Scientific Status and Social Relevance -I:
Controversies on the Scientific Status of the Behavioral Sciences
Keywords:
Philosophy of science, Cause, Reason, Subjectivity, Technology of cultureAbstract
The relations between the scientific status and the social relevance of the behavioral sciences are discussed.
These sciences are viewed as an important part of the cultural paradigms which shape and regulate the individuals in
contemporary society. More specifically, the objective is to understand how a scientific language may be constitutive of the
individual's "inner reality" ”” his beliefs and values, and, above all, how he accounts for his own actions. This article deals
with the philosophical literature on the scientific status of the explanatory language of the behavioral sciences which provides
the basis for the discussion. The discussion focus on the controversy about the role of causes versus reasons in the explanatory
context of these sciences. Such controversy reflects different definitions of these terms, which are derived from the two main
views of science in the contemporary debate: objectivism and pragmatism. Four main positions are identified. These positions
correspond to different combinations of the roles which are attributed to causes and reasons in the explanatory context of these
sciences.
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References
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Castel, R. (1981). La gestion des risques. Paris: Minuit.
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Collins, H.M. (1992). Changing order. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Costall, A. (1980). The limits of language: Wittgenstein's later
philosophy and Skinner's behaviorism. Behaviorism, 8, 123-
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Coutinho, A.R. (1994). Repensando a questão da subjetividade em
uma perspectiva pragmática. Em J.F. Costa (Org.), Redescrições
da psicanálise: ensaios pragmáticos (pp. 61-117). Rio
de Janeiro: Relume Dumará.
Coutinho, A.R. (1995). A questão da subjetividade: justificativa de
uma abordagem transdisciplinar baseada na pragmática. Cadernos
de Subjetividade, 3, 315-340.
Coutinho, A.R. {no prelo). Cientificidade e relevância social - II:
umarediscussão da questão de cientificidade e suas implicações
sociais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Day, W.F. (1969). On certain similarities between Che Philosophical
Investigations of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the operationism
of B. F. Skinner. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12, 489-506.
Foucault, M. (1977). Vigiar e punir. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Foucault, M. (1979). História da sexualidade I: a vontade de saber.
Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the unity of
science. Proceedings of the American Academy of the Arts and
Sciences, 80,271-350.
Gadamer, H.G. (1983). A razão na época da ciência. Rio de Janeiro:
Tempo Brasileiro.
Gould, SJ. (1978). Biological potential vs. biological determinism.
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New York: Harper & Row.
Grice.H.P. (1969). Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical
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Inquiry, 13, 205-218.
Habermas, J. (1979). What is universal pragmatics? Em J. Habermas
(Org.), Communication and the evolution of society (pp.
1-68). Boston: Beacon.
Hacking, J. (1983). Representing and intervening. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
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core: A review of Stephen C. Pepper's world hypotheses.
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The Free Press.
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Hookway & P. Pettit (Orgs.), Action and interpretation (pp.l-
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Hesse, M. (1980). Revolutions and reconstructions in the philosophy
of science. Brighton: Harvester.
Hollis, M. & Lukes, S. (Orgs.). (1986). Rationality and relativism.
Cambridge, MA: The M.l.T. Press.
Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981). The manufacture of knowledge. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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& A. Musgrave (Orgs.), A crítica e o desenvolvimento do
conhecimento (pp. 285-343). São Paulo: Cultrix.
Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Orgs.). (1979). A crítica e o desenvolvimento
do conhecimento. São Paulo: Cultrix.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Universiy Press
Latour, Ð’. (1994). Nunca fomos modernos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
34.
Louch, A. R. (1966). Explanation and human action. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Margolis, J. (1986). Pragmatism without foundations. Oxford:
Basil Ð’lackwell.
Melden, A. (1961). Free action. New York: Humanities Press.
Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social basis of obedience and
revolt. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Moore, J. (1975). On the principle of operationism in a science of
behavior. Behaviorism, 3, 120-138.
Overing, J. (Org.). (1985). Reason and morality. London: Tavistock
Publications.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: The Free Press.
Peters, R.S. (1958). The concept of motivation. London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul.
Peters, R.S. (1970). Comment to S. Toulmin "Reasons and causes".
Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi (Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral
sciences (pp. 27-41). Cambridge: University of Cambridge
Press.
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing quarks: A sociological history
of particle physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pickering, A. (Org.). (1992). Science as practice and culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pitkin, H.F. (1972). Wittgenstein and justice. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Popper, K.R. (1972). Objective knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon.
Quine, W.V.O. (1951). Two dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical
Review, 60, 20-46.
Quine, W.V.O. (1960). World and object. Cambridge, MA: The
M.l.T. Press.
Quine, W.V.O. (1992). Pursuit of truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1978). O conflito das interpretações. Rio de Janeiro:
Imago.
Rieff, P. (1966). The triumph of the therapeutic. New York: Harper
&Row.
Rieff, P. (1979). Freud: The mind of the moralist (3a ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rorty, R. (1991a). Essays on Heidegger and others. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rorty, R. (1991b). Objectivity, relativism and truth. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. New York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1978). The use and abuse of biology. Em A.L.
Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 424-427). New
York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1979). Cultura e razão prática. Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Schafer, R. (1976). A new language for psychoanalysis. New
Haven; Yale University Press.
Schutz, A. (1962). Collected papers (Vol. I). The Hague: Nijhoff.
Searle, J.R. (1971). What is a speech act? Em J.R. Searle (Org.),
The philosophy of language (pp. 39-53). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Sherwood, M. (1969). The logic of explanation in psychoanalysis.
New York: Academic Press.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The
Free Press.
Smart, J. (1964). Contribution to "Causality and human behavior".
Proceedings of the Aristoteliam Society, 38, 143-148.
Taylor, С (1967). The explanation of behavior. New York: Humanities
Press.
Toulmin, S. (1969). Concepts and the explanation of behavior. Em
T. Mischel (Org.), Human action (pp. 71-104). New York:
Academic Press.
Toulmin, S. (1970). Reasons and causes. Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi
(Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-26).
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Toulmin, S. (1972). Human understanding. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Toulmin, S. (1976). Knowing and acting. New York: MacMillan.
von Wright, G.H. (1971). Explanation and understanding. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Winch, P. (1958). The idea of a social science and its relation to
philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. New York:
MacMillan.
Sociales.
Austin, J.L. (1961). Philosophical papers. Oxford: Clarendon
Press.
Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Barnes, B. (1982). T. S. Kuhn and social science. London: MacMillan.
Bernstein, R.J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bloor, D.C. (1991). Knowledge and social imagery (2' ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Bouveresse, J. (1976). Le mythe de I'interiorite. Paris: Minuit.
Brown, J.S. (Org.). (1984). Scientific rationality: The sociological
шт. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Carnap, R. (1962). Logical foundations of probability (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Castel, F., Castel, R. &LoveIl, A. (1979). La societépsychiatrique
avancée: Ie modele ainéricain. Paris: Grassei.
Castel, R. (1981). La gestion des risques. Paris: Minuit.
Chomsky, N. (1968). Language and mind. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World.
Collins, H.M. (1992). Changing order. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Costall, A. (1980). The limits of language: Wittgenstein's later
philosophy and Skinner's behaviorism. Behaviorism, 8, 123-
131.
Coutinho, A.R. (1994). Repensando a questão da subjetividade em
uma perspectiva pragmática. Em J.F. Costa (Org.), Redescrições
da psicanálise: ensaios pragmáticos (pp. 61-117). Rio
de Janeiro: Relume Dumará.
Coutinho, A.R. (1995). A questão da subjetividade: justificativa de
uma abordagem transdisciplinar baseada na pragmática. Cadernos
de Subjetividade, 3, 315-340.
Coutinho, A.R. {no prelo). Cientificidade e relevância social - II:
umarediscussão da questão de cientificidade e suas implicações
sociais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Day, W.F. (1969). On certain similarities between Che Philosophical
Investigations of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the operationism
of B. F. Skinner. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12, 489-506.
Foucault, M. (1977). Vigiar e punir. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Foucault, M. (1979). História da sexualidade I: a vontade de saber.
Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the unity of
science. Proceedings of the American Academy of the Arts and
Sciences, 80,271-350.
Gadamer, H.G. (1983). A razão na época da ciência. Rio de Janeiro:
Tempo Brasileiro.
Gould, SJ. (1978). Biological potential vs. biological determinism.
Em A.L. Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 343-351).
New York: Harper & Row.
Grice.H.P. (1969). Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical
Review.78, 147-177.
Habermas, J. (1970). On systematically distorted communication.
Inquiry, 13, 205-218.
Habermas, J. (1979). What is universal pragmatics? Em J. Habermas
(Org.), Communication and the evolution of society (pp.
1-68). Boston: Beacon.
Hacking, J. (1983). Representing and intervening. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hart, H.L.A. & Honoré, A.M. (1959). Causation and the law.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, H. (1959). Psychoanalysis as a scientific theory. Em S.
Hook (Org.), Psychoanalysis, scientific method and philosophy
(pp. 3-37). New York: New York University Press.
Hayes, S., Hayes. L. & Reese, H. (1988). Finding the philosophical
core: A review of Stephen C. Pepper's world hypotheses.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 97-111.
Hempel, C.G. (I965). Aspects of scientific explanation. New York:
The Free Press.
Hesse, M. (1978). Theory and value in the social sciences. Em C.
Hookway & P. Pettit (Orgs.), Action and interpretation (pp.l-
16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hesse, M. (1980). Revolutions and reconstructions in the philosophy
of science. Brighton: Harvester.
Hollis, M. & Lukes, S. (Orgs.). (1986). Rationality and relativism.
Cambridge, MA: The M.l.T. Press.
Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981). The manufacture of knowledge. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1979). Reflexões sobre os meus críticos. Em I. Lakatos
& A. Musgrave (Orgs.), A crítica e o desenvolvimento do
conhecimento (pp. 285-343). São Paulo: Cultrix.
Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Orgs.). (1979). A crítica e o desenvolvimento
do conhecimento. São Paulo: Cultrix.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Universiy Press
Latour, Ð’. (1994). Nunca fomos modernos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
34.
Louch, A. R. (1966). Explanation and human action. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Margolis, J. (1986). Pragmatism without foundations. Oxford:
Basil Ð’lackwell.
Melden, A. (1961). Free action. New York: Humanities Press.
Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social basis of obedience and
revolt. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Moore, J. (1975). On the principle of operationism in a science of
behavior. Behaviorism, 3, 120-138.
Overing, J. (Org.). (1985). Reason and morality. London: Tavistock
Publications.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: The Free Press.
Peters, R.S. (1958). The concept of motivation. London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul.
Peters, R.S. (1970). Comment to S. Toulmin "Reasons and causes".
Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi (Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral
sciences (pp. 27-41). Cambridge: University of Cambridge
Press.
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing quarks: A sociological history
of particle physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pickering, A. (Org.). (1992). Science as practice and culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pitkin, H.F. (1972). Wittgenstein and justice. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Popper, K.R. (1972). Objective knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon.
Quine, W.V.O. (1951). Two dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical
Review, 60, 20-46.
Quine, W.V.O. (1960). World and object. Cambridge, MA: The
M.l.T. Press.
Quine, W.V.O. (1992). Pursuit of truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1978). O conflito das interpretações. Rio de Janeiro:
Imago.
Rieff, P. (1966). The triumph of the therapeutic. New York: Harper
&Row.
Rieff, P. (1979). Freud: The mind of the moralist (3a ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rorty, R. (1991a). Essays on Heidegger and others. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rorty, R. (1991b). Objectivity, relativism and truth. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. New York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1978). The use and abuse of biology. Em A.L.
Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 424-427). New
York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1979). Cultura e razão prática. Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Schafer, R. (1976). A new language for psychoanalysis. New
Haven; Yale University Press.
Schutz, A. (1962). Collected papers (Vol. I). The Hague: Nijhoff.
Searle, J.R. (1971). What is a speech act? Em J.R. Searle (Org.),
The philosophy of language (pp. 39-53). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Sherwood, M. (1969). The logic of explanation in psychoanalysis.
New York: Academic Press.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The
Free Press.
Smart, J. (1964). Contribution to "Causality and human behavior".
Proceedings of the Aristoteliam Society, 38, 143-148.
Taylor, С (1967). The explanation of behavior. New York: Humanities
Press.
Toulmin, S. (1969). Concepts and the explanation of behavior. Em
T. Mischel (Org.), Human action (pp. 71-104). New York:
Academic Press.
Toulmin, S. (1970). Reasons and causes. Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi
(Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-26).
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Toulmin, S. (1972). Human understanding. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Toulmin, S. (1976). Knowing and acting. New York: MacMillan.
von Wright, G.H. (1971). Explanation and understanding. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Winch, P. (1958). The idea of a social science and its relation to
philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. New York:
MacMillan.
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Published
2013-07-11
How to Cite
Coutinho, A. R. (2013). Scientific Status and Social Relevance -I:: Controversies on the Scientific Status of the Behavioral Sciences. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 12(1), 023–037. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17263
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