Modelos de Memória de Longa Duração em Humanos
Palavras-chave:
Memória, Aprendizagem, Longa duração, NeuropsicologiaResumo
A concepção de que a memória não é uma entidade unitária, mas que se compõe de múltiplos sistemas independentes, porém interativos, parece atualmente consensual. No presente trabalho, são apresentados os principais modelos de organização dos sistemas de longa duração da memória humana.
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Referências
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971). The control of short-term
memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90.
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C. &
Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and
declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
Cohen, N.J. (1984). Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: Evidence
for multiple memory systems. Em L.R. Squire & N. Butters (Orgs.), The neuropsychology of memory (pp. 83-103).
New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1994). Memory, amnesia and the
hippocampal system. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Squire, L. (1980). Preserved learning and retention
of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing
how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-210.
Dall'Ora, P., Delia Sala, S. & Spinnler, H. (1989). Autobiographical
memory - its impairments in amnesic syndromes. Cortex,
25, 197-217.
De Renzi, E., Liotti, M. & Nichelli, P. (1987). Semantic amnesia
with preservation of autobiographic memory - a case report.
Cortex, 23, 575-597.
Deweer, B., Pillon, B. & Dubois, B. (1993). Mirror reading in
Alzheimer's disease: Normal skill learning and acquisition of
item-specific information. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology, 15, 789-804.
Eslinger, P.J. & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Preserved motor learning
in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006-3009.
Gabrieli, J.D., Milberg, W., Keane, M.M. & Corkin, S. (1990).
Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychology,
28, 417-427.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. & Haden, RE. (1982). Simulating amnesic
symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 218, 1243-1244.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for
new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
77,501-518.
Graf, P., Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across
modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the
domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 386-
396.
Graf, P., Squire, L.R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that
amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Grossi, D., Trojano, L., Grasso, A. & Orsini, A. (1988). Selective
"semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury - a case report.
Cortex, 24, 457-464.
Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D.P., Shults, C.W., Walicke, P.A. & Butters,
N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit
memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's,
and Parkinson's disease patients. The Journal of Neuroscience,
9, 582-587.
Honig, W.K. (1978). Studies of working memory in the pigeon.
Em S.H. Hulse, H. Fowler & W.K. Honig (Orgs.), Cognitive
processes in animal behavior (pp. 211-248). New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between
autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Knowlton, B.J. & Squire, L.R. (1995). Remembering and knowing:
Two different expressions of declarative memory. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory; and Cognition,
21, 699-710.
Kolers, P.A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning
and Memory, 1, 689-701.
Kolers, P.A. (1976a). Pattern-analyzing memory. Science, 191,
1280-1281.
Kolers, P.A. (1976b). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.
Magila, M.C. & Xavier, G.F. (no prelo). Interação entre sistemas e
processos de memória em humanos. Temas em Psicologia.
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J.T & Sax, D. (1984).
Dissociations between skill learning and verbal recognition in
amnesia and dementia. Archives of Neurology, 41, 965-970.
McCarthy, R. & Hodges, J.R. (1995). Trapped in time: Profound
autobiographical memory loss following a thalamic stroke. Em
R. Campbell & M.A. Conway (Orgs.), Broken memories - case
studies in memory impairment (pp. 31 -44). Oxford: Blackwell.
McKone, E. & Slee, J.A. (1997). Explicit contamination in "implicit"
memory for new associations. Memory and Cognition,
25, 352-366.
Moscovitch, M., Wincour, G. & McLachlan, D. (1986). Memory
as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and
memory impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other
neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 115, 331-347.
Musen, G„ Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1990). Intact textspecific
reading skill in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1068-1076.
Musen, G. & Squire, L.R. (1992). Nonverbal priming in amnesia.
Memoiy and Cognition, 20, 441-448.
Olton, D.S. (1983). Memory functions and the hippocampus. Em
W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus (pp. 335-
373). New York: Academic Press.
Olton, D.S., Becker, J.T. & Handelmann, G.E. (1979). Hippocampus,
space, and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2,
313-365.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E. & Lang, A. (1988). Procedural learning
and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E., Trépanier, L.L. & Lang, A.E. (1992).
The caudate nucleus: Head ganglion of the habit system. Em
G. Vallar, S.F. Cappa & C.W. Wallesch (Orgs.), Neuropsychological
disorders associated with subcortical lesions (pp. 204-
226). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memoiy;
and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Schacter, D.L. (1992a). Understanding implicit memory - a cognitive
science approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D.L. (1992b). Implicit knowledge: New perspectives on
unconscious processes. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA, 89, 111 13-11117.
Schacter, D.L. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual
Review of Newoscience, 16, 159-182.
Schacter, D.L. & Graf, R (1986). Effects of elaborative processing
on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 432-444.
Schacter, D.L. & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems
of 1994? Em D.L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Orgs.), Memory
systems 1994 (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Shimamura, A.R (1986). Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for
a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 38A, 619-644.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1988). Long-term memory in
amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 14, 763-770.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1989). Impaired priming of new
associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 721-728.
Squire, L.R. (1983). The hippocampus and the neuropsychology
of memory. Em W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus
(pp. 491-511). London: Academic Press.
Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612-
1619.
Squire, L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis
from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological
Review, 99, 195-231.
Squire, L.R. & Knowlton, B.J. (1995). Memory, hippocampus, and
brain systems. Em M.S. Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences
(pp. 825-837). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Squire, L.R., Shimamura, A.R & Graf, P. (1985). Independence of
recognition memory and priming effects: A neuropsychological
analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 11, 37-44.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1988). Memory: Brain systems
and behavior. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 170-175.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe
system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
Topka, H., Valls-Solé, J., Massaquoi, S.G. & Hallet, M. (1993).
Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration.
Brain, 116, 961-969.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory sistems are there? American
Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction
between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12,307-
311.
Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past. American
Scientist, 77, 361-367.
Tulving, E. (1995). Organization of memory: Quo vadis? Em M.S.
Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 339-347).
Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D.L. (1990). Priming and human memory
systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
Tulving, E., Schacter, D.L. & Stark, H.A. (1982). Priming effects
in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L.R. (1993). Neuroanatomy of memory.
Annual Review of Newoscience, 16, 547-563.
memory. Scientific American, 225, 82-90.
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C. &
Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and
declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus
in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
Cohen, N.J. (1984). Preserved learning capacity in amnesia: Evidence
for multiple memory systems. Em L.R. Squire & N. Butters (Orgs.), The neuropsychology of memory (pp. 83-103).
New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1994). Memory, amnesia and the
hippocampal system. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cohen, N.J. & Squire, L. (1980). Preserved learning and retention
of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing
how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-210.
Dall'Ora, P., Delia Sala, S. & Spinnler, H. (1989). Autobiographical
memory - its impairments in amnesic syndromes. Cortex,
25, 197-217.
De Renzi, E., Liotti, M. & Nichelli, P. (1987). Semantic amnesia
with preservation of autobiographic memory - a case report.
Cortex, 23, 575-597.
Deweer, B., Pillon, B. & Dubois, B. (1993). Mirror reading in
Alzheimer's disease: Normal skill learning and acquisition of
item-specific information. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology, 15, 789-804.
Eslinger, P.J. & Damasio, A.R. (1986). Preserved motor learning
in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior.
The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006-3009.
Gabrieli, J.D., Milberg, W., Keane, M.M. & Corkin, S. (1990).
Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychology,
28, 417-427.
Graf, P., Mandler, G. & Haden, RE. (1982). Simulating amnesic
symptoms in normal subjects. Science, 218, 1243-1244.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for
new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
77,501-518.
Graf, P., Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1985). Priming across
modalities and priming across category levels: Extending the
domain of preserved function in amnesia. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 386-
396.
Graf, P., Squire, L.R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that
amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
Grossi, D., Trojano, L., Grasso, A. & Orsini, A. (1988). Selective
"semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury - a case report.
Cortex, 24, 457-464.
Heindel, W.C., Salmon, D.P., Shults, C.W., Walicke, P.A. & Butters,
N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit
memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's,
and Parkinson's disease patients. The Journal of Neuroscience,
9, 582-587.
Honig, W.K. (1978). Studies of working memory in the pigeon.
Em S.H. Hulse, H. Fowler & W.K. Honig (Orgs.), Cognitive
processes in animal behavior (pp. 211-248). New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between
autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Knowlton, B.J. & Squire, L.R. (1995). Remembering and knowing:
Two different expressions of declarative memory. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory; and Cognition,
21, 699-710.
Kolers, P.A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning
and Memory, 1, 689-701.
Kolers, P.A. (1976a). Pattern-analyzing memory. Science, 191,
1280-1281.
Kolers, P.A. (1976b). Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.
Magila, M.C. & Xavier, G.F. (no prelo). Interação entre sistemas e
processos de memória em humanos. Temas em Psicologia.
Martone, M., Butters, N., Payne, M., Becker, J.T & Sax, D. (1984).
Dissociations between skill learning and verbal recognition in
amnesia and dementia. Archives of Neurology, 41, 965-970.
McCarthy, R. & Hodges, J.R. (1995). Trapped in time: Profound
autobiographical memory loss following a thalamic stroke. Em
R. Campbell & M.A. Conway (Orgs.), Broken memories - case
studies in memory impairment (pp. 31 -44). Oxford: Blackwell.
McKone, E. & Slee, J.A. (1997). Explicit contamination in "implicit"
memory for new associations. Memory and Cognition,
25, 352-366.
Moscovitch, M., Wincour, G. & McLachlan, D. (1986). Memory
as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and
memory impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other
neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 115, 331-347.
Musen, G„ Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1990). Intact textspecific
reading skill in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1068-1076.
Musen, G. & Squire, L.R. (1992). Nonverbal priming in amnesia.
Memoiy and Cognition, 20, 441-448.
Olton, D.S. (1983). Memory functions and the hippocampus. Em
W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus (pp. 335-
373). New York: Academic Press.
Olton, D.S., Becker, J.T. & Handelmann, G.E. (1979). Hippocampus,
space, and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2,
313-365.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E. & Lang, A. (1988). Procedural learning
and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
Saint-Cyr, J.A., Taylor, A.E., Trépanier, L.L. & Lang, A.E. (1992).
The caudate nucleus: Head ganglion of the habit system. Em
G. Vallar, S.F. Cappa & C.W. Wallesch (Orgs.), Neuropsychological
disorders associated with subcortical lesions (pp. 204-
226). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memoiy;
and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Schacter, D.L. (1992a). Understanding implicit memory - a cognitive
science approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
Schacter, D.L. (1992b). Implicit knowledge: New perspectives on
unconscious processes. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA, 89, 111 13-11117.
Schacter, D.L. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual
Review of Newoscience, 16, 159-182.
Schacter, D.L. & Graf, R (1986). Effects of elaborative processing
on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
12, 432-444.
Schacter, D.L. & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems
of 1994? Em D.L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Orgs.), Memory
systems 1994 (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Shimamura, A.R (1986). Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for
a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 38A, 619-644.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1988). Long-term memory in
amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
and Cognition, 14, 763-770.
Shimamura, A.R & Squire, L.R. (1989). Impaired priming of new
associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 721-728.
Squire, L.R. (1983). The hippocampus and the neuropsychology
of memory. Em W. Seifert (Org.), Neurobiology of the hippocampus
(pp. 491-511). London: Academic Press.
Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612-
1619.
Squire, L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis
from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological
Review, 99, 195-231.
Squire, L.R. & Knowlton, B.J. (1995). Memory, hippocampus, and
brain systems. Em M.S. Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences
(pp. 825-837). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Squire, L.R., Shimamura, A.R & Graf, P. (1985). Independence of
recognition memory and priming effects: A neuropsychological
analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 11, 37-44.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1988). Memory: Brain systems
and behavior. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 170-175.
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe
system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
Topka, H., Valls-Solé, J., Massaquoi, S.G. & Hallet, M. (1993).
Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration.
Brain, 116, 961-969.
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory sistems are there? American
Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
Tulving, E. (1986). What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction
between episodic and semantic memory? Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12,307-
311.
Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past. American
Scientist, 77, 361-367.
Tulving, E. (1995). Organization of memory: Quo vadis? Em M.S.
Gazzaniga (Org.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 339-347).
Cambridge: MIT Press.
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D.L. (1990). Priming and human memory
systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
Tulving, E., Schacter, D.L. & Stark, H.A. (1982). Priming effects
in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition
memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L.R. (1993). Neuroanatomy of memory.
Annual Review of Newoscience, 16, 547-563.
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2012-08-31
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Magila, M. C., & Xavier, G. F. (2012). Modelos de Memória de Longa Duração em Humanos. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 15(1), 037–044. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17340
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