Comportamento de escolha em esquemas concorrentes de tempo variável
Abstract
The present research was conduced to analyze choice
behavior under variable time concurrent schedules (conc VT VT), aiming
at describing the temporal distribution of change-over behavior after a
changeover and after a reinforcer delivery. Four water deprived rats were
devided into two groups according to the change-over contingency
employed: change over ratio (COR) or change over delay (COD). VT
values were systematically varied for each rat. Data revealed greater time
allocation to the component with greater relative reinforcement frequency
and, for three subjects, preference for the same component, which was
that signalled by sound. Molecular analysis showed frequency peak of
changing-over behavior just after arriving to the target component for
COR subjects and increasing tendency to change over as time elapses after reinforcement in the target component for COD subjects and also for
COR subjects when they persist in the chosen component.
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References
Alsop, Ð’., & Elliffe, D. (1988). Concurrent-schedule performance: effects of relative
and over all reinforcer rate. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49,
21-36.
Azzi, R. G. (1986). Duração e assimetria do COD em esquemas concorrentes de
reforçamento VI VI: um estudo descritivo de taxas locais. Dissertação de
Mestrado não publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Banaco, R. A. (1984). Efeitos de diferentes contingências de mudança no
desempenho em esquemas concorrentes. Dissertação de Mestrado não
publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Bacotti, A. V. (1977). Matching under concurrent fixed-ratio variable-interval schedules
of food presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analyis of Behavior, 27,
171-182.
Baum, W. M., & Rachlin, H. С (1969). Choice as time allocation. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 861-874.
Baum, W. M. (1974). On two types of deviation from the matching law: bias and
undermatchig. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, 231-242.
Baum, W. M. (1979). Matching, undermatching and overmatching in studies of choice.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 269-281.
Boelens, H. (1984). Melioration and maximization of reinforcement minus costs of
behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42,113-136.
Brownstein, A. J. (1971). Concurrent schedules of response-independent reinfocerment
duration of a reinforcing stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 15,211-214.
Brownstein, A. J., & Pliskoff, S. S. (1968). Some effects of relative reinforcement rate
and chage over delay in response independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 683-688.
De Carlo, L. T. (1985). Matching and maximizing with variable time schedules. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 75-81.
De Villiers, P. (1977). Choice in concurrent schedules and a quantitative formulation of
the law of effect. Em W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of
Operant Behavior. Eglewood. Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
Fantino, E., Squires, Delbruck, & Peterson (1972). Choice behaior and the accessibility
of the reinforcer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 35-43.
Findley, J. A. (1958). Preference and swtching under concurrent scheduling. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 123-144.
Ferster, С. В., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement New York:
Appleton-Century-Crfts.
Fleshier, M., & Hoffman, H. S. (1962). A progression for generating variable interval
schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 529-530.
Hanna, E. S. (1987). Controle de estímulos em esquemas concorrentes: efeitos da
distribuição de reforços e dos estímulos exteroceptivos. Dissertação de Mestrado
não publicada. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961). Relative and absolute strenght of response as a function of
frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4,
267-272.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Heyman, G. M. (1979). Is matching compatible with reinforcement
maximization on concurrent variable interval, variable ratio? Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31, 209-223.
Heyman, G. M., & Luce, R. D. (1979). Operant matching is not a logical consequence
of maximizing reinforcement rate. Animal Learning and Behavior, 7, 133-140.
Millenson, J. R., & Leslie, J. C. (1979). Principles of Behavioral Analysis. New York:
Macmilian (2a edição).
McSweeney, F. K., Melville, С L., Buck, M. A., & Whipple, J. E. (1983). Local rates of
responding and reinforcement during concurrent schedules. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 40, 79-80.
Myers, D. L., & Myers, L. E. (1977). Undermatching: a reappraisal of performance on
concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 203-214.
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J., & Green, L. (1981). Maximization theory in
behavioral Psychology. The Behavior and Brain Sciences, 4, 314-388.
Santoro, С F. (1990). Efeitos da magnitude de reforço e da razão fixa contingente Ã
mudança sobre o desempenho em esquemas concorrentes de reforçamento.
Tese de doutorado não publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Shull, R. L., & Pliskoff, S. S. (1967). Change over delay and concurrent schedules:
some effects on relative performance measures. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 10, 517-527.
Todorov, J. С (1971). Concurrent performances: effect of punishment contingent on
the switching response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 16,
51-66.
Todorov, J. C, Oliveira Castro, J., & Hackradt, S. X. (1985). Bias and matching in
concurrent variable-interval fixed-ratio schedules. Manuscrito não publicado.
Vaugham, M. Jr. (1981). Melioration, matching and maximization. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 141-149.
Vaughan, M. J. (1985). Choice: a local analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 43, 383-405.
Zeiler, M. D. (1987). On optimal choice strategies. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Animal Behaior Processes, 13(1), 31 -39.
and over all reinforcer rate. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 49,
21-36.
Azzi, R. G. (1986). Duração e assimetria do COD em esquemas concorrentes de
reforçamento VI VI: um estudo descritivo de taxas locais. Dissertação de
Mestrado não publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Banaco, R. A. (1984). Efeitos de diferentes contingências de mudança no
desempenho em esquemas concorrentes. Dissertação de Mestrado não
publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Bacotti, A. V. (1977). Matching under concurrent fixed-ratio variable-interval schedules
of food presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analyis of Behavior, 27,
171-182.
Baum, W. M., & Rachlin, H. С (1969). Choice as time allocation. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12, 861-874.
Baum, W. M. (1974). On two types of deviation from the matching law: bias and
undermatchig. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, 231-242.
Baum, W. M. (1979). Matching, undermatching and overmatching in studies of choice.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 32, 269-281.
Boelens, H. (1984). Melioration and maximization of reinforcement minus costs of
behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42,113-136.
Brownstein, A. J. (1971). Concurrent schedules of response-independent reinfocerment
duration of a reinforcing stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 15,211-214.
Brownstein, A. J., & Pliskoff, S. S. (1968). Some effects of relative reinforcement rate
and chage over delay in response independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 683-688.
De Carlo, L. T. (1985). Matching and maximizing with variable time schedules. Journal
of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 75-81.
De Villiers, P. (1977). Choice in concurrent schedules and a quantitative formulation of
the law of effect. Em W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Orgs.). Handbook of
Operant Behavior. Eglewood. Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
Fantino, E., Squires, Delbruck, & Peterson (1972). Choice behaior and the accessibility
of the reinforcer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 35-43.
Findley, J. A. (1958). Preference and swtching under concurrent scheduling. Journal of
the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 123-144.
Ferster, С. В., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement New York:
Appleton-Century-Crfts.
Fleshier, M., & Hoffman, H. S. (1962). A progression for generating variable interval
schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 529-530.
Hanna, E. S. (1987). Controle de estímulos em esquemas concorrentes: efeitos da
distribuição de reforços e dos estímulos exteroceptivos. Dissertação de Mestrado
não publicada. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961). Relative and absolute strenght of response as a function of
frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4,
267-272.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Heyman, G. M. (1979). Is matching compatible with reinforcement
maximization on concurrent variable interval, variable ratio? Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31, 209-223.
Heyman, G. M., & Luce, R. D. (1979). Operant matching is not a logical consequence
of maximizing reinforcement rate. Animal Learning and Behavior, 7, 133-140.
Millenson, J. R., & Leslie, J. C. (1979). Principles of Behavioral Analysis. New York:
Macmilian (2a edição).
McSweeney, F. K., Melville, С L., Buck, M. A., & Whipple, J. E. (1983). Local rates of
responding and reinforcement during concurrent schedules. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 40, 79-80.
Myers, D. L., & Myers, L. E. (1977). Undermatching: a reappraisal of performance on
concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 203-214.
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J., & Green, L. (1981). Maximization theory in
behavioral Psychology. The Behavior and Brain Sciences, 4, 314-388.
Santoro, С F. (1990). Efeitos da magnitude de reforço e da razão fixa contingente Ã
mudança sobre o desempenho em esquemas concorrentes de reforçamento.
Tese de doutorado não publicada. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Shull, R. L., & Pliskoff, S. S. (1967). Change over delay and concurrent schedules:
some effects on relative performance measures. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 10, 517-527.
Todorov, J. С (1971). Concurrent performances: effect of punishment contingent on
the switching response. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 16,
51-66.
Todorov, J. C, Oliveira Castro, J., & Hackradt, S. X. (1985). Bias and matching in
concurrent variable-interval fixed-ratio schedules. Manuscrito não publicado.
Vaugham, M. Jr. (1981). Melioration, matching and maximization. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36, 141-149.
Vaughan, M. J. (1985). Choice: a local analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior, 43, 383-405.
Zeiler, M. D. (1987). On optimal choice strategies. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Animal Behaior Processes, 13(1), 31 -39.
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Published
2012-08-15
How to Cite
Miranda, C., & de Castro Marcondes Machado, L. M. (2012). Comportamento de escolha em esquemas concorrentes de tempo variável. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 6(2), 183–202. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17093
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