessing physical child abuse risk: the child abuse potential inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 6(14), 547-583.
Milner, J. S. (2003). Social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 7-20.
Montes, M. P., De Paúl, J., & Milner, J. S. (2001). Evaluations, attributions, affect, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1015-1036.
Ochotorena, J. P., & Madariaga, M. I. A. (1996). Manual de Protección Infantil. Barcelona: Masson.
Oliveira, T. T. S. S. (2006). Educar é punir? Compreendendo pontos de vistas de pais denunciados por violência física contra seus filhos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP.
Organização Mundial de Saúde & ISPCAN (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. New York: WHO Press.
Palusci, V. J., Smith, E. G., & Paneth, N. (2005). Predicting and responding to physical abuse in young children using NCANDS. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 667-682.
Reichenheim, M. E., Dias, A. S., & Moraes, C. L. (2006). Co-ocorrência de violência física conjugal e contra filhos em serviços de saúde. Revista de Saúde Pública, 40(4), 595-603.
Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Personal contextual characteristics and cognitions: Predicting child abuse and disciplinary style. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(2), 315-355.
Rodrigues, C. M., & Richardson, M. J. (2007). Stress and anger as contextual factors and preexisting cognitive schemas: Predicting parental child maltreatment risk. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 325-337.
Sacroisky, G. (2003). Maltrato físico: um problema de salud que nos involucra. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 101(1), 64-72.
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 705-714.
Suzuki, S. (2010). The effects of marital support, social network support, and parenting stress on parenting: self-efficacy among mothers of young children in Japan. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(1), 40-66.
Weber, L. N. D., Viezzer, A. P., & Brandenburg, O. J. (2004). O uso de palmadas e surras como prática educativa. Estudos de Psicologia, 9(2), 227-237.
Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2002). Parent, child, and contextual predictors of childhood physical punishment. Infant and Child Development, 11, 213-235.
Zelenko, M. A., Huffman, L., Lock, J., Kennedy, Q., & Steiner, H. (2001). Poor adolescent expectant mothers: can we assess their potential for child abuse? Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 271-27.
Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Ateah, C. A. & Durrant, J. E. (2005). Maternal use of physical punishment in response to child misbehavior: implications for child abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 169-185.
Balge, K. A. & Milner, J. S. (2000). Emotion recognition ability in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10 (24), 1289-1298.
Bazon, M. R.; Matias, A.S.A., & Estevão, R. (2004). Domestic violence against children and adolescents: the actors perspective. In: Victimization of children and youth: an international research conference. Portsmouth Program, 14-14.
Bazon, M. R., Mello, I. L. A., Bérgamo, L. P. D., & Faleiros, J. M. (2010). Negligência infantil: Estudo comparativo do nível socioeconômico, estresse parental e apoio social. Temas em Psicologia, 18(1), 71-84.
Bigras, M., & Lafrenière, P. J. (1995). Índice de stress parental. Manuel d’utilisation. Complément francophone à l’édition américaine. Multi-Healthy System.
Bigras, M., & Paquette, D. (2000). L’Interdépendance entre les sous-systèmes conjugal et parental: Une analyse personne-processus-contexte. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16(2), 91-102.
Bordin, I. A. S., Paula, C. S., Nascimento, R., & Duarte, C. S. (2006). Severe physical punishment and mental health problems in an economically disadvantaged population of children and adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(4), 290-296.
Bringiotti, M. I. (1999). Maltrato infantil. Factores de riesgo para el maltrato físico en la poblacion infantil que concurre a las escuelas dependientes del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Madrid/Buenos Aires: Niño y Dávila editores.
Budd, K. S., Heilman, N. E., & Kane, D. (2000). Psychosocial correlates of child abuse potential in multiply disadvantaged adolescent mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5(24), 611-625.
Carmo, C. J., & Harada, M. J. C. S. (2006). Violência física como prática educativa. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 14(6), 849-856.
Cecconello, A. M., De Antoni, C., & Koller, S. H. (2003). Práticas educativas, estilos parentais e abuso físico no contexto familiar. Psicologia em Estudo, 8, 45-54.
Chor, D., Griep, R. H., Lopes, C. S., & Faerstein, E. (2001). Medidas de rede e apoio social no Estudo Pró-Saúde: pré-testes e estudo piloto. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 4(17), 887-896.
Combs-Orme, T., Cain, D. S., & Wilson, E. E. (2004). Do maternal concerns at delivery predict parenting stress during infancy? Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 377-392.
Coohey, C. (1996). Child maltreatment: Testing the social isolation hypothesis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(3), 241-254.
Crouch, J. L., & Behl, L. E. (2001). Relationships among parental beliefs in corporal punishment, reported stress, and physical child abuse potential. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 413-419.
Crouch J. L., Milner, J. S., & Thomsen, C. (2001). Childhood physical abuse, early social support, and risk for maltreatment: current social support as a mediator of risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 93-107.
De Antoni, C., Barone, L. R., & Koller, S. H. (2007). Indicadores de risco e proteção em famílias fisicamente abusivas. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 23(2), 125-132.
Dessen, M. A., & Bigras, M. (2000). As crianças pré-escolares com problemas de comportamento e suas famílias: identificação de fatores de risco. Relatório de Pesquisa. Brasília:CNPq.
Dessen, M. A., & Braz, M. P. (2000). Rede social de apoio durante transições familiares decorrentes do nascimento de filhos. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16(3), 221-231.
Dessen, M. A., & Szelbracikowski, A. C. (2004). Crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado e a dinâmica familiar. Interação em Psicologia, 8(2), 171-180.
Dessen, M. A., & Szelbracikowski, A. C. (2006). Estabilidades e mudanças em padrões familiares de crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado. Paidéia, 16(33), 71-80.
De Paúl, J., & Domenech, L. (2000). Childhood history of abuse and child abuse potential in adolescent mothers: a longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5(24), 701-713.
DiLauro, M. D. (2004). Psychosocial factors associated with types of child maltreatment. Child Welfare, 83, 69-99.
Dopke, C. A., & Milner, J. S. (2000). Impact of child noncompliance on stress appraisals, attributions, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 4(24), 493-504.
Florsheim, P., Sumida, E., McCann, C., Fukui, R., Seedfeldt, T., Winstanley, M., & Moore, D. (2003). The transition to parenthood among young African American and latino couples: relational predictors of risk for parental dysfunction. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 65-79.
Gracia, E., & Musitu, G. (2003). Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: a cross-cultural comparison. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 153-168.
Guterman, N. B., Lee, S. J., Taylor, C.A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2009). Parental perceptions of neighborhood processes, stress, personal control, and risk for physical child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 897-906.
Hecht, D. B., & Hansen, D. J. (2001). The environment of child maltreatment: contextual factors and the development of psychopathology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 433-457.
Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2000). Risk factors for family violence: introduction to the special series. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 115-119.
Hildyard, K. L., & Wolfe, D. A. (2002). Child neglect: developmental issues and outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 679-695.
Jackson, A.P. (2000). Maternal self-efficacy and children’s influence on stress and parenting among single black mothers in poverty. Journal of Family Issues, 21(1), 3-16.
Lee, Y. (2009). Early motherhood and harsh parenting: The role of human, social, and cultural capital. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 625-637.
McCurdy, K. (2005). The influence of support and stress on maternal attitudes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 251-268.
McLewin, L. A., & Muller, R. T. (2006). Attachment and social support in the prediction of psychopathology among young adults with and without a history of physical maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 171-191.
Milner, J. S. (1994). Assessing physical child abuse risk: the child abuse potential inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 6(14), 547-583.
Milner, J. S. (2003). Social information processing in high-risk and physically abusive parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 7-20.
Montes, M. P., De Paúl, J., & Milner, J. S. (2001). Evaluations, attributions, affect, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1015-1036.
Ochotorena, J. P., & Madariaga, M. I. A. (1996). Manual de Protección Infantil. Barcelona: Masson.
Oliveira, T. T. S. S. (2006). Educar é punir? Compreendendo pontos de vistas de pais denunciados por violência física contra seus filhos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP.
Organização Mundial de Saúde & ISPCAN (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. New York: WHO Press.
Palusci, V. J., Smith, E. G., & Paneth, N. (2005). Predicting and responding to physical abuse in young children using NCANDS. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 667-682.
Reichenheim, M. E., Dias, A. S., & Moraes, C. L. (2006). Co-ocorrência de violência física conjugal e contra filhos em serviços de saúde. Revista de Saúde Pública, 40(4), 595-603.
Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Personal contextual characteristics and cognitions: Predicting child abuse and disciplinary style. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(2), 315-355.
Rodrigues, C. M., & Richardson, M. J. (2007). Stress and anger as contextual factors and preexisting cognitive schemas: Predicting parental child maltreatment risk. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 325-337.
Sacroisky, G. (2003). Maltrato físico: um problema de salud que nos involucra. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 101(1), 64-72.
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 705-714.
Suzuki, S. (2010). The effects of marital support, social network support, and parenting stress on parenting: self-efficacy among mothers of young children in Japan. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(1), 40-66.
Weber, L. N. D., Viezzer, A. P., & Brandenburg, O. J. (2004). O uso de palmadas e surras como prática educativa. Estudos de Psicologia, 9(2), 227-237.
Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2002). Parent, child, and contextual predictors of childhood physical punishment. Infant and Child Development, 11, 213-235.
Zelenko, M. A., Huffman, L., Lock, J., Kennedy, Q., & Steiner, H. (2001). Poor adolescent expectant mothers: can we assess their potential for child abuse? Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 271-27.
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Published
2011-03-29
How to Cite
D. Bérgamo, L. P., & Rezende Bazon, M. (2011). Physical Child Abuse:: Analyzing Parental Stress and Social Support. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 27(1), 13–21. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18254
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Estudos Empíricos
