Development of a Measure of Primary and Secondary Control for Elderly People
Keywords:
Primary control, Secondary control, Elderly, Perceived controlAbstract
This article presents a measure developed to evaluate the adaptive processes of primary and secondary controls in elderly persons. Primary control is defined as a strategy to modify the environment to attend to personal demands. Secondary control refers to efforts to fit in the environment. The participants were 315 elderly, between 60 and 92 years old, 33.3% males and 66.7% females. They were interviewed in their own homes. Using factor analysis, three independent factors were identified: Strive for Achievement with Own Resources (Primary Control), Adaptation Effort (Secondary Control) and Strive for Achievement with Help (Primary Control). Considering the paucity of instruments to evaluate these constructs, the measure should contribute to the advance of research as well as to services for elderly people.
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References
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Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes, & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5, 58-67.
Chipperfield, J. G., Newall, N. E., Perry, R. P., Stewart, T. L., Bailis, D. S., & Ruthig, J. C. (2012). Sense of control in late life: Health and survival implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1081-1092.
Chipperrfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., Bailis, D. S., Ruthig, J. C., & Loring, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in use of primary and secondary control strategies in older adults with major health problems. Psychology & Health, 22, 83-105.
Chiu, T., & Spencer, G. A. (2010). Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: The effect of personal control and social control. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5, 202-210.
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Haynes, T. L., Heckhausen, J., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Newall, N. E. (2009). Primary and secondary control strategies: Implications for health and well-being among older adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 165-197.
Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-87.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
Heckhausen, J., Schulz, R., & Wrosch, C. (1998). Optimization in primary and secondary control: A measurement instrument for developmental regulation in adulthood [Technical Report]. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400-413.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32-60.
Heeps, L. J. (2000). The role of primary/secondary control in positive psychological adjustment (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Deakin University, Austrália.
Khoury, H. T. T. (2005). Controle primário e controle secundário: relação com indicadores de envelhecimento bem-sucedido (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Hilmapsi/tese-de-doutorado-percepo-de-controle-e-velhice-bem-sucedida
Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. A. (2009). Processos de auto-regulação no curso de vida: controle primário e controle secundário. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 144-152.
Lang, F. R., & Heckhausen, J. (2001). Perceived control over development and subjective well-being: Differential benefits across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 509-523.
McConatha, J. T., & Huba, H. M. (1999). Primary, secondary, and emotional control across adulthood. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 18, 164-170.
Ministério da Saúde (2006). Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa ”“ PNSPI, Portaria No. 2528 de 19/10/2006. Brasília: MS.
Neri, A. L. (2006). Crenças de auto-eficácia e envelhecimento bem-sucedido. In E.V. Freitas, L. Py, F.A.X. Cançado, J. Doll, & M.L. Gorzoni (Eds.), Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia (2ª ed., pp. 1267-1276). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan.
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília, DF: LabPAM. Pasquali, L. (2010). Testes referentes a construto: Teoria e modelo de construção. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas (pp. 165-198). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Peng, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (1994, julho). Primary and secondary control: Cross cultural and life-span developmental perspectives. Paper presented at the 13th Biennial Meeting of Institutional Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Amsterdan.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5-37.
Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life-span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51, 702-714.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1977). Desamparo: Sobre depressão, desenvolvimento e morte. São Paulo: HUCITEC.
Stocks, A., April, K. A., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being: A cross cultural study. Problems and perspectives in management, 10, 17-25.
Thurber, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). “You can try or you can just give up”: The impact of perceived control and coping style on childhood homesickness. Developmental Psychology, 33, 508-517.
Wahl, H. W., Schilling, O., & Becker, S. (2007). Age-related macular degeneration and change in psychological control: Role of time since diagnosis and functional ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B (2), 90-97.
Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan. American Psychologist, 39, 955-969.
Widyarini, N. (2012). Control strategy as a model of psychological care for patient with diabetes. Health and the Environment Journal, 3(2), 86-91.
Windsor, T. D. (2009). Persistence in goal striving and positive reappraisal as psychological resources for ageing well: A dyadic analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 874-884.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 415-427.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Perceived control of life regrets: Good for young and bad for old adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 340-350.
Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 15, 387-399.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Health stress and depressive symptomatology in the elderly: The importance of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 21, 340-348.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., Lupien, S., & Dunne, E. (2007). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 26, 341-349.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes, & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5, 58-67.
Chipperfield, J. G., Newall, N. E., Perry, R. P., Stewart, T. L., Bailis, D. S., & Ruthig, J. C. (2012). Sense of control in late life: Health and survival implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1081-1092.
Chipperrfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., Bailis, D. S., Ruthig, J. C., & Loring, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in use of primary and secondary control strategies in older adults with major health problems. Psychology & Health, 22, 83-105.
Chiu, T., & Spencer, G. A. (2010). Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: The effect of personal control and social control. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5, 202-210.
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Haynes, T. L., Heckhausen, J., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Newall, N. E. (2009). Primary and secondary control strategies: Implications for health and well-being among older adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 165-197.
Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-87.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
Heckhausen, J., Schulz, R., & Wrosch, C. (1998). Optimization in primary and secondary control: A measurement instrument for developmental regulation in adulthood [Technical Report]. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400-413.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32-60.
Heeps, L. J. (2000). The role of primary/secondary control in positive psychological adjustment (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Deakin University, Austrália.
Khoury, H. T. T. (2005). Controle primário e controle secundário: relação com indicadores de envelhecimento bem-sucedido (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Hilmapsi/tese-de-doutorado-percepo-de-controle-e-velhice-bem-sucedida
Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. A. (2009). Processos de auto-regulação no curso de vida: controle primário e controle secundário. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 144-152.
Lang, F. R., & Heckhausen, J. (2001). Perceived control over development and subjective well-being: Differential benefits across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 509-523.
McConatha, J. T., & Huba, H. M. (1999). Primary, secondary, and emotional control across adulthood. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 18, 164-170.
Ministério da Saúde (2006). Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa ”“ PNSPI, Portaria No. 2528 de 19/10/2006. Brasília: MS.
Neri, A. L. (2006). Crenças de auto-eficácia e envelhecimento bem-sucedido. In E.V. Freitas, L. Py, F.A.X. Cançado, J. Doll, & M.L. Gorzoni (Eds.), Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia (2ª ed., pp. 1267-1276). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan.
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília, DF: LabPAM. Pasquali, L. (2010). Testes referentes a construto: Teoria e modelo de construção. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas (pp. 165-198). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Peng, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (1994, julho). Primary and secondary control: Cross cultural and life-span developmental perspectives. Paper presented at the 13th Biennial Meeting of Institutional Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Amsterdan.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5-37.
Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life-span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51, 702-714.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1977). Desamparo: Sobre depressão, desenvolvimento e morte. São Paulo: HUCITEC.
Stocks, A., April, K. A., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being: A cross cultural study. Problems and perspectives in management, 10, 17-25.
Thurber, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). “You can try or you can just give up”: The impact of perceived control and coping style on childhood homesickness. Developmental Psychology, 33, 508-517.
Wahl, H. W., Schilling, O., & Becker, S. (2007). Age-related macular degeneration and change in psychological control: Role of time since diagnosis and functional ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B (2), 90-97.
Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan. American Psychologist, 39, 955-969.
Widyarini, N. (2012). Control strategy as a model of psychological care for patient with diabetes. Health and the Environment Journal, 3(2), 86-91.
Windsor, T. D. (2009). Persistence in goal striving and positive reappraisal as psychological resources for ageing well: A dyadic analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 874-884.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 415-427.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Perceived control of life regrets: Good for young and bad for old adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 340-350.
Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 15, 387-399.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Health stress and depressive symptomatology in the elderly: The importance of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 21, 340-348.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., Lupien, S., & Dunne, E. (2007). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 26, 341-349.
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Published
2013-10-16
How to Cite
Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. de A. (2013). Development of a Measure of Primary and Secondary Control for Elderly People. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(3), 277–285. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17615
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Estudos Empíricos
