Desenvolvimento de uma Medida de Controle Primário e Secundário para Idosos
Palavras-chave:
Psicologia Social e Personalidade, Controle primário, Controle secundário, Idosos, Controle percebidoResumo
Apresenta-se neste artigo a ECOPSE, escala desenvolvida para avaliar os processos adaptativos Controle primário e Controle secundário em idosos. Controle primário (CP) é definido como uma estratégia utilizada para modificar o ambiente, visando adequá-lo à s próprias necessidades; Controle secundário (CS) refere-se a esforços para adaptar-se ao ambiente. Participaram 315 idosos, entre 60 e 92 anos (H = 33,3%; M = 66,7%). As entrevistas foram realizadas em seus domicílios. A análise fatorial identificou uma estrutura com duas dimensões, CP e CS. A dimensão CP revelou dois fatores, a dimensão CS, apenas um fator. Considerando a escassez de instrumentos disponíveis para avaliar este conceito, espera-se que a ECOPSE contribua para o avanço de pesquisas e serviços destinados a este segmento da população.
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Referências
Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366-380.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes, & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5, 58-67.
Chipperfield, J. G., Newall, N. E., Perry, R. P., Stewart, T. L., Bailis, D. S., & Ruthig, J. C. (2012). Sense of control in late life: Health and survival implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1081-1092.
Chipperrfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., Bailis, D. S., Ruthig, J. C., & Loring, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in use of primary and secondary control strategies in older adults with major health problems. Psychology & Health, 22, 83-105.
Chiu, T., & Spencer, G. A. (2010). Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: The effect of personal control and social control. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5, 202-210.
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Haynes, T. L., Heckhausen, J., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Newall, N. E. (2009). Primary and secondary control strategies: Implications for health and well-being among older adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 165-197.
Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-87.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
Heckhausen, J., Schulz, R., & Wrosch, C. (1998). Optimization in primary and secondary control: A measurement instrument for developmental regulation in adulthood [Technical Report]. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400-413.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32-60.
Heeps, L. J. (2000). The role of primary/secondary control in positive psychological adjustment (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Deakin University, Austrália.
Khoury, H. T. T. (2005). Controle primário e controle secundário: relação com indicadores de envelhecimento bem-sucedido (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Hilmapsi/tese-de-doutorado-percepo-de-controle-e-velhice-bem-sucedida
Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. A. (2009). Processos de auto-regulação no curso de vida: controle primário e controle secundário. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 144-152.
Lang, F. R., & Heckhausen, J. (2001). Perceived control over development and subjective well-being: Differential benefits across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 509-523.
McConatha, J. T., & Huba, H. M. (1999). Primary, secondary, and emotional control across adulthood. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 18, 164-170.
Ministério da Saúde (2006). Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa ”“ PNSPI, Portaria No. 2528 de 19/10/2006. Brasília: MS.
Neri, A. L. (2006). Crenças de auto-eficácia e envelhecimento bem-sucedido. In E.V. Freitas, L. Py, F.A.X. Cançado, J. Doll, & M.L. Gorzoni (Eds.), Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia (2ª ed., pp. 1267-1276). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan.
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília, DF: LabPAM. Pasquali, L. (2010). Testes referentes a construto: Teoria e modelo de construção. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas (pp. 165-198). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Peng, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (1994, julho). Primary and secondary control: Cross cultural and life-span developmental perspectives. Paper presented at the 13th Biennial Meeting of Institutional Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Amsterdan.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5-37.
Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life-span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51, 702-714.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1977). Desamparo: Sobre depressão, desenvolvimento e morte. São Paulo: HUCITEC.
Stocks, A., April, K. A., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being: A cross cultural study. Problems and perspectives in management, 10, 17-25.
Thurber, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). “You can try or you can just give up”: The impact of perceived control and coping style on childhood homesickness. Developmental Psychology, 33, 508-517.
Wahl, H. W., Schilling, O., & Becker, S. (2007). Age-related macular degeneration and change in psychological control: Role of time since diagnosis and functional ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B (2), 90-97.
Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan. American Psychologist, 39, 955-969.
Widyarini, N. (2012). Control strategy as a model of psychological care for patient with diabetes. Health and the Environment Journal, 3(2), 86-91.
Windsor, T. D. (2009). Persistence in goal striving and positive reappraisal as psychological resources for ageing well: A dyadic analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 874-884.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 415-427.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Perceived control of life regrets: Good for young and bad for old adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 340-350.
Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 15, 387-399.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Health stress and depressive symptomatology in the elderly: The importance of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 21, 340-348.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., Lupien, S., & Dunne, E. (2007). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 26, 341-349.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes, & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brandtstädter, J., & Renner, G. (1990). Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: Explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping. Psychology and Aging, 5, 58-67.
Chipperfield, J. G., Newall, N. E., Perry, R. P., Stewart, T. L., Bailis, D. S., & Ruthig, J. C. (2012). Sense of control in late life: Health and survival implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1081-1092.
Chipperrfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., Bailis, D. S., Ruthig, J. C., & Loring, P. C. (2007). Gender differences in use of primary and secondary control strategies in older adults with major health problems. Psychology & Health, 22, 83-105.
Chiu, T., & Spencer, G. A. (2010). Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: The effect of personal control and social control. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 5, 202-210.
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Haynes, T. L., Heckhausen, J., Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Newall, N. E. (2009). Primary and secondary control strategies: Implications for health and well-being among older adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 165-197.
Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-87.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102, 284-304.
Heckhausen, J., Schulz, R., & Wrosch, C. (1998). Optimization in primary and secondary control: A measurement instrument for developmental regulation in adulthood [Technical Report]. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Fleeson, W. (2001). Developmental regulation before and after a developmental deadline: The sample case of “biological clock” for childbearing. Psychology and Aging, 16, 400-413.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117, 32-60.
Heeps, L. J. (2000). The role of primary/secondary control in positive psychological adjustment (Tese de doutorado não publicada). Deakin University, Austrália.
Khoury, H. T. T. (2005). Controle primário e controle secundário: relação com indicadores de envelhecimento bem-sucedido (Tese de Doutorado). Instituto de Psicologia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Hilmapsi/tese-de-doutorado-percepo-de-controle-e-velhice-bem-sucedida
Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. A. (2009). Processos de auto-regulação no curso de vida: controle primário e controle secundário. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 22, 144-152.
Lang, F. R., & Heckhausen, J. (2001). Perceived control over development and subjective well-being: Differential benefits across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 509-523.
McConatha, J. T., & Huba, H. M. (1999). Primary, secondary, and emotional control across adulthood. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 18, 164-170.
Ministério da Saúde (2006). Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa ”“ PNSPI, Portaria No. 2528 de 19/10/2006. Brasília: MS.
Neri, A. L. (2006). Crenças de auto-eficácia e envelhecimento bem-sucedido. In E.V. Freitas, L. Py, F.A.X. Cançado, J. Doll, & M.L. Gorzoni (Eds.), Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia (2ª ed., pp. 1267-1276). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan.
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores. Brasília, DF: LabPAM. Pasquali, L. (2010). Testes referentes a construto: Teoria e modelo de construção. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas (pp. 165-198). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Peng, Y., & Lachman, M. E. (1994, julho). Primary and secondary control: Cross cultural and life-span developmental perspectives. Paper presented at the 13th Biennial Meeting of Institutional Society for the Study of Behavioural Development. Amsterdan.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5-37.
Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (1996). A life-span model of successful aging. American Psychologist, 51, 702-714.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1977). Desamparo: Sobre depressão, desenvolvimento e morte. São Paulo: HUCITEC.
Stocks, A., April, K. A., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being: A cross cultural study. Problems and perspectives in management, 10, 17-25.
Thurber, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (1997). “You can try or you can just give up”: The impact of perceived control and coping style on childhood homesickness. Developmental Psychology, 33, 508-517.
Wahl, H. W., Schilling, O., & Becker, S. (2007). Age-related macular degeneration and change in psychological control: Role of time since diagnosis and functional ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B (2), 90-97.
Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan. American Psychologist, 39, 955-969.
Widyarini, N. (2012). Control strategy as a model of psychological care for patient with diabetes. Health and the Environment Journal, 3(2), 86-91.
Windsor, T. D. (2009). Persistence in goal striving and positive reappraisal as psychological resources for ageing well: A dyadic analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 13, 874-884.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 415-427.
Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Perceived control of life regrets: Good for young and bad for old adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 340-350.
Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Primary and secondary control strategies for managing health and financial stress across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 15, 387-399.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., & Heckhausen, J. (2002). Health stress and depressive symptomatology in the elderly: The importance of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 21, 340-348.
Wrosch, C., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., Lupien, S., & Dunne, E. (2007). Physical health problems, depressive mood, and cortisol secretion in old age: Buffer effects of health engagement control strategies. Health Psychology, 26, 341-349.
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Publicado
2013-10-16
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Khoury, H. T. T., & Günther, I. de A. (2013). Desenvolvimento de uma Medida de Controle Primário e Secundário para Idosos. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(3), 277–285. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17615
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