Measuring Adolescents’ Perceptions of Parenting Style During Childhood:
Psychometric Properties of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire
Keywords:
Parenting styles, Adolescents, Psychometric properties, FamilyAbstract
The paper analyzes the psychometric properties of the G1 version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, a self-report instrument designed to investigate how adolescents or adults were parented during childhood. The sample included 1451 Italian adolescents in high school. Three studies tested the scale’s structure, invariance, and convergent validity. The first found slightly acceptable fit indexes for a 40-item scale measuring three factors (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles); the factors presented good reliability (Ïc .62-.96). Multigroup confirmative analyses found factor loadings invariant in the father version, whereas 12 items resulted not invariant in the mother version (second study). Good convergent validity was found with the Parental Bonding Index and the Parental Monitoring Scale (third study). Discussion of results is provided within the parenting styles literature.
Downloads
References
Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Parental
self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in
families of ADHD children in Iran. Child abuse & neglect,
, 567-572.
Arbuckle, J. L., & Wottke, W. (2003). Amos 5.0 update to the user’s
guide. Chicago: Small Waters Corporation.
Bagozzi, R. P. (1994). Structural equation models in marketing
research: Basic principles. In R. P. Bagozzi (Ed.), Basic
principles of marketing research (pp. 317-385). Oxford,
England: Blackwell.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority.
Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1-103.
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon
(Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow (pp. 349-378).
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development.
In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner & A. C. Peterson (Eds.), The
encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 746”“758). New York:
Garland.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with Amos:
Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.).
New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
Chipman, S., Olsen, S. F., Klein, S., Hart, C. H., & Robinson, C. C.
(2000). Differences in retrospective perceptions of parenting of
male and female inmates and non-inmates. Family Relations,
, 5-11.
Confalonieri, E., Bacchini, D., Olivari, M. G., Affuso, G., Tagliabue,
S., & Miranda, M. C. (2010). Adolescenti e stili educativi
genitoriali: Quale percezione? Psicologia dell’educazione,
, 9-27.
Coplan, R. J., Findlay, L. C., & Nelson, L. J. (2004). Characteristics
of preschoolers with lower perceived competence. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 399-408.
Daglar, M., Melhuish, E. C., & Barnes, J. (2011). Parenting and
preschool child behaviour amongst Turkish immigrant, migrant
and non-migrant families. European Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 8, 261-279.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context:
An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
Haycraft, E., & Blissett, J. (2010). Eating disorder symptoms and
parenting styles. Appetite, 54, 221-224.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit Indexes in
covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new
alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
ISTAT. (2006). Strutture familiari e opinioni su famiglia e figli.
Indagine Multiscopo “Famiglia, soggetti sociali e condizione
dell’infanzia”. Anno 2003, Roma: Istituto nazionale di
statistica.
ISTAT (2013). Lavoro e conciliazione dei tempi di vita. In Istat.
Rapporto Bes 2013. Retrieved from http://www.istat.it/it/
files/2013/03/3_lavoro-conciliazione.pdf
Kawabata, Y., Alink, L. R., Tseng, W. L., van IJzendoorn, M.
H., & Crick, N. R. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting
styles associated with relational aggression in children and
adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review.
Developmental Review, 31, 240-278.
Latouf, N., & Dunn, M. (2010). Parenting style affecting the social
behaviour of five-year-olds. Journal of Psychology in Africa,
, 109-112.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context
of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E.
M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, V. 4.
Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-102),
New York: Wiley.
Miranda, M. C., Bacchini, D., & Affuso, G. (2012). Validazione
di uno strumento per la misura del parental monitoring in un
campione di adolescenti italiani. Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 101, 32-47.
Newman, K., Harrison, L., Dashiff, C., & Davies, S. (2008).
Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in
adolescent health: An integrative literature review. Revista
Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 16, 142-150.
O’Brien, H. (2010). The intergenerational transmission of parenting
styles of Irish immigrant mothers. Journal of Family Social
Work, 13, 395-409.
Olivari, M. G., Tagliabue, S., & Confalonieri, E. (2013). Parenting
Style and Dimensions Questionnaire: A review of Reliability
and Validity. Marriage & Family Review, 49, 465-490.
Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2009). Reliability and validity of parenting
styles & dimensions questionnaire. Procedia ”“ Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 1, 508-514.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding
instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
Perlmutter, B. F,. Touliatos, J., &. Holden G. W (Eds.). (2001).
Handbook of family measurement techniques: Vol. 3.
Instruments & index. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Piko, B. F., & Balázs, M. Á. (2012). Authoritative parenting style
and adolescent smoking and drinking. Addictive Behaviors,
, 353-356.
Rhucharoenpornpanich, O., Chamratrithirong, A., Fongkaew, W.,
Rosati, M., Miller, B. A., & Cupp, P. K. (2010). Parenting and
adolescent problem behaviors: A comparative study of sons and
daughters in Thailand. Journal of The Medical Association of
Thailand, 93, 293-300.
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995).
Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting
practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological
Reports, 77, 819-839.
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001).
The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire. In B. F.
Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of
family measurement techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & index
(pp. 319-321). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scinto, A., Marinangeli, M. G., Kalyvoka, A., Daneluzzo, E., &
Rossi, A. (1999). The use of the Italian version of the Parental
Bonding Instrument (PBI) in a clinical sample and in a student
group: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis study.
Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 8, 276-283.
Sharma, V., & Sandhu, G. (2006). A community study of association
between parenting dimensions and externalizing behaviors.
Journal of Indian Association of Child and Adolescent Mental
Health, 2, 48-58.
Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation.
Child Development, 71, 1072-1085.
Tagliabue, S., & Lanz, M. (2011, August ”“ September). Measurement
invariance assessment within and between interpersonal
relationships: The issue of non-independence. Paper presented
at the 11th European Conference on Psychological Assessment,
Riga, Latvia.
Tagliabue, S., & Lanz, M. (submitted). Doing research on social and
personal relationships: the issue of measurement invariance
of non-independent observations. Manuscript submitted for
publication.
Tagliabue, S., Olivari, M. G., Miranda, M. C., Affuso, G., Bacchini,
D., & Confalonieri, E., (submitted) Parenting Styles Memories
and Communicative Processes in Adolescence.
Touliatos, J., Perlmutter, B. F., Strauss, M. A., & Holden, G. W.
(Eds). (2001). Handbook of Family measurement techniques,
V. 2, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weber, L., Salvador, A. P., & Brandenburg, O. (2006). Medindo
e promovendo a qualidade na interação familiar. Sobre
comportamento e cognição: expondo a variabilidade, 18,
-40.
Weber, L. N. D., Salvador, A. P. V., & Brandenburg, O. J. (2009).
Escalas de qualidade na interação familiar. In L. Weber & M.
A. Dessen (Eds.), Pesquisando a família. Instrumento para
coleta e análise de dados (pp. 57-68). Curitiba: Juruá.
