Preconceito Contra Homossexuais e Representações Sociais da Homossexualidade em Seminaristas Católicos e Evangélicos
Palavras-chave:
Preconceito, Homofobia, Representações sociaisResumo
Este trabalho analisa as relações entre o preconceito contra os homossexuais e as representações sociais sobre a homossexualidade. Trata-se de um estudo correlacional com 374 estudantes de teologia (207 evangélicos e 167 católicos) que responderam um questionário sobre crenças e atitudes em relação aos homossexuais. Os resultados indicam duas formas de expressão do preconceito: sutil e flagrante. O preconceito sutil está relacionado com a crença numa natureza biológica e psicossocial e com a descrença numa representação ético-moral da homossexualidade. O preconceito flagrante está relacionado com a descrença na natureza biológica e psicossocial e com uma representação ético-moral. A hipótese de que as representações sociais sobre a natureza dos grupos minoritários estão na base do preconceito e da discriminação é corroborada.
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Referências
Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
American Psychological Association. (1975). Minutes of the council of representatives. American Psychologist, 30(6), 620-651.
Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2006). Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 228-235.
Bullough, V. L. (1974). Homosexuality and the medical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 1(1), 99-110.
Camino, L. (1998). Direitos humanos e psicologia. Em Comissão de Direitos Humanos do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (Ed.), Psicologia, ética e direitos humanos (pp. 39-63). Brasília: Conselho Federal de Psicologia.
Camino, L., & Pereira, C. (2000). O papel da psicologia na construção dos direitos humanos: Análise das teorias e práticas psicológicas na discriminação ao homossexualismo. Perfil, 13(13), 49-69.
Conselho Federal de Psicologia. (1999). Resolução número 1/1999: Normas de atuação para os psicólogos em relação à questão da orientação sexual. Brasília: Conselho Federal de Psicologia.
Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O’Brien, L. T. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 359-378.
Crawford, I., McLeod, A., Zamboni, B. D., & Jordan, M. B. (1999). Psychologists’ attitudes toward gay and lesbian parenting. The American Psychological Association, 4, 394-401.
Deschamps, J. C., Vala, J., Marinho, C., Lopes, R. C., & Cabecinhas, R. (2005). Intergroup relations, racism and attribution of natural and cultural traits. Psicología Política, 30(1), 27-39.
Doise, W., Clémence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). The quantitative analysis of social representations. Hempel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Faria, M. R.G. V. de, Leite, T. V., Torres, A. R. R., & Bittar, M. M.. (2006). Influência dos ideais democráticos na discriminação contra portadores do HIV. Revista de Psicologia da UnC, Concordia - SC, 1,1-11.
Frank, D. J., & McEneaney, E. H. (1999). The individualization of society and the liberalization of states policies on same-sex sexual relations, 1984-1995. Social Forces, 77(3), 911-944.
Freud, S. (1905/1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality translation. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 136-244). London: Hogarth.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. Em J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). San Diego: Academic Press.
Greenberg, D. F., & Bystryn, M. (1982). Christian intolerance of homosexuality. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 515-548.
Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (6), 1105-1118.
Haslam, N., Bastian, B., & Bissett, M. (2004). Essentialist beliefs about personality and their implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1661-1673.
Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 471-485.
Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(1), 113-127.
Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2002). Are essentialist beliefs associated with prejudice? British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 87.
Hegarty, P. (2002). “It’s not a choice, it’s the way we’re built:” Symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the United States and in Britain. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-14.
Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). Sexual orientation beliefs: Their relationship to antigay attitudes and biological determinist arguments. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(1), 121-135.
Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M., & Pfeffer, C. A. (2006). White Americans’ genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: Their relationship with prejudice toward blacks, and gay men and lesbians. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 77-94.
Jost, J. T. (1992). Social representations and the philosophy of science: Belief in ontological realism as objectification. Papers on Social Representations, 1(2-3), 116-124.
Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 893-905.
Lacerda, M., Pereira, C., & Camino, L. (2002). Um estudo sobre as formas de preconceito contra homossexuais na perspectiva das representações sociais. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 15(1), 165-178.
Leyens, J.-P., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186-197.
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.
Medin, D., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. Em S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 183-196). New York: Cambridge Academic Press.
Meertens, R. W., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 54-71.
Melton, G. B. (1989). Public policy and private prejudice: Psychology and law on gay rights. American Psychologist, 44(6), 933-940.
Moradi, B., van den Berg, J. J., & Epting, F. R. (2006). Intrapersonal and interpersonal manifestations of antilesbian and gay prejudice: An application of personal construct theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 53(1), 57-66.
Moscovici, S. (1969/1976). La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Paris: PUF.
Moscovici, S., & Hewstone, M. (1983). Social representations and social explanations: From the “naive” to the “amateur” scientist. Em M. Hewstone (Ed.), Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions (pp. 98-125). Oxford: Blackwell.
Moscovici, S., & Pérez, J. A. (1997). Prejudice and social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 6(1), 27-36.
Pereira, C., Torres, A. R. R., & Pereira, A. (2003). Preconceito contra prostitutas e representações sociais da prostituição em estudantes de teologia católicos e evangélicos. Em M. E. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Estereótipos, preconceito e discriminação: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas (pp. 209-234). Salvador: EDUFBA.
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Leyens, J-P. (2009). From infra-humanization to discrimination: The mediation of symbolic threat needs egalitarian norms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 336”“344.
Pérez, J. A., Moscovici, S., & Chulvi, B. (2002). Natura y cultura como principio de clasificación social. Anclaje de representaciones sociales sobre minorías étnicas. Revista de Psicología Social, 17(1), 51-67.
Pettigrew, T. F., Jackson, J. S., Brika, J. B., Lemaine, G., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U., & Zick, A. (1998). Outgroup prejudice in Western Europe. European Review of Social Psychology, 8, 241-273.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (2001). In defense of the subtle prejudice concept: A retort. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(3), 299-309.
Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Raudenbush, S., Bryk, A., & Congdon, R. (2005). HLM 6.02a: hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
Rothbart, M., & Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? Em G. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 11-36). Newbury Park: Sage.
Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 259-275.
Torres, A. R. R., & Faria, M. R. G. V. de (2008). Creencia en el Mundo Justo y Prejuicio: homosexuales portadores de VIH/SID. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 570-579.
Vala, J., Brito, R., & Lopes, D. (1999). Expressões dos racismos em Portugal. Lisboa: Instituto de Ciências Sociais.
Vala, J., Lopes, D., Lima, M. E., & Brito, R. (2002). Cultural differences and heteroethnicization in Portugal: The perceptions of White and Black people. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 1(2), 111-128.
Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of American Statistical Association, 58, 236-244.
American Psychological Association. (1975). Minutes of the council of representatives. American Psychologist, 30(6), 620-651.
Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2006). Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 228-235.
Bullough, V. L. (1974). Homosexuality and the medical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 1(1), 99-110.
Camino, L. (1998). Direitos humanos e psicologia. Em Comissão de Direitos Humanos do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (Ed.), Psicologia, ética e direitos humanos (pp. 39-63). Brasília: Conselho Federal de Psicologia.
Camino, L., & Pereira, C. (2000). O papel da psicologia na construção dos direitos humanos: Análise das teorias e práticas psicológicas na discriminação ao homossexualismo. Perfil, 13(13), 49-69.
Conselho Federal de Psicologia. (1999). Resolução número 1/1999: Normas de atuação para os psicólogos em relação à questão da orientação sexual. Brasília: Conselho Federal de Psicologia.
Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O’Brien, L. T. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 359-378.
Crawford, I., McLeod, A., Zamboni, B. D., & Jordan, M. B. (1999). Psychologists’ attitudes toward gay and lesbian parenting. The American Psychological Association, 4, 394-401.
Deschamps, J. C., Vala, J., Marinho, C., Lopes, R. C., & Cabecinhas, R. (2005). Intergroup relations, racism and attribution of natural and cultural traits. Psicología Política, 30(1), 27-39.
Doise, W., Clémence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). The quantitative analysis of social representations. Hempel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Faria, M. R.G. V. de, Leite, T. V., Torres, A. R. R., & Bittar, M. M.. (2006). Influência dos ideais democráticos na discriminação contra portadores do HIV. Revista de Psicologia da UnC, Concordia - SC, 1,1-11.
Frank, D. J., & McEneaney, E. H. (1999). The individualization of society and the liberalization of states policies on same-sex sexual relations, 1984-1995. Social Forces, 77(3), 911-944.
Freud, S. (1905/1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality translation. Em J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 136-244). London: Hogarth.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. Em J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). San Diego: Academic Press.
Greenberg, D. F., & Bystryn, M. (1982). Christian intolerance of homosexuality. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 515-548.
Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (6), 1105-1118.
Haslam, N., Bastian, B., & Bissett, M. (2004). Essentialist beliefs about personality and their implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1661-1673.
Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 471-485.
Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(1), 113-127.
Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2002). Are essentialist beliefs associated with prejudice? British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 87.
Hegarty, P. (2002). “It’s not a choice, it’s the way we’re built:” Symbolic beliefs about sexual orientation in the United States and in Britain. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-14.
Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). Sexual orientation beliefs: Their relationship to antigay attitudes and biological determinist arguments. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(1), 121-135.
Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M., & Pfeffer, C. A. (2006). White Americans’ genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: Their relationship with prejudice toward blacks, and gay men and lesbians. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 77-94.
Jost, J. T. (1992). Social representations and the philosophy of science: Belief in ontological realism as objectification. Papers on Social Representations, 1(2-3), 116-124.
Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 893-905.
Lacerda, M., Pereira, C., & Camino, L. (2002). Um estudo sobre as formas de preconceito contra homossexuais na perspectiva das representações sociais. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 15(1), 165-178.
Leyens, J.-P., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186-197.
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.
Medin, D., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. Em S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 183-196). New York: Cambridge Academic Press.
Meertens, R. W., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 54-71.
Melton, G. B. (1989). Public policy and private prejudice: Psychology and law on gay rights. American Psychologist, 44(6), 933-940.
Moradi, B., van den Berg, J. J., & Epting, F. R. (2006). Intrapersonal and interpersonal manifestations of antilesbian and gay prejudice: An application of personal construct theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 53(1), 57-66.
Moscovici, S. (1969/1976). La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Paris: PUF.
Moscovici, S., & Hewstone, M. (1983). Social representations and social explanations: From the “naive” to the “amateur” scientist. Em M. Hewstone (Ed.), Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions (pp. 98-125). Oxford: Blackwell.
Moscovici, S., & Pérez, J. A. (1997). Prejudice and social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 6(1), 27-36.
Pereira, C., Torres, A. R. R., & Pereira, A. (2003). Preconceito contra prostitutas e representações sociais da prostituição em estudantes de teologia católicos e evangélicos. Em M. E. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Estereótipos, preconceito e discriminação: perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas (pp. 209-234). Salvador: EDUFBA.
Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Leyens, J-P. (2009). From infra-humanization to discrimination: The mediation of symbolic threat needs egalitarian norms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 336”“344.
Pérez, J. A., Moscovici, S., & Chulvi, B. (2002). Natura y cultura como principio de clasificación social. Anclaje de representaciones sociales sobre minorías étnicas. Revista de Psicología Social, 17(1), 51-67.
Pettigrew, T. F., Jackson, J. S., Brika, J. B., Lemaine, G., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U., & Zick, A. (1998). Outgroup prejudice in Western Europe. European Review of Social Psychology, 8, 241-273.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (2001). In defense of the subtle prejudice concept: A retort. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(3), 299-309.
Raudenbush, S., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Raudenbush, S., Bryk, A., & Congdon, R. (2005). HLM 6.02a: hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
Rothbart, M., & Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? Em G. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 11-36). Newbury Park: Sage.
Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 259-275.
Torres, A. R. R., & Faria, M. R. G. V. de (2008). Creencia en el Mundo Justo y Prejuicio: homosexuales portadores de VIH/SID. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 570-579.
Vala, J., Brito, R., & Lopes, D. (1999). Expressões dos racismos em Portugal. Lisboa: Instituto de Ciências Sociais.
Vala, J., Lopes, D., Lima, M. E., & Brito, R. (2002). Cultural differences and heteroethnicization in Portugal: The perceptions of White and Black people. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 1(2), 111-128.
Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of American Statistical Association, 58, 236-244.
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Publicado
2011-03-29
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Pereira, C., Rosas Torres, A. R., Pereira, A., & Campos Falcão, L. (2011). Preconceito Contra Homossexuais e Representações Sociais da Homossexualidade em Seminaristas Católicos e Evangélicos. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 27(1), 73–82. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18280
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