Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Driving Phobia
Keywords:
Review, Virtual reality, Driving phobiaAbstract
A growing number of researches has appeared on virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) to treat anxiety disorders. The purpose of this article was to review some evidences that support the VRET efficacy to treat driving phobia. The studies were identified through computerized search (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scielo databases) from 1984 to 2007. Some findings are promising. Anxiety/avoidance ratings declined from pre to post-treatment. VRET may be used as a first step in the treatment of driving phobia, as long as it may facilitate the in vivo exposure, thus reducing risks and high costs of such exposure. Notwithstanding, more randomized/controlled clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy.
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References
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American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
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Blaszczynski, A., Gordon, K., Silove, D., Sloane, D., Hilman, K., & Panasetis, P. (1998). Psychiatric morbidity following motor vehicle accidents: A review of metodological issues. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 111-121.
Côté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2005). Documenting the efficacy of virtual reality exposure with psychophysiological and information processing measures. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 217-232.
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Ehlers, A., Taylor, J. E., Ehring, T., Hoffman, S. G., Deane, F. P., Roth, W. T., & Podd, J. V. (2007). The driving cognitions questionnaire: Development and preliminary psychometric properties. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 493-509.
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Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health: A review of the literature. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 343-54.
Herda, C. A., Ehlers, A., & Roth, W. T. (1993). Diagnostic classification of driving phobia. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1, 9”“16.
Jang, D. P., Kim, I. Y., Nam, S. W., Wiederhold, B. K., Wiederhold, M. D., & Kim, S. I. (2002). Analysis of physiological response to two virtual environments: Driving and flying simulation. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 11 -18.
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Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004b). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 259-281.
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Lewis, E. J., & Walshe, D. G. (2005). Is video homework of benefit when patients don’t respond to virtual reality therapy for driving phobia? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 342-342.
Mayou, R., Tyndel, S., & Bryant, B. (1997). Long-term outcome of motor vehicle accident injury. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 578”“584.
Munjack, D. J., (1984). The onset of driving phobias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 15, 305”“308.
Pull, C. B. (2005). Current status of virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: Editorial review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 7-14.
Rachman, S., & Bichard, S. (1998). The overprediction of fear. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 303-312.
Riva, G. (2002). Virtual reality for health care: The status of research. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 219-225.
Riva, G., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2002). Guest editorial: Introduction to the special issue on virtual reality environments in behavioral sciences. IEEE TITB, 6, 193-197.
Roth, W. T. (2005). Physiological markers for anxiety: Panic disorder and phobias. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 58, 190-198.
Rothbaum, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (1999). The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behavior Modification, 23, 507-525.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., & Kooper, R. (1997). Virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 6, 291”“296.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., & Smith, S. (1999). Virtual reality exposure therapy abbreviated treatment manual: Fear of flying application. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6, 234-244.
Taylor, J. E., & Deane, F. P. (1999). Acquisition and severity of driving-related fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 435”“449.
Taylor, J. E., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Comparison and characteristics of motor vehicle accident (MVA) and non-MVA driving fears. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 287”“298.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. V. (2000). Determining the focus of driving fears. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 453-470.
Taylor, J., Deane, F. & Podd, J. (2002). Driving-related fear: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 631-645.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. V. (2007a). Driving fear and driving skills: Comparison between fearful and control samples using standardized on-road assessment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 805-818.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. (2007b). Diagnostic features, symptom severity, and help-seeking in a media-recruited sample of women with driving fear. Journal of Psychopatology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 81-91.
Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2000). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31, 249-257.
Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2003). Preliminary research on the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6, 459-465.
Walshe, D. G., Lewis, E. J., & Kim, S. I. (2004). Can MVA victims with driving phobia immerse in computer simulated driving environments? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 317-318.
Walshe, D. G., Lewis, E. J., Kim, S. I., O’Sullivan, K., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2003). Exploring the use of computer games and virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving following a motor vehicle accident. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6, 329”“334.
Walshe, D., Lewis, E., O’Sullivan, K., & Kim, S. I. (2005). Virtually driving: Are the driving environments “real enough” for exposure therapy with accident victims? An explorative study. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 532-537.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Rizzo, A. S. (2005). Virtual reality and applied psychophysiology. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 183-185.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (1999). Clinical observations during virtual reality therapy for specific phobias. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2, 161-168.
Wilhelm, F. H., Pfaltz, M. C., Gross, J. J., Mauss, I. B., Kim, S. I., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2005). Mechanisms of virtual reality exposure therapy: The role of the behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 271-284.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, P., Jacobs, C., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2004). Computer-supported cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 253-267.
Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Heterogeneity among specific phobia types in DSM-IV. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 1089-1100.
Antony, M. M., Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D.H. (1995). Mastery of your specific phobia. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (1997). After the crash: Assessment and treatment of motor vehicle accident survivors. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., & Loos, W. (1995). Psychiatric morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 495-504.
Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W., & Gerardi, R. J. (1994). Psychological morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 283-290.
Blaszczynski, A., Gordon, K., Silove, D., Sloane, D., Hilman, K., & Panasetis, P. (1998). Psychiatric morbidity following motor vehicle accidents: A review of metodological issues. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 111-121.
Côté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2005). Documenting the efficacy of virtual reality exposure with psychophysiological and information processing measures. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 217-232.
Ehlers, A., Hofmann, S. G., Herda, C. A., & Roth, W. T. (1994). Clinical characteristics of driving phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 323”“339.
Ehlers, A., Taylor, J. E., Ehring, T., Hoffman, S. G., Deane, F. P., Roth, W. T., & Podd, J. V. (2007). The driving cognitions questionnaire: Development and preliminary psychometric properties. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 493-509.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured clinical interview for Axis 1 DSM-IV disorders - Patient edition (Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20”“35.
Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health: A review of the literature. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 343-54.
Herda, C. A., Ehlers, A., & Roth, W. T. (1993). Diagnostic classification of driving phobia. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1, 9”“16.
Jang, D. P., Kim, I. Y., Nam, S. W., Wiederhold, B. K., Wiederhold, M. D., & Kim, S. I. (2002). Analysis of physiological response to two virtual environments: Driving and flying simulation. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 11 -18.
Koch, W. J., & Taylor, S. (1995). Assessment and treatment of motor vehicle accident victims. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2, 327-342.
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Ligny, C. W., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2004a). Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 229”“239.
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004b). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 259-281.
Ku, J. H., Jang, D. P., Lee, B. S., Lee, J. H., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2002). Development and validation of virtual driving simulator for the spinal injury patient. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 151-156.
Lewis, E. J., & Walshe, D. G. (2005). Is video homework of benefit when patients don’t respond to virtual reality therapy for driving phobia? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 342-342.
Mayou, R., Tyndel, S., & Bryant, B. (1997). Long-term outcome of motor vehicle accident injury. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 578”“584.
Munjack, D. J., (1984). The onset of driving phobias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 15, 305”“308.
Pull, C. B. (2005). Current status of virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: Editorial review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 7-14.
Rachman, S., & Bichard, S. (1998). The overprediction of fear. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 303-312.
Riva, G. (2002). Virtual reality for health care: The status of research. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5, 219-225.
Riva, G., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2002). Guest editorial: Introduction to the special issue on virtual reality environments in behavioral sciences. IEEE TITB, 6, 193-197.
Roth, W. T. (2005). Physiological markers for anxiety: Panic disorder and phobias. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 58, 190-198.
Rothbaum, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (1999). The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behavior Modification, 23, 507-525.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., & Kooper, R. (1997). Virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 6, 291”“296.
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., & Smith, S. (1999). Virtual reality exposure therapy abbreviated treatment manual: Fear of flying application. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6, 234-244.
Taylor, J. E., & Deane, F. P. (1999). Acquisition and severity of driving-related fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 435”“449.
Taylor, J. E., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Comparison and characteristics of motor vehicle accident (MVA) and non-MVA driving fears. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 287”“298.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. V. (2000). Determining the focus of driving fears. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 453-470.
Taylor, J., Deane, F. & Podd, J. (2002). Driving-related fear: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 631-645.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. V. (2007a). Driving fear and driving skills: Comparison between fearful and control samples using standardized on-road assessment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 805-818.
Taylor, J. E., Deane, F. P., & Podd, J. (2007b). Diagnostic features, symptom severity, and help-seeking in a media-recruited sample of women with driving fear. Journal of Psychopatology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 81-91.
Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2000). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31, 249-257.
Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2003). Preliminary research on the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6, 459-465.
Walshe, D. G., Lewis, E. J., & Kim, S. I. (2004). Can MVA victims with driving phobia immerse in computer simulated driving environments? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 317-318.
Walshe, D. G., Lewis, E. J., Kim, S. I., O’Sullivan, K., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2003). Exploring the use of computer games and virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving following a motor vehicle accident. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6, 329”“334.
Walshe, D., Lewis, E., O’Sullivan, K., & Kim, S. I. (2005). Virtually driving: Are the driving environments “real enough” for exposure therapy with accident victims? An explorative study. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8, 532-537.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Rizzo, A. S. (2005). Virtual reality and applied psychophysiology. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 183-185.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (1999). Clinical observations during virtual reality therapy for specific phobias. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2, 161-168.
Wilhelm, F. H., Pfaltz, M. C., Gross, J. J., Mauss, I. B., Kim, S. I., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2005). Mechanisms of virtual reality exposure therapy: The role of the behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 271-284.
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Published
2010-05-11
How to Cite
da Costa, R. T., de Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2010). Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Driving Phobia. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 26(1), 131. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17459
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Artigos Metodológicos
