Interparental Conflicts and Individuation in Young Portuguese Adults:
The Role of Loyalty Conflicts
Keywords:
Interparental conflict, Loyalty conflicts, Individuation, AttachmentAbstract
The goal of the present study was to examine whether loyalty conflicts and pressure to side to one of the parents mediate the association between the perception of interparental conflicts and the individuation process in young adults. In addition, we wanted to test whether positive dimensions of the parental relationship moderate the above mentioned associations. Participants were 538 Portuguese man and women with ages between 18 and 30 years. The results indicate that coalition mediates the effect of interparental conflict on the individuation of the young adult, and that the perception of reciprocal care and intimacy in the parental relationship moderates the association between interparental conflicts and individuation. Results were discussed according to the attachment theory and the development of the identity of the young adult.
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References
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Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 111-123.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. London: Basic Books.
Buchanan, C. M., & Waizenhofer, R. (2001). The impact of interparental conflict on adolescent children: Considerations of family systems and family structure. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict (pp. 149”“160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Buchanan, C. M., & Heiges, K. L. (2001). When conflict continues after the marriage ends: Effects of post-divorce conflict on children. In J. H. Grych, & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 337-362). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Caught between parents: Adolescents’ experience in divorced homes. Child Development, 62, 1008-1029.
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1996). Adolescents after divorce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Buehler, C., & Welsh, D. P. (2009). A process model of adolescent’s triangulation into parent’s marital conflict: The role of emotional reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 167-180.
Buhl, H. M. (2008a). Development of a model describing individuated adult child-parent relationships. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 32, 381-389.
Buhl, H. M. (2008b). Significance of individuation in adult child-parent relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 262-281.
Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood? Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 367-384.
Cox, M. J., Paley, B., & Hater, C. (2001). Interparental conflict and parent ”“ child relationship. In J. H. Grych & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research and application (pp. 249-272). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (2002). Effects of marital conflict on children: Recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric, 43, 31-63.
Ellis, E. M., & Boyan, S. (2010). Intervention strategies for parent coordinators in parental alienation cases. American Journal of Family Therapy, 38, 218”“236.
Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Zahar.
Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 173-195.
Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2008). Emotional, cognitive, and family systems mediators of children’s adjustment to interparental conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 843-854.
Franck, K. L., & Buehler, C. (2007). A family process model of marital hostility, parental depressive affect, and early adolescent problem behaviour: The roles of triangulation and parental warmth. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 614-625.
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016”“1024.
Gerard, J. M., Buehler, C., Franck, K., & Anderson, O. (2005). In the eyes of the beholder: Cognitive appraisals as mediators of the association between interparental conflict and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 376-384.
Geuzaine, C., Debry, M., & Liesens, V. (2000). Separation from parents in late adolescence: The same for boys and girls? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 79-91.
Greene, A. L., & Grimsley, M. D. (1990). Age and gender differences in adolescents’ preferences for parental advice: Mum’s the world. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 396-413.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 267-90.
Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development, 63, 558-572.
Grych, J. H., Raynor, S. R., & Fosco, G. M. (2004). Family processes that shape the impact of interparental conflict on adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 649-665.
Harold, G., Leve, L., Elam, K., Thapar, A., Neiderhiser, J., Ntsuaki, M., …& Reiss, D. (2013). The nature of nurture: Disentangling passive genotype”“environment correlation from family relationship influences on children’s externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1) 12-21.
Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Olesen, N. W. (2005). Is it alienating parenting, role reversal or child abuse? A study of children’s rejection of a parent in child custody disputes. Journal of Child Custody, 5,191-218.
Krishnakumar, A., & Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Family Relations, 49, 25-44.
Levpuscek, M. P. (2006). Adolescent individuation in relation to parents and friends: Age and gender differences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 238-264.
Lindsey, E. W., Colwell, M. J., Frabutt, J. M., & MacKinnon-Lewis, C. (2006). Family confl ict in divorced and non-divorced families: Potential consequences for boys’ friendship status and friendship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 45”“63.
Lopez, F. G. (1991). Patterns of family conflict and their relation to college student adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 257-260.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analyses: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 611-637.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marrone, M. (1998). Attachment and interaction. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Mattanah, J. F., Brand, B. L., & Hancok, G. R. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of meditational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 213-225.
Mayseless, O., & Scharf, M. (2009). ‘Too close for comfort: Inadequate boundaries with parents and individuation in late adolescent girls’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 191-202.
Miljkovitch, R. (2004). A vinculação ao nível das representações. In N. Guedeney, & A. Guedeney (Eds.), Vinculação: Conceitos e aplicação, Lisboa: Climepsi Editores.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2011). Adolescência e conflitos parentais: Uma perspetiva de resiliência. In P. M. Matos, C. Duarte, & M. E. Costa (Eds.), Famílias: Questões de desenvolvimento e intervenção (pp.125-151). Porto: LivPsic.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2009a). Clinical implications of interparental conflict: Intervention with adolescents from different family contexts. Comunicação apresentada no 40th Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR) International Meeting. Santiago do Chile, Chile.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P.M. (2009b). Vinculação, conflito e autoestima em adolescentes de famílias intactas e divorciadas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 317-325.
Mota, C. P., & Rocha, M. (2012). Adolescência e jovem adultícia: Crescimento pessoal, separação-individuação e o jogo das relações. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 28, 357-366.
Moura, O., Santos, R. A., Rocha, M., & Matos, P. M. (2010). Portuguese version of the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC): Factor structure and invariance across adolescents and emerging adults. International Journal of Testing, 10, 364-382.
Nigg, J. T., Nikolas, M., Miller, T. S., Alexander, B., Klump, K., & Von Eye, A. (2009). Factor structure of children’s perception of interparental conflict scale for studies of youths with externalizing behavior problems. American Psychological Association, 21), 450”“456.
Noller, P., & Callan, V. J. (1990). Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 349-362.
Olsen, C. & George, D. (2004). Cross-sectional study design and data analysis: The young epidemiology scholars program (YES). Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Pedro, M. F., Ribeiro, T., Shelton, K. H. (2012). Marital satisfaction and partners’ parenting practices: The mediating role of coparenting behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 509-22. doi: 10.1037/a0029121.
Santos, R. A., & Matos, P. M. (2003). The children´s perception of interparental conflict scale. (Adaptação do instrumento não publicado). Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto.
Saraiva, L., Brandão, T., & Matos, P. M. (2010). Factor structure of the Portuguese version of MITA. Comunicação apresentada no Paper presented at the 5th Congress of the European Society on Family Relations. Milão, Itália. Retrieved from http://www.yagiss.de/en/downloads/ESFR_2010_Saraiva_Matos.pdf
Scabini, E. (2000). Parent-child relationships in Italian families: Connectedness and autonomy in the transition to adulthood. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16, 23-30.
Scabini, E., & Manzi, C. (2011). Family processes and identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 565-584). New York: Springer.
Schnarch, D. (2000). Desire problems: A systemic perspective. In S. Leiblum & R. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and practices of sex therapy (pp. 101146). New York: Guilford Press.
Shipley, B. (1999). Testing causal explanations in organismal biology: causation, correlation and structural equation modelling. Oikos, 86, 374- 382.
Siegel, J. P. (2010). A good-enough therapy: An object relations approach. In A. S. Gurman (Ed.), Clinical casebook of couple therapy (pp. 134”“152). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Swanson, J. A. (2005). Covert processes: Loyalty conflicts, child involvement, and parental alienation as mediators of the link between interparental conflict and college student adjustment. (Dissertação de mestrado não publicada). Faculty of Miami University. Department of Psychology. Oxford, Ohio.
Van Egeren, L. A., & Hawkins, D. P. (2004). Coming to terms with coparenting: Implications of definition and measurement. Journal of Adult Development, 11, 165-178.
Walper, S., & Schwarz, B. (2001). Adolescent’s individuation in East and West Germany: Effects of family structure, financial hardship, and family processes. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1937-1954.
Walper, S., Kruse, J., Noack, P., & Schwarz, B. (2004). Parental separation and adolescents’ felt insecurity with mothers: Effects of financial hardship, interparental conflict, and maternal parenting in East and West Germany. Marriage & Family Review, 36, 115-145.
Walper, S., Schwarz, B., & Jurasic, S. (1996). Entwicklung und Erprobung des Münchner Individuations tests. Berichte aus der Arbeitsgruppe “Familienentwicklung nach der Trennung” 8/1996. Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Munchen.
Wendt, V., Kroll, S., Beckh, K., Gerhard, K., & Walper, S. (2002). Dokumentation der Erhebugsinstrumente der 4. Hauptbefragung. Berichte aus der Arbeitsgruppe, “Familien-Entwicklung nach der Trennung” 42/2002. Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitat München und Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers and friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Yuan, K. H. (2005). Fit indices versus test statistics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 115-148.
Amato, P. R., & Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 222-235.
Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 111-123.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. London: Basic Books.
Buchanan, C. M., & Waizenhofer, R. (2001). The impact of interparental conflict on adolescent children: Considerations of family systems and family structure. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict (pp. 149”“160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Buchanan, C. M., & Heiges, K. L. (2001). When conflict continues after the marriage ends: Effects of post-divorce conflict on children. In J. H. Grych, & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 337-362). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Caught between parents: Adolescents’ experience in divorced homes. Child Development, 62, 1008-1029.
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1996). Adolescents after divorce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Buehler, C., & Welsh, D. P. (2009). A process model of adolescent’s triangulation into parent’s marital conflict: The role of emotional reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 167-180.
Buhl, H. M. (2008a). Development of a model describing individuated adult child-parent relationships. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 32, 381-389.
Buhl, H. M. (2008b). Significance of individuation in adult child-parent relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 262-281.
Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood? Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 367-384.
Cox, M. J., Paley, B., & Hater, C. (2001). Interparental conflict and parent ”“ child relationship. In J. H. Grych & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research and application (pp. 249-272). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (2002). Effects of marital conflict on children: Recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric, 43, 31-63.
Ellis, E. M., & Boyan, S. (2010). Intervention strategies for parent coordinators in parental alienation cases. American Journal of Family Therapy, 38, 218”“236.
Erikson, E. H. (1972). Identidade, juventude e crise. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Zahar.
Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 173-195.
Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2008). Emotional, cognitive, and family systems mediators of children’s adjustment to interparental conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 843-854.
Franck, K. L., & Buehler, C. (2007). A family process model of marital hostility, parental depressive affect, and early adolescent problem behaviour: The roles of triangulation and parental warmth. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 614-625.
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016”“1024.
Gerard, J. M., Buehler, C., Franck, K., & Anderson, O. (2005). In the eyes of the beholder: Cognitive appraisals as mediators of the association between interparental conflict and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 376-384.
Geuzaine, C., Debry, M., & Liesens, V. (2000). Separation from parents in late adolescence: The same for boys and girls? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 79-91.
Greene, A. L., & Grimsley, M. D. (1990). Age and gender differences in adolescents’ preferences for parental advice: Mum’s the world. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 396-413.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 267-90.
Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development, 63, 558-572.
Grych, J. H., Raynor, S. R., & Fosco, G. M. (2004). Family processes that shape the impact of interparental conflict on adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 649-665.
Harold, G., Leve, L., Elam, K., Thapar, A., Neiderhiser, J., Ntsuaki, M., …& Reiss, D. (2013). The nature of nurture: Disentangling passive genotype”“environment correlation from family relationship influences on children’s externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1) 12-21.
Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Olesen, N. W. (2005). Is it alienating parenting, role reversal or child abuse? A study of children’s rejection of a parent in child custody disputes. Journal of Child Custody, 5,191-218.
Krishnakumar, A., & Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Family Relations, 49, 25-44.
Levpuscek, M. P. (2006). Adolescent individuation in relation to parents and friends: Age and gender differences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 238-264.
Lindsey, E. W., Colwell, M. J., Frabutt, J. M., & MacKinnon-Lewis, C. (2006). Family confl ict in divorced and non-divorced families: Potential consequences for boys’ friendship status and friendship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 45”“63.
Lopez, F. G. (1991). Patterns of family conflict and their relation to college student adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 257-260.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analyses: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 611-637.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marrone, M. (1998). Attachment and interaction. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Mattanah, J. F., Brand, B. L., & Hancok, G. R. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of meditational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 213-225.
Mayseless, O., & Scharf, M. (2009). ‘Too close for comfort: Inadequate boundaries with parents and individuation in late adolescent girls’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 191-202.
Miljkovitch, R. (2004). A vinculação ao nível das representações. In N. Guedeney, & A. Guedeney (Eds.), Vinculação: Conceitos e aplicação, Lisboa: Climepsi Editores.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2011). Adolescência e conflitos parentais: Uma perspetiva de resiliência. In P. M. Matos, C. Duarte, & M. E. Costa (Eds.), Famílias: Questões de desenvolvimento e intervenção (pp.125-151). Porto: LivPsic.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2009a). Clinical implications of interparental conflict: Intervention with adolescents from different family contexts. Comunicação apresentada no 40th Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR) International Meeting. Santiago do Chile, Chile.
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P.M. (2009b). Vinculação, conflito e autoestima em adolescentes de famílias intactas e divorciadas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 317-325.
Mota, C. P., & Rocha, M. (2012). Adolescência e jovem adultícia: Crescimento pessoal, separação-individuação e o jogo das relações. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 28, 357-366.
Moura, O., Santos, R. A., Rocha, M., & Matos, P. M. (2010). Portuguese version of the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC): Factor structure and invariance across adolescents and emerging adults. International Journal of Testing, 10, 364-382.
Nigg, J. T., Nikolas, M., Miller, T. S., Alexander, B., Klump, K., & Von Eye, A. (2009). Factor structure of children’s perception of interparental conflict scale for studies of youths with externalizing behavior problems. American Psychological Association, 21), 450”“456.
Noller, P., & Callan, V. J. (1990). Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 349-362.
Olsen, C. & George, D. (2004). Cross-sectional study design and data analysis: The young epidemiology scholars program (YES). Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Pedro, M. F., Ribeiro, T., Shelton, K. H. (2012). Marital satisfaction and partners’ parenting practices: The mediating role of coparenting behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 509-22. doi: 10.1037/a0029121.
Santos, R. A., & Matos, P. M. (2003). The children´s perception of interparental conflict scale. (Adaptação do instrumento não publicado). Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto.
Saraiva, L., Brandão, T., & Matos, P. M. (2010). Factor structure of the Portuguese version of MITA. Comunicação apresentada no Paper presented at the 5th Congress of the European Society on Family Relations. Milão, Itália. Retrieved from http://www.yagiss.de/en/downloads/ESFR_2010_Saraiva_Matos.pdf
Scabini, E. (2000). Parent-child relationships in Italian families: Connectedness and autonomy in the transition to adulthood. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 16, 23-30.
Scabini, E., & Manzi, C. (2011). Family processes and identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 565-584). New York: Springer.
Schnarch, D. (2000). Desire problems: A systemic perspective. In S. Leiblum & R. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and practices of sex therapy (pp. 101146). New York: Guilford Press.
Shipley, B. (1999). Testing causal explanations in organismal biology: causation, correlation and structural equation modelling. Oikos, 86, 374- 382.
Siegel, J. P. (2010). A good-enough therapy: An object relations approach. In A. S. Gurman (Ed.), Clinical casebook of couple therapy (pp. 134”“152). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Swanson, J. A. (2005). Covert processes: Loyalty conflicts, child involvement, and parental alienation as mediators of the link between interparental conflict and college student adjustment. (Dissertação de mestrado não publicada). Faculty of Miami University. Department of Psychology. Oxford, Ohio.
Van Egeren, L. A., & Hawkins, D. P. (2004). Coming to terms with coparenting: Implications of definition and measurement. Journal of Adult Development, 11, 165-178.
Walper, S., & Schwarz, B. (2001). Adolescent’s individuation in East and West Germany: Effects of family structure, financial hardship, and family processes. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1937-1954.
Walper, S., Kruse, J., Noack, P., & Schwarz, B. (2004). Parental separation and adolescents’ felt insecurity with mothers: Effects of financial hardship, interparental conflict, and maternal parenting in East and West Germany. Marriage & Family Review, 36, 115-145.
Walper, S., Schwarz, B., & Jurasic, S. (1996). Entwicklung und Erprobung des Münchner Individuations tests. Berichte aus der Arbeitsgruppe “Familienentwicklung nach der Trennung” 8/1996. Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Munchen.
Wendt, V., Kroll, S., Beckh, K., Gerhard, K., & Walper, S. (2002). Dokumentation der Erhebugsinstrumente der 4. Hauptbefragung. Berichte aus der Arbeitsgruppe, “Familien-Entwicklung nach der Trennung” 42/2002. Ludwig-Maximilians- Universitat München und Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers and friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Yuan, K. H. (2005). Fit indices versus test statistics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 115-148.
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2013-10-16
How to Cite
Mota, C. P., & Matos, P. M. (2013). Interparental Conflicts and Individuation in Young Portuguese Adults:: The Role of Loyalty Conflicts. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(3), 267–276. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17614
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Estudos Empíricos
