Models of Long-Term Memory in Humans
Keywords:
Memory, Learning, Long-term, NeuropsychologyAbstract
The concept that memory is not a single entity, and it is formed from multiple independent systems that are
interactive, seems to be a consensus at the present time. In this paper, the main organizational models concerning long-term
memory systems in humans are described.
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References
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971). The control of short-term
memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90.
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C. &
Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and
declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
Cohen, N.J. (1984). Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: Evidence
for multiple memory systems. Em L.R. Squire & N. Butters (Orgs.), The neuropsychology of memory (pp. 83-103).
New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1994). Memory, amnesia and the
hippocampal system. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Squire, L. (1980). Preserved learning and retention
of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing
how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-210.
Dall'Ora, P., Delia Sala, S. & Spinnler, H. (1989). Autobiographical
memory - its impairments in amnesic syndromes. Cortex,
25, 197-217.
De Renzi, E., Liotti, M. & Nichelli, P. (1987). Semantic amnesia
with preservation of autobiographic memory - a case report.
Cortex, 23, 575-597.
Deweer, B., Pillon, B. & Dubois, B. (1993). Mirror reading in
Alzheimer's disease: Normal skill learning and acquisition of
item-specific information. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology, 15, 789-804.
Eslinger, P.J. & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Preserved motor learning
in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006-3009.
Gabrieli, J.D., Milberg, W., Keane, M.M. & Corkin, S. (1990).
Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychology,
28, 417-427.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. & Haden, RE. (1982). Simulating amnesic
symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 218, 1243-1244.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for
new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
77,501-518.
Graf, P., Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across
modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the
domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 386-
396.
Graf, P., Squire, L.R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that
amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Grossi, D., Trojano, L., Grasso, A. & Orsini, A. (1988). Selective
"semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury - a case report.
Cortex, 24, 457-464.
Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D.P., Shults, C.W., Walicke, P.A. & Butters,
N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit
memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's,
and Parkinson's disease patients. The Journal of Neuroscience,
9, 582-587.
Honig, W.K. (1978). Studies of working memory in the pigeon.
Em S.H. Hulse, H. Fowler & W.K. Honig (Orgs.), Cognitive
processes in animal behavior (pp. 211-248). New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between
autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Knowlton, B.J. & Squire, L.R. (1995). Remembering and knowing:
Two different expressions of declarative memory. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory; and Cognition,
21, 699-710.
Kolers, P.A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning
and Memory, 1, 689-701.
Kolers, P.A. (1976a). Pattern-analyzing memory. Science, 191,
1280-1281.
Kolers, P.A. (1976b). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.
Magila, M.C. & Xavier, G.F. (no prelo). Interação entre sistemas e
processos de memória em humanos. Temas em Psicologia.
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J.T & Sax, D. (1984).
Dissociations between skill learning and verbal recognition in
amnesia and dementia. Archives of Neurology, 41, 965-970.
McCarthy, R. & Hodges, J.R. (1995). Trapped in time: Profound
autobiographical memory loss following a thalamic stroke. Em
R. Campbell & M.A. Conway (Orgs.), Broken memories - case
studies in memory impairment (pp. 31 -44). Oxford: Blackwell.
McKone, E. & Slee, J.A. (1997). Explicit contamination in "implicit"
memory for new associations. Memory and Cognition,
25, 352-366.
Moscovitch, M., Wincour, G. & McLachlan, D. (1986). Memory
as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and
memory impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other
neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 115, 331-347.
Musen, G„ Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1990). Intact textspecific
reading skill in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1068-1076.
Musen, G. & Squire, L.R. (1992). Nonverbal priming in amnesia.
Memoiy and Cognition, 20, 441-448.
Olton, D.S. (1983). Memory functions and the hippocampus. Em
W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus (pp. 335-
373). New York: Academic Press.
Olton, D.S., Becker, J.T. & Handelmann, G.E. (1979). Hippocampus,
space, and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2,
313-365.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E. & Lang, A. (1988). Procedural learning
and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E., Trépanier, L.L. & Lang, A.E. (1992).
The caudate nucleus: Head ganglion of the habit system. Em
G. Vallar, S.F. Cappa & C.W. Wallesch (Orgs.), Neuropsychological
disorders associated with subcortical lesions (pp. 204-
226). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memoiy;
and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Schacter, D.L. (1992a). Understanding implicit memory - a cognitive
science approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D.L. (1992b). Implicit knowledge: New perspectives on
unconscious processes. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA, 89, 111 13-11117.
Schacter, D.L. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual
Review of Newoscience, 16, 159-182.
Schacter, D.L. & Graf, R (1986). Effects of elaborative processing
on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 432-444.
Schacter, D.L. & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems
of 1994? Em D.L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Orgs.), Memory
systems 1994 (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Shimamura, A.R (1986). Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for
a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 38A, 619-644.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1988). Long-term memory in
amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 14, 763-770.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1989). Impaired priming of new
associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 721-728.
Squire, L.R. (1983). The hippocampus and the neuropsychology
of memory. Em W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus
(pp. 491-511). London: Academic Press.
Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612-
1619.
Squire, L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis
from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological
Review, 99, 195-231.
Squire, L.R. & Knowlton, B.J. (1995). Memory, hippocampus, and
brain systems. Em M.S. Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences
(pp. 825-837). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Squire, L.R., Shimamura, A.R & Graf, P. (1985). Independence of
recognition memory and priming effects: A neuropsychological
analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 11, 37-44.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1988). Memory: Brain systems
and behavior. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 170-175.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe
system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
Topka, H., Valls-Solé, J., Massaquoi, S.G. & Hallet, M. (1993).
Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration.
Brain, 116, 961-969.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory sistems are there? American
Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction
between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12,307-
311.
Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past. American
Scientist, 77, 361-367.
Tulving, E. (1995). Organization of memory: Quo vadis? Em M.S.
Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 339-347).
Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D.L. (1990). Priming and human memory
systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
Tulving, E., Schacter, D.L. & Stark, H.A. (1982). Priming effects
in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L.R. (1993). Neuroanatomy of memory.
Annual Review of Newoscience, 16, 547-563.
memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90.
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C. &
Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and
declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
Cohen, N.J. (1984). Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: Evidence
for multiple memory systems. Em L.R. Squire & N. Butters (Orgs.), The neuropsychology of memory (pp. 83-103).
New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1994). Memory, amnesia and the
hippocampal system. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Squire, L. (1980). Preserved learning and retention
of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing
how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-210.
Dall'Ora, P., Delia Sala, S. & Spinnler, H. (1989). Autobiographical
memory - its impairments in amnesic syndromes. Cortex,
25, 197-217.
De Renzi, E., Liotti, M. & Nichelli, P. (1987). Semantic amnesia
with preservation of autobiographic memory - a case report.
Cortex, 23, 575-597.
Deweer, B., Pillon, B. & Dubois, B. (1993). Mirror reading in
Alzheimer's disease: Normal skill learning and acquisition of
item-specific information. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology, 15, 789-804.
Eslinger, P.J. & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Preserved motor learning
in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006-3009.
Gabrieli, J.D., Milberg, W., Keane, M.M. & Corkin, S. (1990).
Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychology,
28, 417-427.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. & Haden, RE. (1982). Simulating amnesic
symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 218, 1243-1244.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for
new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
77,501-518.
Graf, P., Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across
modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the
domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 386-
396.
Graf, P., Squire, L.R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that
amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Grossi, D., Trojano, L., Grasso, A. & Orsini, A. (1988). Selective
"semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury - a case report.
Cortex, 24, 457-464.
Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D.P., Shults, C.W., Walicke, P.A. & Butters,
N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit
memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's,
and Parkinson's disease patients. The Journal of Neuroscience,
9, 582-587.
Honig, W.K. (1978). Studies of working memory in the pigeon.
Em S.H. Hulse, H. Fowler & W.K. Honig (Orgs.), Cognitive
processes in animal behavior (pp. 211-248). New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between
autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Knowlton, B.J. & Squire, L.R. (1995). Remembering and knowing:
Two different expressions of declarative memory. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory; and Cognition,
21, 699-710.
Kolers, P.A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning
and Memory, 1, 689-701.
Kolers, P.A. (1976a). Pattern-analyzing memory. Science, 191,
1280-1281.
Kolers, P.A. (1976b). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.
Magila, M.C. & Xavier, G.F. (no prelo). Interação entre sistemas e
processos de memória em humanos. Temas em Psicologia.
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J.T & Sax, D. (1984).
Dissociations between skill learning and verbal recognition in
amnesia and dementia. Archives of Neurology, 41, 965-970.
McCarthy, R. & Hodges, J.R. (1995). Trapped in time: Profound
autobiographical memory loss following a thalamic stroke. Em
R. Campbell & M.A. Conway (Orgs.), Broken memories - case
studies in memory impairment (pp. 31 -44). Oxford: Blackwell.
McKone, E. & Slee, J.A. (1997). Explicit contamination in "implicit"
memory for new associations. Memory and Cognition,
25, 352-366.
Moscovitch, M., Wincour, G. & McLachlan, D. (1986). Memory
as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and
memory impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other
neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 115, 331-347.
Musen, G„ Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1990). Intact textspecific
reading skill in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1068-1076.
Musen, G. & Squire, L.R. (1992). Nonverbal priming in amnesia.
Memoiy and Cognition, 20, 441-448.
Olton, D.S. (1983). Memory functions and the hippocampus. Em
W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus (pp. 335-
373). New York: Academic Press.
Olton, D.S., Becker, J.T. & Handelmann, G.E. (1979). Hippocampus,
space, and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2,
313-365.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E. & Lang, A. (1988). Procedural learning
and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E., Trépanier, L.L. & Lang, A.E. (1992).
The caudate nucleus: Head ganglion of the habit system. Em
G. Vallar, S.F. Cappa & C.W. Wallesch (Orgs.), Neuropsychological
disorders associated with subcortical lesions (pp. 204-
226). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memoiy;
and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Schacter, D.L. (1992a). Understanding implicit memory - a cognitive
science approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D.L. (1992b). Implicit knowledge: New perspectives on
unconscious processes. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA, 89, 111 13-11117.
Schacter, D.L. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual
Review of Newoscience, 16, 159-182.
Schacter, D.L. & Graf, R (1986). Effects of elaborative processing
on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 432-444.
Schacter, D.L. & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems
of 1994? Em D.L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Orgs.), Memory
systems 1994 (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Shimamura, A.R (1986). Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for
a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 38A, 619-644.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1988). Long-term memory in
amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 14, 763-770.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1989). Impaired priming of new
associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 721-728.
Squire, L.R. (1983). The hippocampus and the neuropsychology
of memory. Em W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus
(pp. 491-511). London: Academic Press.
Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612-
1619.
Squire, L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis
from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological
Review, 99, 195-231.
Squire, L.R. & Knowlton, B.J. (1995). Memory, hippocampus, and
brain systems. Em M.S. Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences
(pp. 825-837). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Squire, L.R., Shimamura, A.R & Graf, P. (1985). Independence of
recognition memory and priming effects: A neuropsychological
analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 11, 37-44.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1988). Memory: Brain systems
and behavior. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 170-175.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe
system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
Topka, H., Valls-Solé, J., Massaquoi, S.G. & Hallet, M. (1993).
Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration.
Brain, 116, 961-969.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory sistems are there? American
Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction
between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12,307-
311.
Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past. American
Scientist, 77, 361-367.
Tulving, E. (1995). Organization of memory: Quo vadis? Em M.S.
Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 339-347).
Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D.L. (1990). Priming and human memory
systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
Tulving, E., Schacter, D.L. & Stark, H.A. (1982). Priming effects
in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L.R. (1993). Neuroanatomy of memory.
Annual Review of Newoscience, 16, 547-563.
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Published
2012-08-31
How to Cite
Magila, M. C., & Xavier, G. F. (2012). Models of Long-Term Memory in Humans. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 15(1), 037–044. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17340
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