Sentido e Propósito de Vida na Velhice
Uma Revisão de Escopo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e39306.enResumo
O sentimento de que a vida tem sentido ou propósito é essencial ao ser humano. A ausência de sentido pode levar a um vácuo existencial. Propósito de vida, a exemplo de sentido, também deriva da psicologia humanística de Frankl, sendo considerados sinônimos. No entanto, há estudos que propõem distinção entre os dois construtos. A revisão tem por objetivos mapear ambos os conceitos na literatura gerontológica, examinando-os à luz do envelhecimento. O levantamento nas bases de dados foi realizado de janeiro de 2019 a março de 2020. Foram incluídos 30 artigos. No contexto do envelhecimento, os resultados foram controversos. A literatura revista apresentou evidências para afirmar que sentido de vida e propósito são conceitos distintos, apesar da origem filosófico-existencialista comum.
Downloads
Referências
Anchoo, O. & Levi, D. (1995). The use of focus groups in determining sources of personal meaning for young-old and old-old Israelis. Ramat Aviv, Israel, Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress, and coping Jossey-Bass.
Antonovsky, A. (1987). The Jossey-Bass social and behavioral science series and the Jossey-Bass health series. Unraveling the mystery of health: how people manage stress and stay well Jossey-Bass.
Arksey, H. & O’MalleyL. . (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol; 8(1):19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Baltes, P.B. & Smith, J. (2003). New frontiers in the future of aging: from successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age. Gerontology, 49(2):123-135. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067946
Battista, J. & Almond, R. (1973). The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry; 36(4):409-427.
Baumeister, R.F. (1991). Meanings of Life The Guilford Press.
Beach, V.L., Brown, S.L., & Cukrowicz, K.C. (2020). Examining the relations between hopelessness, thwarted interpersonal needs, and passive suicide ideation among older adults: does meaning in life matter? Aging & Mental Health; 25(9): 1759-1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1855102
Boehm, J.K. & Kubzansky, L.D. (2012). The heart’s content: the association between positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health. Psychological Bulletin; 138(4):655-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027448
Boyle, P.A., Barnes, L. L., Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Purpose in life is associated with mortality among community-dwelling older persons.Psychosomatic medicine,71(5), 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a5a7c0
Boyle, P.A., Buchman, A.S., Barnes, L.L., & Bennett, D.A. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer Disease and mild cognitive impairment in community dwelling older persons. Arch Gen Psychiat; 67(3):304-310. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.208
Boyle, P.A., Buchman, A.S., Wilson, R.S., Yu, L., Schneider, J.A., & Bennett, D.A. (2012). Effect of Purpose in Life on the Relation Between Alzheimer Disease Pathologic Changes on Cognitive Function in Advanced Age. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 69(5):499-504. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1487
Brandtstädter, J. & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging; 5(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.5.1.58
Burbank P. M. (1992). An exploratory study: assessing the meaning in life among older adult clients.Journal of gerontological nursing,18(9), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19920901-06
Carstensen, L.L., Fung, H.H. & Charles, S.T. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Regulation of Emotion in the Second Half of Life.Motivation and Emotion 27, 103-123 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024569803230
Colquhoun, H. L., Levac, D., O'Brien, K. K., Straus, S., Tricco, A. C., Perrier, L., Kastner, M., & Moher, D. (2014). Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting.Journal of clinical epidemiology,67(12), 1291-1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
Crumbaugh, J.C., & Maholick, L.T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of non-genic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20: 200-207.
Czekierda, K., Bannik, A., Park, C.L., & Luszczynska, A. (2017). Meaning in life and physical health: systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review; 11(4):387-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1327325
Derkx, P. (2013). Humanism as meaning frame In A. B. Pinn (ed.),What Is Humanism and Why Does It Matter? (pp. 42-57). Acumen
Duppen Rn, D., Machielse, A., Verté Rn, D., Dury, S., De Donder, L., & Consortium, D. S. (2019). Meaning in Life for Socially Frail Older Adults.Journal of community health nursing,36(2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2019.1582160
Etezadi, S. & Pushkar, D. (2013). Why are wise people happier? An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies; 14(3):229-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9362-2
Ferguson, S.J. & Goodwin, A.D. (2010). Optimism and well-being in older adults: the mediating role of social support and perceived control. Int J Aging Hum Dev; 71(1):43-68. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.71.1.c
Fogelman, N. & Canli, T. (2015). ‘Purpose in Life’ as a psychosocial resource in healthy aging: an examination of cortisol baseline levels and response to the Trier Social Stress Test.npj Aging Mech Dis1, 15006. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjamd.2015.6
Frankl, V.E. (1958). The will to meaning. Journal of Pastoral Care; 12:82-88
Frankl, V.E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning Beacon Press.
Frankl, V.E. (1965). La Idea psicológica Del hombre Rialp.
Frankl, V.E. (1966). What is meant by meaning. Journal of Existentialism; 7, 21-28.
Frankl, V.E. (1967). The doctor and the soul: from psychotherapy to logotherapy. Bantam Books.
Frankl V.E. (1969). The will to meaning New American Library.
Frankl, V.E. (1971). The will to meaning: Foundations and applications of logotherapy Souvenir Press.
Guttmann, D. (2001). A logotherapeutic approach to the quest for meaningful old age. Social Thougt, 20(3-4), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2001.9960298
Hedberg, P., Brulin, C, & Aléx, L. (2019). Experiences of purpose in life when becoming and being a very old woman. Journal of Women & Aging, 21(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952840902837145
Hedberg, P., Brulin, C., Alex, L.E., & Gustafson, Y. (2011). Purpose in life over a five-year period: a longitudinal study in a very old population. International Journal of Psychogeriatrics; 23(5):806-813. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210002279
Hedberg, P., Gustafson, Y., & Brulin, C. (2010). Purpose in life among men and women aged 85 years and older. Int J Aging Hum Dev; 70(3):213-229. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.3.c
Hedlund, B. & Birren, J.E. (1984). Distribution of types of meaning in life across women. Paper presented at the Gerontological Society of America, San Antonio, TX.
Heisel, M. & Flett, G.L. (2014). Do meaning in life and purpose in life protect against suicide ideation among community-residing older adults? In: A. Batthyany, P. Russo-Netzer (Eds), Meaning in positive and existential psychology (p. 303-324). Springer
Hill, P. L., & Turiano, N. A. (2014). Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood.Psychological science,25(7), 1482-1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614531799
Hoeyberghs, L.J., Verté, E., Verté, D., Schols, J.M.G.A., & De Witte, N. (2019). The importance of sources of meaning in life of community dwelling psychologically frail older people. Working with older people; 23(2):65-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-01-2019-0001
» https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-01-2019-0001
Hooker, S. A., & Masters, K. S. (2016). Purpose in life is associated with physical activity measured by accelerometer.Journal of health psychology,21(6), 962-971. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314542822
Hupkens, S., Machielse, A., Goumans, M., & Derkx, P. (2018). Meaning in life of older persons: an integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics ; 25(8):973-991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016680122
Irving, J., Davis, S., & Collier, A. (2017). Aging with purpose: systematic search and review of literature pertaining to older adults and purpose. Int J Aging Hum Dev; 85(4):403-437.https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415017702908
Isaia, D., Parker, V., & Murrow, E. (1999). Spiritual well-being among older adults.Journal of gerontological nursing,25(8), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19990801-05
Jewell, A. (2010). The Importance of Purpose in Life in an Older British Methodist Sample: Pastoral Implications. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging 22:3, 138-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030903321170
Jonsén, E., Norberg, A., & Lundman, B. (2014). Sense of meaning in life among the oldest old people living in a rural area in northern Sweden. International Journal of Older People Nursing; 10(3):221-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.12077
Ju, H. (2017). The relationship between physical activity, meaning in life, and subjective vitality in community-dwelling older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr; 73:120-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.08.001
Kim, E.S., Shiba, K., Boehm, J.K., Kubzansky, L.D. (2020). Sense of purpose in life and five health behaviors in older adults. Prev. Med ., 36, 106172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106172
Kim, E.S., Strecher, V.J., & Ryff, C.D. (2014). Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 111(46):16331-16336. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414826111
Kim, E.S., Sun, J.K., Park, N., Kubzansky, L.D., & Peterson, C. (2013). Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. adults with coronary heart disease: a two-year follow-up. J Behav Med, 36:124-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9406-4
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9406-4
Kim, G., Shin, S.H., Scicolone, M.A., & Parmelee, P. (2019). Purpose in life protects against cognitive decline among older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 27(6), 593-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.010
Koenig, H. G., Berk, L. S., Daher, N. S., Pearce, M. J., Bellinger, D. L., Robins, C. J., … King, M. B. (2014). Religious involvement is associated with greater purpose, optimism, generosity and gratitude in persons with major depression and chronic medical illness. Journal Psychosomatic Research, 77, 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.05.002
Koren, C. & Lowenstein, A. (2008). Late-life widowhood and meaning in life. Ageing Int ; 32:140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-008-9008-1
Krause, N. (2004). Stressors arising in highly valued roles, meaning in life, and the physical health status of older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences,59(5), S287-S297. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.5.s287
Krause, N. (2005). God-mediated control and psychological well-being in late life. Research on Aging; 27(2):136-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504270475
Krause, N. (2007a). Longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life.Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 456-469.https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.456
Krause, N. (2007b). Thought suppression and meaning in life: a longitudinal investigation.International journal of aging & human development,64(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.2190/2044-390U-7106-5610
Krause, N. (2009). Meaning in life and mortality.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences,64(4), 517-527. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp047
Krause, N. (2010). God-Mediated Control and Change in Self-Rated Health.The International journal for the psychology of religion,20(4), 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.507695
MacKinlay, E. (2002). The spiritual dimension of caring: applying a model for spiritual tasks of ageing. Journal of Religious Gerontology; 12(3-4):151-166. https://doi.org/10.1300/J078v12n03_12
Martens, A., Goldenberg, J.L, & Greenberg, J. (2005). A terror management perspective on ageism. Journal of Social Issues; 61(2):223-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00403.x
Martos, T., Konkoly, T.B., & Steger, M.F. (2010). It’s not only what you hold, it’s how you hold it: dimensions of religiosity and meaning in life. Personality and Individual Differences; 49(8):863-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.017
McKnight, P.E., & Kashdan, T.B. (2009). Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory.Review of General Psychology,13(3), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017152
McMahan, E.A. & Renken, M.D. (2011). Eudaimonic conceptions of well-being, meaning in life, and self-reported well-being: initial test of a mediational model. Personality and Individual Differences; 51(5):589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.020
Melo, R.L.P, Eulálio, M.C., Gouveia, V.V., & Silva, H.D.M. (2013). O efeito do estresse na qualidade de vida de idosos: o papel moderador do sentido de vida. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica; 26(2):222-230. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000200002
Mezick, E. J., Matthews, K. A., Hall, M., Kamarck, T. W., Strollo, P. J., Buysse, D. J., Owens, J. F., & Reis, S. E. (2010). Low life purpose and high hostility are related to an attenuated decline in nocturnal blood pressure.Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association,29(2), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017790
Miranda, R.C.N.A., Pereira, E.R., Silva, R.M.C.R.A., Medeiros, A.Y.B.B.V., & Dias, F.A. (2020). Significado de la vida em el envejecimiento saludable: contribuciones de la teoria de Viktor Frankl. REFACS: Revidta Família, Ciclos de Vida e Saúde no Contexto Social, 8(4).https://doi.org/10.18554/refacs.v8i4.4276
Mitchell, V. & Helson, R.M. (2016). The place of purpose in life in women’s positive aging. Women & Therapy; 39(1-2):213-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1116856
Moody, H.R. (1986). Meaning of life and the meaning of old age. In: T.R. Cole, S.A. Gadow (Eds). What does it mean to grow old? Reflections from the humanities (p. 9-40). Duke University Press.
Moore, S.L, Metcalf, B., & Schow, E. (2000). Aging and meaning in life: examining the concept. Geriatr Nurs; 21:27-9. https://doi.org/10.1067/mgn.2000.105790
Neville, S., Adams, J., Montayre, J., Larmer, P., Garrett, N., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F. (2018). Loneliness in Men 60 Years and Over: The Association With Purpose in Life.American Journal of Men’s Health, 730-739.https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318758807
Nygren, B., Aléx, L, Jonsén, E., Gustafson, Y., Norberg, A., & Lundman, B. (2005). Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old.Aging & Mental Health ;9:4, 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360500114415
Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. Rayyan - a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews (2016) 5:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Park, C.L. & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology; 1(2):115-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115
Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews.International journal of evidence-based healthcare,13(3), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
Pinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: a meta-analysis. Ageing International; 27(2):90-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-002-1004-2
Reker, G.T. (1997). Personal meaning, optimism, and choice: existential predictors of depression in community and institutional elderly. The Gerontologist; 37(6):709-716. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.6.709
Reker, G.T., Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. (1987). Meaning and purpose in life and well-being: a life-span perspective.Journal of gerontology,42(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/42.1.44
Reker, G.T. & Wong, P.T.P. (1988). Aging as an individual process: toward a theory of personal meaning. In: J.E., Birren, BengstonV.L. (Eds), Emergent theories of aging (p. 214-246). Springer.
Ryff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 57(6):1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C.D., Heller, A.S., Schaefer, S.M., van Reekum, C., & Davidson, R.J. (2016). Purposeful engagement, healthy aging, and the brain. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports; 3:318-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-016-0096-z
Ryff, C.D. & Keyes, C.L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 69(4):719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C.D. & Singer, B. (1998). The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. In: P.T.P. Wong & P.S. Fry (Eds). The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health.Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.
Simmons, H.C. (1998). Spirituality and the community in the last stage of life. Journal of Gerontological Social Work; 29:73-91. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083V29N02_05
Sommerhalder, C. (2010). Meaning of life in adulthood and later life. Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722010000200009
Springer, K.W., Pudrovska, T., & Hauser, R.M. (2011). Does psychological well-being change with age? Longitudinal tests of age variations and further exploration of the multidimensionality of Ryff’s model of psychological well-being. Social Science Research; 40(1):392-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.05.008
Takkinen, S. & Ruoppilla, I. (2001a). Meaning in life as an important component of functioning in old age. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development; 53(3):211-231. https://doi.org/10.2190/H6H6-YAT0-181Y-5BR3
Takkinen, S., & Ruoppila, I. (2001b). Meaning in life in three samples of elderly persons with high cognitive functioning.International journal of aging & human development,53(1), 51-73. https://doi.org/10.2190/WBUG-NRKM-XJ7A-5QWP
Tornstam. L. (1997). Gerotranscendence: the contemplative dimension of aging. Journal of Aging Studies; 11(2):143-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(97)90018-9
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., Lewin, S., Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation.Annals of internal medicine,169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Vachon, M., Fillion, L., & Achille, M. (2009). A conceptual analysis of spirituality at the end of life. Journal of Palliative Medicine; 12(1):53-59. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2008.0189
van der Vaart, W., & van Oudenaarden, R. (2018). The practice of dealing with existential questions in long-term elderly care. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being; 3(1): 1508197. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2018.1508197
Ventegodt, S., Andersen, N.J., & Merrick, J. (2003). Quality of life philosophy I. Quality of life, happiness, and meaning in life. The Scientific World Journal; 1(3):1164-1175. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.102
Volkert, J., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Ausín, B., Canuto, A., Da Ronch, C., Suling, A., Grassi, L., Munoz, M., Santos-Olmo, A. B., Sehner, S., Weber, K., Wegscheider, K., Wittchen, H. U., Schulz, H., & Andreas, S. (2019). The role of meaning in life in community-dwelling older adults with depression and relationship to other risk factors.Aging & mental health,23(1), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.13965
Wong, P. (1989). Personal meaning and successful aging. Canadian Psychology; 30(3):516-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079829
Wong, P. & Fry, P. (1998). The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Wong, P.T.P. (2000). Meaning of life and meaning of death in successful aging. In: A., Tomer (Ed). Death attitudes and the older adult. Theories, concepts, and applications (p. 23-35). Brunner-Routledge.
Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy Basic Books.
Zika, S. & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. Brit J Psychol; 83(1):133-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02429.x
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Vanessa Alonso, Fernanda Guarnieri Defanti, Anita Liberalesso Neri, Meire Cachioni
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.