A Conciliação de Papéis Profissionais e Familiares:
o Mecanismo Psicológico de Spillover
Palavras-chave:
Conciliação, Spillover, Trabalho e família, Conflito, FacilitaçãoResumo
A conciliação entre a vida profissional e familiar é um dos grandes desafios dos países em desenvolvimento. A principal abordagem desta temática tem sido uma perspectiva negativa e de conflito, embora, mais recentemente, as vantagens e aspectos positivos da participação em múltiplas esferas venha sendo analisada. Neste artigo destaca-se um dos principais mecanismos da análise da interface trabalho-família: o mecanismo psicológico de spillover. Discutem-se as diferentes dimensões de spillover (negativa e positiva), as direcções de influência e tipologias de variáveis associadas. Sustenta-se que uma abordagem multidimensional permitirá uma análise completa da relação trabalho-família, sustentando medidas de apoio à conciliação que tenham em vista não só a diminuição das relações negativas, mas também a promoção das relações positivas entre as duas esferas.
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Referências
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Anzorena, C. (2008). Estado y división de trabajo: Las relaciones de genero em las nuevas condiciones del mercado laboral. Utopia e Práxis Latinoamericana, 13(41), 47-68.
Aryee, S, Srinivas, E., & Tan, H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 132-146.
Barnett, R. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125-153.
Breen, R., & Cooke, L. (2004). The persistence of the gendered division of domestic labour. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151.
Bruschini, C. (2006). Trabalho doméstico: Inatividade econômica ou trabalho não-remunerado? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 23(2), 331-353.
Bruschini, C., & Lombardi, M. (2000). A bipolaridade do trabalho feminino no Brasil contemporâneo. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 110, 67-104.
Bruschini, C., & Puppin, A. (2004). Trabalho de mulheres executivas no Brasil no final do século XX. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 34(121), 105-138.
Cruz, A., Noriega, M., & Garduño, M. (2003). Trabajo remunerado, trabajo doméstico y salud. Las diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre mujeres y varones. Caderno de Saúde Pública, 19, 1129-1138.
Cullen, J., Hammer, L., Neal, M., & Sinclair, R. (2009). Development of a typology of dual-earner couples caring for children and aging parents. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 458-483.
Dório, J., Bryant, R., & Allen, T. (2008). Work-related outcomes of the work-family interface: Why organizations should care. In K. Korabik, D. Lero, & D. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration (pp. 157-176). London: Elsevier.
Duffy, M. (2005). Reproducing labour inequalities. Gender & Society, 19, 66-82.
Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74.
Edwards, J., & Rothbard, N. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationships between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178-199.
Emslie, C., & Hunt, K. (2009). ‘Live to work’ or ‘work to live’? A qualitative study of gender and work-life balance among men and women in mid-life. Gender, Work and Organization, 16, 151-172.
Fontaine, A. M, Andrade, C., Matias, M., Gato, J., & Mendonça, M. (2007). Family and work division in dual earner families in Portugal. In I. Crespi (Ed.), Gender mainstreaming and family policy in Europe: Perspectives, research and debates (pp. 167-198). Macerata: EUM.
Frone, M. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M., Yardley, J., & Markel, K. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J., & Powell, G. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.
Grzywacz, J., & Marks, N. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126.
Gutek, B, Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hammer, L., Cullen, J., Neal, M., Sinclair, R., & Shafiro, M. (2005). The longitudinal effects of work-family conflict and positive spillover on depressive symptoms among dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 138-154.
Hanson, G., Hammer, L., & Colton, C. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249-265.
Hill, J. (2005). Work-family facilitation and conflict, working fathers and mothers, work-family stressors and support. Journal of Family Issues, 26, 793-819.
Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (1999). The second shift: Working parents and revolution at home. New York: Avon.
INE. (2009). Estatísticas do emprego. Retreived from http://www.pordata.pt.
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work-family interface: Well-being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 149-162.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1992a). Nonwork participation and work attitudes: A test of scarcity vs. expansion models of person resources. Human Relations, 45, 775-795.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1992b). Perceptions of nonwork-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationships. Basic and Applied Psychology, 13, 231-249.
Kmec, J. (1999). Multiple aspects of work-family conflict. Sociological Focus, 32, 265-285
Lambert, S. (1990). Processes linking work and family: A critical review and research agenda. Human Relations, 43, 239-257.
Matias, M., Andrade, C., Fontaine, A. M., Alves, Z., & Martinez, C. (2007). Gender differences in family to work facilitation in Portuguese and Brazilian families. In A. M. Fontaine & M. Matias (Eds.), Family, work and parenting: International perspectives (pp. 79-94). Porto: Livpsic.
Matias, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2011). The role of gender when family intersects work: Conflict or facilitation? Psicologia, Educação e Cultura, 25, 337-354.
Matias, M., Andrade, C., & Fontaine, A. M. (2011). Diferenças de género no conflito trabalho-família: Um estudo com famílias portuguesas de duplo-emprego com filhos em idade pré-escolar. Psicologia, 25, 9-32.
Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J. (2002). Toward reducing some critical gaps in work-family research. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 299-312.
Perista, H. (2002). Género e trabalho não pago: Os tempos das mulheres e os tempos dos homens. Análise Social, 37, 447-474.
Poelmans, S., Stepanova, O., & Masuda, A. (2008). Positive spillover between personal and professional life: Definitions, antecedents, consequences, and strategies. In K. Korabik, D. Lero, & D. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration (pp. 141-156). London: Elsevier.
Poeschl, G. (2000). Trabalho doméstico e poder familiar: Práticas, normas e ideais. Análise Social, 35, 695-719.
Rothbard, N. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655-684.
Rothbard, N., & Dumas, T. (2006). Research perspectives: Managing the work-home interface. In F. Jones, R. F. Burke & M. Westman (Eds.), Work-life balance: A psychological perspective (pp. 71-89). New York: Psychology Press.
Stevens, D., Minnote, K., Mannon, S., & Kiger, G. (2007). Examining the “neglected side of the work-family interface”. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 242-262.
Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work family interface and work, family and individual outcomes: An integrative model. Journal of Family Issues, 23,138-164.
Voydanoff, P. (2004). Implications of work and community demands and resources for work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 275-285.
Voydanoff, P. (2005). The differential salience of family and community demands and resources for family to work conflict and facilitation. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26, 395-417.
Wayne, J., Musisca, N., & Fleeson, W. (2004). Considering the role of personality in the work-family experience: Relationships of the big five to work-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 64, 108-130.
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1, 125-151.
Anzorena, C. (2008). Estado y división de trabajo: Las relaciones de genero em las nuevas condiciones del mercado laboral. Utopia e Práxis Latinoamericana, 13(41), 47-68.
Aryee, S, Srinivas, E., & Tan, H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 132-146.
Barnett, R. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125-153.
Breen, R., & Cooke, L. (2004). The persistence of the gendered division of domestic labour. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151.
Bruschini, C. (2006). Trabalho doméstico: Inatividade econômica ou trabalho não-remunerado? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, 23(2), 331-353.
Bruschini, C., & Lombardi, M. (2000). A bipolaridade do trabalho feminino no Brasil contemporâneo. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 110, 67-104.
Bruschini, C., & Puppin, A. (2004). Trabalho de mulheres executivas no Brasil no final do século XX. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 34(121), 105-138.
Cruz, A., Noriega, M., & Garduño, M. (2003). Trabajo remunerado, trabajo doméstico y salud. Las diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre mujeres y varones. Caderno de Saúde Pública, 19, 1129-1138.
Cullen, J., Hammer, L., Neal, M., & Sinclair, R. (2009). Development of a typology of dual-earner couples caring for children and aging parents. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 458-483.
Dório, J., Bryant, R., & Allen, T. (2008). Work-related outcomes of the work-family interface: Why organizations should care. In K. Korabik, D. Lero, & D. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration (pp. 157-176). London: Elsevier.
Duffy, M. (2005). Reproducing labour inequalities. Gender & Society, 19, 66-82.
Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74.
Edwards, J., & Rothbard, N. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationships between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178-199.
Emslie, C., & Hunt, K. (2009). ‘Live to work’ or ‘work to live’? A qualitative study of gender and work-life balance among men and women in mid-life. Gender, Work and Organization, 16, 151-172.
Fontaine, A. M, Andrade, C., Matias, M., Gato, J., & Mendonça, M. (2007). Family and work division in dual earner families in Portugal. In I. Crespi (Ed.), Gender mainstreaming and family policy in Europe: Perspectives, research and debates (pp. 167-198). Macerata: EUM.
Frone, M. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65-78.
Frone, M., Yardley, J., & Markel, K. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J., & Powell, G. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.
Grzywacz, J., & Marks, N. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126.
Gutek, B, Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hammer, L., Cullen, J., Neal, M., Sinclair, R., & Shafiro, M. (2005). The longitudinal effects of work-family conflict and positive spillover on depressive symptoms among dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 138-154.
Hanson, G., Hammer, L., & Colton, C. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249-265.
Hill, J. (2005). Work-family facilitation and conflict, working fathers and mothers, work-family stressors and support. Journal of Family Issues, 26, 793-819.
Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (1999). The second shift: Working parents and revolution at home. New York: Avon.
INE. (2009). Estatísticas do emprego. Retreived from http://www.pordata.pt.
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work-family interface: Well-being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 149-162.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1992a). Nonwork participation and work attitudes: A test of scarcity vs. expansion models of person resources. Human Relations, 45, 775-795.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1992b). Perceptions of nonwork-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationships. Basic and Applied Psychology, 13, 231-249.
Kmec, J. (1999). Multiple aspects of work-family conflict. Sociological Focus, 32, 265-285
Lambert, S. (1990). Processes linking work and family: A critical review and research agenda. Human Relations, 43, 239-257.
Matias, M., Andrade, C., Fontaine, A. M., Alves, Z., & Martinez, C. (2007). Gender differences in family to work facilitation in Portuguese and Brazilian families. In A. M. Fontaine & M. Matias (Eds.), Family, work and parenting: International perspectives (pp. 79-94). Porto: Livpsic.
Matias, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2011). The role of gender when family intersects work: Conflict or facilitation? Psicologia, Educação e Cultura, 25, 337-354.
Matias, M., Andrade, C., & Fontaine, A. M. (2011). Diferenças de género no conflito trabalho-família: Um estudo com famílias portuguesas de duplo-emprego com filhos em idade pré-escolar. Psicologia, 25, 9-32.
Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J. (2002). Toward reducing some critical gaps in work-family research. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 299-312.
Perista, H. (2002). Género e trabalho não pago: Os tempos das mulheres e os tempos dos homens. Análise Social, 37, 447-474.
Poelmans, S., Stepanova, O., & Masuda, A. (2008). Positive spillover between personal and professional life: Definitions, antecedents, consequences, and strategies. In K. Korabik, D. Lero, & D. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration (pp. 141-156). London: Elsevier.
Poeschl, G. (2000). Trabalho doméstico e poder familiar: Práticas, normas e ideais. Análise Social, 35, 695-719.
Rothbard, N. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655-684.
Rothbard, N., & Dumas, T. (2006). Research perspectives: Managing the work-home interface. In F. Jones, R. F. Burke & M. Westman (Eds.), Work-life balance: A psychological perspective (pp. 71-89). New York: Psychology Press.
Stevens, D., Minnote, K., Mannon, S., & Kiger, G. (2007). Examining the “neglected side of the work-family interface”. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 242-262.
Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work family interface and work, family and individual outcomes: An integrative model. Journal of Family Issues, 23,138-164.
Voydanoff, P. (2004). Implications of work and community demands and resources for work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 275-285.
Voydanoff, P. (2005). The differential salience of family and community demands and resources for family to work conflict and facilitation. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26, 395-417.
Wayne, J., Musisca, N., & Fleeson, W. (2004). Considering the role of personality in the work-family experience: Relationships of the big five to work-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 64, 108-130.
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1, 125-151.
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2012-07-02
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Matias, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2012). A Conciliação de Papéis Profissionais e Familiares:: o Mecanismo Psicológico de Spillover. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 28(2), 235–243. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17568
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