Um Olhar Evolucionista para os Mecanismos Cognitivos Associados às Trocas Sociais
Palavras-chave:
Psicologia; Psicobiologia, Teoria do contrato social, Teoria dos jogos, Cooperação, Psicologia evolucionista, Trocas sociaisResumo
Nas últimas décadas tem havido uma renovação profícua da literatura sobe a origem e evolução do sistema de normas que permeiam as sociedades. Diversas áreas se esforçaram para expandir o conhecimento sobre a cooperação e a cultura entre as sociedades humanas e das outras espécies, bem como os fundamentos cognitivos e neurais. Esta revisão procura discutir a origem, a fixação e a evolução das normas de convivência que sedimentam as nossas relações sociais. Apresentamos a teoria do contrato social e a teoria dos jogos como modelos evolucionistas para o estudo dos mecanismos emocionais e cognitivos, tais como: memória de faces, detecção de trapaça; punição; senso de justiça; vigilância; conhecimento prévio; teoria da mente e reputação, os quais regulam as trocas sociais.
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Referências
Alencar, A. I., Siqueira, J. O., & Yamamoto, M. E. (2008). Does group size matter? Cheating and cooperation in Brazilian school children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 42-48.
Alencar, A. I., & Yamamoto, M. E. (2009). A teoria dos jogos como metodologia de investigação científica para a cooperação na perspectiva da psicologia evolucionista. Psico, PUCRS, 39, 522-529.
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 21, 1390-1396.
Barclay, P., & Lalumière, L. M. (2006). Do people differentially remember cheaters? Human Nature, 17, 98”“113.
Barclay, P. (2008). Enhanced recognition of defectors depends on their rarity. Cognition, 107, 817”“828.
Bednar, J., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). Learning innate face preferences. Neural Computation, 15(7), 1525”“1557.
Bekoff, M. (2004). Why justice and fair play: Cooperation, forgiveness, and morality in animals. Biology and Philosophy, 19, 489”“520.
Bowlby, L. (2002). Apego: A natureza do vínculo. Vol 1 da trilogia: Apego e Perda. São Paulo: Editora Martins Fontes.
Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1961). The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist, 16, 681-684.
Broom, D. M. (2006). The evolution of morality. Applied Animal Behavioral Science, 100, 20”“28.
Brosnan, S., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297-299.
Brosnan, S. F., Schiff, H. C., & De Waal, F.B. M. (2005). Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 1560, 253-258.
Brown, W., & Moore, C. (2000). Is prospective altruist-detection an evolved solution to the adaptive problem of subtle cheating in cooperative ventures? Supportive evidence using the Wason selection task. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 25-37.
Brown, W. M., Palameta, B., & Moore, C. (2003). Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Evolutionary Psychology, 1, 42-69.
Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Chiappe, D., & MacDonald, K. (2005). The evolution of domain-general mechanism in intelligence and learning. The Journal of General Psychology, 132, 5-40.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Clutton-Brock T. H. (2009). Structure and function in mammalian societies. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 364, 3229-3242.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In H. J. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163”“228). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cronin, H. (1995). A formiga e o pavão: Altruísmo e seleção sexual de Darwin até hoje. Campinas: Papirus.
Darwin, C. (1996). The origin of species. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Trabalho Original Publicado em 1859)
Dehaene, S., Izard, V., Spelke, E., & Pica, P. (2008). Log or linear? Distinct intuitions of the number scale in Western and Amazonian indigene cultures. Science, 30, 1217-1220.
Denault, L. K., & McFarlane, D. A. (1995). Reciprocal altruism between male vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour, 49, 855-856.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1999). Culture honesty and the free-rider problem. In: R. I. M. Dunbar, C. D. Night, & C. Power (Orgs.). The evolution of culture (pp. 194-213). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, J. P. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16, 181-191.
Ellickson, R. C. (1991). Order without law: How neighbors settle disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fantz, R. (1963). Pattern vision in newborn infants. Science, 140(3564), 296-297.
Fehr, E., & Gachter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature: 415, 137-140.
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999). Interacting minds: A biological basis. Science, 256, 1692-1695.
Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Nobody´s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245-256.
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557-559.
Hrdy, S. B. (2001). Mãe natureza: Uma visão feminina da evolução: Maternidade, filhos e seleção natural. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 6, 581”“592.
Kiyonari, T., Tanida, S., & Yamagishi, T. (2000). Social exchange and reciprocity: Confusion or a heuristic? Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 411-427.
Koenig, W. D. (1981). Space competition in the acorn woodpecker: Power struggles in a cooperative breeder. Animal Behaviour, 29, 396-409.
Laland, K. N., & Brown, G. (2002). Sense and nonsense: Evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mealey, L., Daood, C., & Krage, M. (1996). Enhanced memory for faces of cheaters. Ethology and Sociobiology, 17, 119”“128.
Meyer, D., & El-Hani, C. N. (2005). Evolução: O sentido da biologia. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Mifune, N., Hashimoto, H., & Yamagishi, T. (2010). Altruism toward in-group members as a reputation mechanism. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 109-117.
Mithen, S. (1996/2002). A pré-história da mente: Uma busca das origens da arte, da religião e da ciência. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Nowak, M. A., Page, K. M., & Sigmund, K. (2000). Fairness versus reason in the ultimatum game. Science 289, 1773-1775.
Oda, R. (1997). Biased face recognition in the prisoner´s dilemma game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 35-41.
Ottoni, E. B., Rodriguez, C. F., & Barreto, J. C. (2006). Teoria da Mente e compreensão da representação gráfica de conteúdos mentais (“balões de pensamento”). Interação em Psicologia, 10, 225-234.
Page, K. M., Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2000). The spatial ultimatum game. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 2177-2182.
Penna, A. G. (1986). Cognitivismo, consciência e comportamento político. São Paulo: Vértice.
Pinker, S. (2002). O Instinto da linguagem: Como a mente cria a linguagem. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Pinker, S. (2004). Tábula rasa: A negação contemporânea da natureza humana. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Poindron, P. (2005). Mechanisms of activation of maternal behaviour in mammals. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 45, 341”“351.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brains Science, 1, 515-526.
Rigdon, M., Ishii, K., Watabe, M., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Minimal social cues in the dictator game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 358-367.
Roth, A., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., & Zamir, S. (1991). Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: Some experimental evidence. American Economic Review, 81, 1068-1095.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2007). História da psicologia moderna. São Paulo: Thomson.
Servátka, M. (2009). Separating reputation, social influence, and identification effects in a dictator game. European Economic Rewiew,53, 197-209.
Sugiyama, L. S., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among the Shiwiar of Ecuadorian Amazonia. PNAS, 99, 11537”“11542.
Taborsky, M. (1985). Breeder-helper conflict in a cichlid fish with brood care helpers: An experimental analysis. Behaviour, 95, 45”“57.
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35”“57.
Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of game and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Alencar, A. I., & Yamamoto, M. E. (2009). A teoria dos jogos como metodologia de investigação científica para a cooperação na perspectiva da psicologia evolucionista. Psico, PUCRS, 39, 522-529.
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 21, 1390-1396.
Barclay, P., & Lalumière, L. M. (2006). Do people differentially remember cheaters? Human Nature, 17, 98”“113.
Barclay, P. (2008). Enhanced recognition of defectors depends on their rarity. Cognition, 107, 817”“828.
Bednar, J., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). Learning innate face preferences. Neural Computation, 15(7), 1525”“1557.
Bekoff, M. (2004). Why justice and fair play: Cooperation, forgiveness, and morality in animals. Biology and Philosophy, 19, 489”“520.
Bowlby, L. (2002). Apego: A natureza do vínculo. Vol 1 da trilogia: Apego e Perda. São Paulo: Editora Martins Fontes.
Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1961). The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist, 16, 681-684.
Broom, D. M. (2006). The evolution of morality. Applied Animal Behavioral Science, 100, 20”“28.
Brosnan, S., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297-299.
Brosnan, S. F., Schiff, H. C., & De Waal, F.B. M. (2005). Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 1560, 253-258.
Brown, W., & Moore, C. (2000). Is prospective altruist-detection an evolved solution to the adaptive problem of subtle cheating in cooperative ventures? Supportive evidence using the Wason selection task. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 25-37.
Brown, W. M., Palameta, B., & Moore, C. (2003). Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Evolutionary Psychology, 1, 42-69.
Buss, D. M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Chiappe, D., & MacDonald, K. (2005). The evolution of domain-general mechanism in intelligence and learning. The Journal of General Psychology, 132, 5-40.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Clutton-Brock T. H. (2009). Structure and function in mammalian societies. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 364, 3229-3242.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In H. J. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163”“228). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cronin, H. (1995). A formiga e o pavão: Altruísmo e seleção sexual de Darwin até hoje. Campinas: Papirus.
Darwin, C. (1996). The origin of species. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Trabalho Original Publicado em 1859)
Dehaene, S., Izard, V., Spelke, E., & Pica, P. (2008). Log or linear? Distinct intuitions of the number scale in Western and Amazonian indigene cultures. Science, 30, 1217-1220.
Denault, L. K., & McFarlane, D. A. (1995). Reciprocal altruism between male vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour, 49, 855-856.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1999). Culture honesty and the free-rider problem. In: R. I. M. Dunbar, C. D. Night, & C. Power (Orgs.). The evolution of culture (pp. 194-213). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, J. P. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16, 181-191.
Ellickson, R. C. (1991). Order without law: How neighbors settle disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fantz, R. (1963). Pattern vision in newborn infants. Science, 140(3564), 296-297.
Fehr, E., & Gachter, S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature: 415, 137-140.
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999). Interacting minds: A biological basis. Science, 256, 1692-1695.
Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Nobody´s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245-256.
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557-559.
Hrdy, S. B. (2001). Mãe natureza: Uma visão feminina da evolução: Maternidade, filhos e seleção natural. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 6, 581”“592.
Kiyonari, T., Tanida, S., & Yamagishi, T. (2000). Social exchange and reciprocity: Confusion or a heuristic? Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 411-427.
Koenig, W. D. (1981). Space competition in the acorn woodpecker: Power struggles in a cooperative breeder. Animal Behaviour, 29, 396-409.
Laland, K. N., & Brown, G. (2002). Sense and nonsense: Evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mealey, L., Daood, C., & Krage, M. (1996). Enhanced memory for faces of cheaters. Ethology and Sociobiology, 17, 119”“128.
Meyer, D., & El-Hani, C. N. (2005). Evolução: O sentido da biologia. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Mifune, N., Hashimoto, H., & Yamagishi, T. (2010). Altruism toward in-group members as a reputation mechanism. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 109-117.
Mithen, S. (1996/2002). A pré-história da mente: Uma busca das origens da arte, da religião e da ciência. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Nowak, M. A., Page, K. M., & Sigmund, K. (2000). Fairness versus reason in the ultimatum game. Science 289, 1773-1775.
Oda, R. (1997). Biased face recognition in the prisoner´s dilemma game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 35-41.
Ottoni, E. B., Rodriguez, C. F., & Barreto, J. C. (2006). Teoria da Mente e compreensão da representação gráfica de conteúdos mentais (“balões de pensamento”). Interação em Psicologia, 10, 225-234.
Page, K. M., Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2000). The spatial ultimatum game. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 2177-2182.
Penna, A. G. (1986). Cognitivismo, consciência e comportamento político. São Paulo: Vértice.
Pinker, S. (2002). O Instinto da linguagem: Como a mente cria a linguagem. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Pinker, S. (2004). Tábula rasa: A negação contemporânea da natureza humana. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Poindron, P. (2005). Mechanisms of activation of maternal behaviour in mammals. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 45, 341”“351.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brains Science, 1, 515-526.
Rigdon, M., Ishii, K., Watabe, M., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Minimal social cues in the dictator game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 358-367.
Roth, A., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., & Zamir, S. (1991). Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: Some experimental evidence. American Economic Review, 81, 1068-1095.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2007). História da psicologia moderna. São Paulo: Thomson.
Servátka, M. (2009). Separating reputation, social influence, and identification effects in a dictator game. European Economic Rewiew,53, 197-209.
Sugiyama, L. S., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Cross-cultural evidence of cognitive adaptations for social exchange among the Shiwiar of Ecuadorian Amazonia. PNAS, 99, 11537”“11542.
Taborsky, M. (1985). Breeder-helper conflict in a cichlid fish with brood care helpers: An experimental analysis. Behaviour, 95, 45”“57.
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35”“57.
Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of game and economic behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Publicado
2013-04-22
Como Citar
Eugênio, T. J. B. (2013). Um Olhar Evolucionista para os Mecanismos Cognitivos Associados à s Trocas Sociais. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 71–78. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17594
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Revisão da Literatura
