Do Namoro ao Casamento:
Significados, Expectativas, Conflito e Amor
Palavras-chave:
Psicologia; Relações de intimidade, Namoro, Casamento, Significado de casamento, Expectativas, ConflitoResumo
O presente estudo, de cariz exploratório, analisa i) os significados de casamento e de amor, ii) as expectativas para o casamento, o cônjuge e o próprio, e iii) a emergência e resolução do conflito, em duas fases: namoro e casamento. Com base numa entrevista semiestruturada, entrevistaram-se 5 casais heterossexuais (cada cônjuge separadamente) casados há pelo menos dois anos, sendo que o namoro foi explorado retrospetivamente. Para o tratamento dos dados, recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo. Concluiu-se que as díades, no namoro, não exploram intencionalmente os significados e as expectativas para o casamento; que este assume diferentes significados; que as expectativas se veem correspondidas ou superadas; que surgem novas fontes de conflito no casamento mas se mantêm as estratégias de resolução.
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Referências
Aboim, S. (2005). A Formação do Casal: Formas de Entrada e
Percursos Conjugais. In K, Wall. (Eds.), Famílias em Portugal -
Percursos, Interaçções, Relações Sociais (pp. 85-116). Lisboa:
Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Aboim, S. (2006). Conjugalidades em Mudança. Percursos e
Dinâmicas da Vida a Dois. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências
Sociais.
Acevedo, B. P., & Aron, A. (2009). Does a long-term relationship
kill romantic love? Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 59-
65. doi: 10.1037/a0014226
Amaro, F. (2004). A família portuguesa. Tendências actuais. Cidade
Solidária. Retrieved from http://ww3.scml.pt/media/revista/
rev_14/Familia_portug.pdf
Bardin, L. (2009). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Bhatti, R. S. (1993, Junho). Changes in the institution of marriage
and family structures: Problems and solutions. Paper presented
at the International Conference on Respect for Life: The
Priority of the Nineties. St. John’s Medical College and
Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Baucom, D. H., & Epstein, N. (1991). Will the real cognitivebehavioral
marital therapy please stand up? Journal of Family
Psychology, 4(4), 394-401.
Baucom, D. H., Epstein, N., Daiuto, A. D., Carels, R. A., Rankin,
L. A., & Burnett, C. K. (1996). Cognitions in marriage: The
relationship between standards and attributions. Journal of
Family Psychology, 10(2), 209-222.
Behrens, B. C., & Sanders, M. R. (1994) Prevention of marital
distress: Current issues in programming and research.
Behaviour Change, 11(2), 82-93.
Bonds-Raacke, J. M., Bearden, E. S., Carriere, N. J., Anderson,
E. M., & Nicks, S. D. (2001). Engaging distortions: Are we
idealizing marriage? The Journal of Psychology, 135(2),
179-184.
Carminatti, D. (2009). Casamento: A construção de uma nova
família. Retrieved from http://www.daniellecarminatti.psc.br/
Artigos/Casamento_Construcao_nova_fam%C3%ADlia.pdf
Costa, M. E. (2005). À procura da intimidade. Porto: Edições ASA.
Driver, J. L., & Gottman, J. M. (2004). Daily marital interactions
and positive affect during marital conflict among newlywed
couples. Family Process, 43(3), 301-314.
Duarte, C. (2011). Conflito e violência nas relações conjugais: uma
perspectiva sistémica. In P.M. Matos, C. Duarte, & M. E. Costa,
(Eds.), Famílias: Questões de Desenvolvimento e Intervenção
(pp. 103-123). Porto: LivPsic.
Esere, M. O. (2003). Resolving conflicts in marriages: A counsellor’s
viewpoint. Journal of Education, 22(1), 26-41.
Faubert, K. M. (2008). “This isn’t a fairy taile”: An exploration
of marital expectations and coping among married women.
(Unpublished master’s thesis). Miami University.
Faulkner, R. A., Davey, M., & Davey, A. (2005). Gender-related
predictors of change in marital satisfaction and marital conflict.
The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33, 61-83. doi:
10.1080/01926180590889211
Fincham, F. D. (2003). Marital conflict: correlates, structure, and
context. Psychological Science, 12(1), 23-27.
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness
and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 18(1), 72-81.
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). Ideal standards in close
relationships: Their structure and functions. Current Directions
in Psychological Science, 9(3), 102-105. doi: 10.1111/1467-
8721.00070
Fletcher, G. J. O. (2002). The new science of intimate relationships.
USA: Blackwell Publishers.
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2001). What predicts traditional
attitudes to marriage? Children & Society, 15, 263-271.
Gottman, J. M. (1991). Predicting the longitudinal course of
marriages. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17(1), 3-7.
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002). Marital research in the
20th century and a research agenda for the 21th century. Family
Process, 41(2), 159-198.
Greeff, A. P., & Bruyne, T. (2000). Conflict management style and
marital satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26,
321”“334. doi: 10.1080/009262300438724
Hall, S. S. (2006). Marital meaning: Exploring young adult’s belief
systems about marriage. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10),
1437-1458. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06290036
Holmes, B. M., & Johnson, K. R. (2009). Where fantasy meets
reality: Media exposure, relationships beliefs and standards,
and the moderating effect of a current relationship. In E.P.
Lamont (Ed.), Social psychology: New research (pp. 117-134)
Nova Iorque: Nova Science Publishers.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (2010). Anuário Estatístico de
Portugal 2008 ”“ Edição 2009. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de
Estatística.
Jares, X. R. (2002). Educação e conflito: Guia de educação para
a convivência. Porto: Edições ASA.
Juvva, S., & Bhatti, R. S. (2006). Epigenetic model of marital
expectations. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28(1), 61-72.
doi: 10.1007/s10591-006-9695-2
Kefalas, M., Furstenberg. F., & Napolitano, L. (2005). Marriage
is more than being together: The meaning of marriage among
young adults in the United States. The Network on Transitions
to Adulthood. Retrieved from http://www.transad.pop.upenn.
edu/downloads/kefalasmarriagenorms.pdf
Leite, S. (2003). A união de facto em Portugal. Revista de Estudos
Demográficos, 33, 97-140.
Lindahl, K. M., Malik, N. M., & Bradbury, T. N. (1997). The
developmental course of couples’ relationships. In W. K.
Halford, & H. J. Markman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of
marriage and couples intervention (pp. 203-223). Chichester:
John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Markman, H. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S., & Jamieson, K. (1984). A
cognitive/behavioral program for the prevention of marital and
family distress: Issues in program evaluation and delivery. In K.
Hahlweg & N. Jacobson (Eds.), Marital interaction: Analysis
and modification (pp. 396-428). New York: Guilford Press.
Markman, H. J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Ragan, E. P., &
Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital communication roots of
marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage.
Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 289-298. doi: 10.1037/
a0019481
Martin, P. D., Specter, G., Martin, D., & Martin, M. (2003).
Expressed attitudes of adolescents toward marriage and family
life. Adolescence, 38(150), 359-367.
McNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2004). Positive expectations in the
early years of marriage: Should couples expect the best or brace
for the worst? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
86(5), 729-743. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.729
Morris, M. L., & Carter, S. A. (1999). Transition marriage: A
literature review. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences
Education, 17(1), 1-24.
Myers, M. F. (1998). How’s your marriage? A book for men and
women. U.S.A.: American Psychiatric Press.
Narciso, I. (1994/95). Metamorfoses do amor e da satisfação
conjugal. Cadernos de Consulta Psicológica, 10/11, 129-139.
Oltramari, L. C. (2009). Amor e conjugalidade na contemporaneidade:
Uma revisão de literatura. Psicologia em Estudo, 14(4), 669-
677.
Ribeiro, T. (2002). Da diversidade do feminino e do masculino Ã
singularidade do casal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
Universidade de Lisboa.
Risch, G. S., Riley, L. A., & Lawler, M. G. (2003). Problematic
issues in the early years of marriage: Content for premarital
education. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(3), 253-
269.
Rosa, C. P. (2009). A identidade dialógica de um prisma empírico:
Um estudo sobre a conjugalidade. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Universidade do Minho, Braga.
Senécal, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (2001). Antecedents and
outcomes of work-family conflict: Toward a motivational
model. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2),
176-186.
Shulman, S., Rosenheim, E., & Knafo, D. (1999). The interface
of adolescent and parent marital expectations. The American
Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 213-222.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological
Review, 93(2), 119-135.
Torppa, C. B. (2009). Preparing adolescents and young adults
for marriage: Developing realistic expectations for family
communication. Fact sheet. Family and Consumer Sciences.
Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/flm00/pdf/fs04.pdf
Verhofstadt, L. L., Buysse, A., Clercq, A., & Goodwin, R. (2005).
Emotional arousal and negative affect in marital conflict: The
influence of gender, conflict structure, and demand-withdrawal.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 449-467. doi:
10.1002/ejsp.262
Wright, D. W., Simmons, L. A., & Campbell, K. (2007). Does a
marriage ideal exist? Using Q-sort methodology to compare
young adults and professional educators’ views on healthy
marriages. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29(4), 22.
Percursos Conjugais. In K, Wall. (Eds.), Famílias em Portugal -
Percursos, Interaçções, Relações Sociais (pp. 85-116). Lisboa:
Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Aboim, S. (2006). Conjugalidades em Mudança. Percursos e
Dinâmicas da Vida a Dois. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências
Sociais.
Acevedo, B. P., & Aron, A. (2009). Does a long-term relationship
kill romantic love? Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 59-
65. doi: 10.1037/a0014226
Amaro, F. (2004). A família portuguesa. Tendências actuais. Cidade
Solidária. Retrieved from http://ww3.scml.pt/media/revista/
rev_14/Familia_portug.pdf
Bardin, L. (2009). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Bhatti, R. S. (1993, Junho). Changes in the institution of marriage
and family structures: Problems and solutions. Paper presented
at the International Conference on Respect for Life: The
Priority of the Nineties. St. John’s Medical College and
Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Baucom, D. H., & Epstein, N. (1991). Will the real cognitivebehavioral
marital therapy please stand up? Journal of Family
Psychology, 4(4), 394-401.
Baucom, D. H., Epstein, N., Daiuto, A. D., Carels, R. A., Rankin,
L. A., & Burnett, C. K. (1996). Cognitions in marriage: The
relationship between standards and attributions. Journal of
Family Psychology, 10(2), 209-222.
Behrens, B. C., & Sanders, M. R. (1994) Prevention of marital
distress: Current issues in programming and research.
Behaviour Change, 11(2), 82-93.
Bonds-Raacke, J. M., Bearden, E. S., Carriere, N. J., Anderson,
E. M., & Nicks, S. D. (2001). Engaging distortions: Are we
idealizing marriage? The Journal of Psychology, 135(2),
179-184.
Carminatti, D. (2009). Casamento: A construção de uma nova
família. Retrieved from http://www.daniellecarminatti.psc.br/
Artigos/Casamento_Construcao_nova_fam%C3%ADlia.pdf
Costa, M. E. (2005). À procura da intimidade. Porto: Edições ASA.
Driver, J. L., & Gottman, J. M. (2004). Daily marital interactions
and positive affect during marital conflict among newlywed
couples. Family Process, 43(3), 301-314.
Duarte, C. (2011). Conflito e violência nas relações conjugais: uma
perspectiva sistémica. In P.M. Matos, C. Duarte, & M. E. Costa,
(Eds.), Famílias: Questões de Desenvolvimento e Intervenção
(pp. 103-123). Porto: LivPsic.
Esere, M. O. (2003). Resolving conflicts in marriages: A counsellor’s
viewpoint. Journal of Education, 22(1), 26-41.
Faubert, K. M. (2008). “This isn’t a fairy taile”: An exploration
of marital expectations and coping among married women.
(Unpublished master’s thesis). Miami University.
Faulkner, R. A., Davey, M., & Davey, A. (2005). Gender-related
predictors of change in marital satisfaction and marital conflict.
The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33, 61-83. doi:
10.1080/01926180590889211
Fincham, F. D. (2003). Marital conflict: correlates, structure, and
context. Psychological Science, 12(1), 23-27.
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness
and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 18(1), 72-81.
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). Ideal standards in close
relationships: Their structure and functions. Current Directions
in Psychological Science, 9(3), 102-105. doi: 10.1111/1467-
8721.00070
Fletcher, G. J. O. (2002). The new science of intimate relationships.
USA: Blackwell Publishers.
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2001). What predicts traditional
attitudes to marriage? Children & Society, 15, 263-271.
Gottman, J. M. (1991). Predicting the longitudinal course of
marriages. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17(1), 3-7.
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002). Marital research in the
20th century and a research agenda for the 21th century. Family
Process, 41(2), 159-198.
Greeff, A. P., & Bruyne, T. (2000). Conflict management style and
marital satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26,
321”“334. doi: 10.1080/009262300438724
Hall, S. S. (2006). Marital meaning: Exploring young adult’s belief
systems about marriage. Journal of Family Issues, 27(10),
1437-1458. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06290036
Holmes, B. M., & Johnson, K. R. (2009). Where fantasy meets
reality: Media exposure, relationships beliefs and standards,
and the moderating effect of a current relationship. In E.P.
Lamont (Ed.), Social psychology: New research (pp. 117-134)
Nova Iorque: Nova Science Publishers.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (2010). Anuário Estatístico de
Portugal 2008 ”“ Edição 2009. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de
Estatística.
Jares, X. R. (2002). Educação e conflito: Guia de educação para
a convivência. Porto: Edições ASA.
Juvva, S., & Bhatti, R. S. (2006). Epigenetic model of marital
expectations. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28(1), 61-72.
doi: 10.1007/s10591-006-9695-2
Kefalas, M., Furstenberg. F., & Napolitano, L. (2005). Marriage
is more than being together: The meaning of marriage among
young adults in the United States. The Network on Transitions
to Adulthood. Retrieved from http://www.transad.pop.upenn.
edu/downloads/kefalasmarriagenorms.pdf
Leite, S. (2003). A união de facto em Portugal. Revista de Estudos
Demográficos, 33, 97-140.
Lindahl, K. M., Malik, N. M., & Bradbury, T. N. (1997). The
developmental course of couples’ relationships. In W. K.
Halford, & H. J. Markman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of
marriage and couples intervention (pp. 203-223). Chichester:
John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Markman, H. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S., & Jamieson, K. (1984). A
cognitive/behavioral program for the prevention of marital and
family distress: Issues in program evaluation and delivery. In K.
Hahlweg & N. Jacobson (Eds.), Marital interaction: Analysis
and modification (pp. 396-428). New York: Guilford Press.
Markman, H. J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Ragan, E. P., &
Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital communication roots of
marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage.
Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 289-298. doi: 10.1037/
a0019481
Martin, P. D., Specter, G., Martin, D., & Martin, M. (2003).
Expressed attitudes of adolescents toward marriage and family
life. Adolescence, 38(150), 359-367.
McNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2004). Positive expectations in the
early years of marriage: Should couples expect the best or brace
for the worst? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
86(5), 729-743. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.729
Morris, M. L., & Carter, S. A. (1999). Transition marriage: A
literature review. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences
Education, 17(1), 1-24.
Myers, M. F. (1998). How’s your marriage? A book for men and
women. U.S.A.: American Psychiatric Press.
Narciso, I. (1994/95). Metamorfoses do amor e da satisfação
conjugal. Cadernos de Consulta Psicológica, 10/11, 129-139.
Oltramari, L. C. (2009). Amor e conjugalidade na contemporaneidade:
Uma revisão de literatura. Psicologia em Estudo, 14(4), 669-
677.
Ribeiro, T. (2002). Da diversidade do feminino e do masculino Ã
singularidade do casal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
Universidade de Lisboa.
Risch, G. S., Riley, L. A., & Lawler, M. G. (2003). Problematic
issues in the early years of marriage: Content for premarital
education. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(3), 253-
269.
Rosa, C. P. (2009). A identidade dialógica de um prisma empírico:
Um estudo sobre a conjugalidade. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Universidade do Minho, Braga.
Senécal, C., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (2001). Antecedents and
outcomes of work-family conflict: Toward a motivational
model. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2),
176-186.
Shulman, S., Rosenheim, E., & Knafo, D. (1999). The interface
of adolescent and parent marital expectations. The American
Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 213-222.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological
Review, 93(2), 119-135.
Torppa, C. B. (2009). Preparing adolescents and young adults
for marriage: Developing realistic expectations for family
communication. Fact sheet. Family and Consumer Sciences.
Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/flm00/pdf/fs04.pdf
Verhofstadt, L. L., Buysse, A., Clercq, A., & Goodwin, R. (2005).
Emotional arousal and negative affect in marital conflict: The
influence of gender, conflict structure, and demand-withdrawal.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 449-467. doi:
10.1002/ejsp.262
Wright, D. W., Simmons, L. A., & Campbell, K. (2007). Does a
marriage ideal exist? Using Q-sort methodology to compare
young adults and professional educators’ views on healthy
marriages. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29(4), 22.
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Publicado
2014-07-21
Como Citar
Fonseca, S. A., & Neves Duarte, C. M. (2014). Do Namoro ao Casamento:: Significados, Expectativas, Conflito e Amor. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 30(2), 135–143. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17640
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