Cientificidade e Relevância Social -I:
Controvérsias sobre a Cientificidade da Psicologia e das Ciências Sociais
Palavras-chave:
Filosofia da ciência, Causa, Razão, Subjetividade, Tecnologia da culturaResumo
Este artigo está voltado para uma discussão das relações entre a questão da cientificidade e a da relevância social,no caso da psicologia e das ciências sociais. Nesse sentido estas ciências são vistas enquanto parte dos paradigmas culturais que participam do processo de construção e regulação do sujeito na sociedade contemporânea. Mais especificamente, o objetivo é tentar entender como uma linguagem científica pode passar a ser constitutiva do que o sujeito "descobre" ser sua "realidade interna" ”” suas crenças e valores, e, mais ainda, as próprias explicações de suas ações. Neste artigo é abordada a discussão filosófica sobre o estatuto científico da linguagem expíanatória dessas ciências, focalizando a controvérsia sobre o papel de causas versus razões no contexto explanatório. Esla controvérsia deriva de diferentes definições dadas a esses termos a partir de concepções alternativas de cientificidade dominantes no quadro contemporâneo: a objetivista e a pragmática. Nessa controvérsia são identificadas quatro posições básicas, refletindo diferentes combinações de papéis atribuídos a causas e razões.
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Referências
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Austin, J.L. (1961). Philosophical papers. Oxford: Clarendon
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Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Barnes, B. (1982). T. S. Kuhn and social science. London: MacMillan.
Bernstein, R.J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bloor, D.C. (1991). Knowledge and social imagery (2' ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Bouveresse, J. (1976). Le mythe de I'interiorite. Paris: Minuit.
Brown, J.S. (Org.). (1984). Scientific rationality: The sociological
шт. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Carnap, R. (1962). Logical foundations of probability (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Castel, F., Castel, R. &LoveIl, A. (1979). La societépsychiatrique
avancée: Ie modele ainéricain. Paris: Grassei.
Castel, R. (1981). La gestion des risques. Paris: Minuit.
Chomsky, N. (1968). Language and mind. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World.
Collins, H.M. (1992). Changing order. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Costall, A. (1980). The limits of language: Wittgenstein's later
philosophy and Skinner's behaviorism. Behaviorism, 8, 123-
131.
Coutinho, A.R. (1994). Repensando a questão da subjetividade em
uma perspectiva pragmática. Em J.F. Costa (Org.), Redescrições
da psicanálise: ensaios pragmáticos (pp. 61-117). Rio
de Janeiro: Relume Dumará.
Coutinho, A.R. (1995). A questão da subjetividade: justificativa de
uma abordagem transdisciplinar baseada na pragmática. Cadernos
de Subjetividade, 3, 315-340.
Coutinho, A.R. {no prelo). Cientificidade e relevância social - II:
umarediscussão da questão de cientificidade e suas implicações
sociais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Day, W.F. (1969). On certain similarities between Che Philosophical
Investigations of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the operationism
of B. F. Skinner. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12, 489-506.
Foucault, M. (1977). Vigiar e punir. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Foucault, M. (1979). História da sexualidade I: a vontade de saber.
Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the unity of
science. Proceedings of the American Academy of the Arts and
Sciences, 80,271-350.
Gadamer, H.G. (1983). A razão na época da ciência. Rio de Janeiro:
Tempo Brasileiro.
Gould, SJ. (1978). Biological potential vs. biological determinism.
Em A.L. Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 343-351).
New York: Harper & Row.
Grice.H.P. (1969). Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical
Review.78, 147-177.
Habermas, J. (1970). On systematically distorted communication.
Inquiry, 13, 205-218.
Habermas, J. (1979). What is universal pragmatics? Em J. Habermas
(Org.), Communication and the evolution of society (pp.
1-68). Boston: Beacon.
Hacking, J. (1983). Representing and intervening. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hart, H.L.A. & Honoré, A.M. (1959). Causation and the law.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, H. (1959). Psychoanalysis as a scientific theory. Em S.
Hook (Org.), Psychoanalysis, scientific method and philosophy
(pp. 3-37). New York: New York University Press.
Hayes, S., Hayes. L. & Reese, H. (1988). Finding the philosophical
core: A review of Stephen C. Pepper's world hypotheses.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 97-111.
Hempel, C.G. (I965). Aspects of scientific explanation. New York:
The Free Press.
Hesse, M. (1978). Theory and value in the social sciences. Em C.
Hookway & P. Pettit (Orgs.), Action and interpretation (pp.l-
16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hesse, M. (1980). Revolutions and reconstructions in the philosophy
of science. Brighton: Harvester.
Hollis, M. & Lukes, S. (Orgs.). (1986). Rationality and relativism.
Cambridge, MA: The M.l.T. Press.
Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981). The manufacture of knowledge. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1979). Reflexões sobre os meus críticos. Em I. Lakatos
& A. Musgrave (Orgs.), A crítica e o desenvolvimento do
conhecimento (pp. 285-343). São Paulo: Cultrix.
Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Orgs.). (1979). A crítica e o desenvolvimento
do conhecimento. São Paulo: Cultrix.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Universiy Press
Latour, Ð’. (1994). Nunca fomos modernos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
34.
Louch, A. R. (1966). Explanation and human action. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Margolis, J. (1986). Pragmatism without foundations. Oxford:
Basil Ð’lackwell.
Melden, A. (1961). Free action. New York: Humanities Press.
Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social basis of obedience and
revolt. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Moore, J. (1975). On the principle of operationism in a science of
behavior. Behaviorism, 3, 120-138.
Overing, J. (Org.). (1985). Reason and morality. London: Tavistock
Publications.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: The Free Press.
Peters, R.S. (1958). The concept of motivation. London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul.
Peters, R.S. (1970). Comment to S. Toulmin "Reasons and causes".
Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi (Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral
sciences (pp. 27-41). Cambridge: University of Cambridge
Press.
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing quarks: A sociological history
of particle physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pickering, A. (Org.). (1992). Science as practice and culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pitkin, H.F. (1972). Wittgenstein and justice. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Popper, K.R. (1972). Objective knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon.
Quine, W.V.O. (1951). Two dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical
Review, 60, 20-46.
Quine, W.V.O. (1960). World and object. Cambridge, MA: The
M.l.T. Press.
Quine, W.V.O. (1992). Pursuit of truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1978). O conflito das interpretações. Rio de Janeiro:
Imago.
Rieff, P. (1966). The triumph of the therapeutic. New York: Harper
&Row.
Rieff, P. (1979). Freud: The mind of the moralist (3a ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rorty, R. (1991a). Essays on Heidegger and others. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rorty, R. (1991b). Objectivity, relativism and truth. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. New York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1978). The use and abuse of biology. Em A.L.
Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 424-427). New
York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1979). Cultura e razão prática. Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Schafer, R. (1976). A new language for psychoanalysis. New
Haven; Yale University Press.
Schutz, A. (1962). Collected papers (Vol. I). The Hague: Nijhoff.
Searle, J.R. (1971). What is a speech act? Em J.R. Searle (Org.),
The philosophy of language (pp. 39-53). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Sherwood, M. (1969). The logic of explanation in psychoanalysis.
New York: Academic Press.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The
Free Press.
Smart, J. (1964). Contribution to "Causality and human behavior".
Proceedings of the Aristoteliam Society, 38, 143-148.
Taylor, С (1967). The explanation of behavior. New York: Humanities
Press.
Toulmin, S. (1969). Concepts and the explanation of behavior. Em
T. Mischel (Org.), Human action (pp. 71-104). New York:
Academic Press.
Toulmin, S. (1970). Reasons and causes. Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi
(Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-26).
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Toulmin, S. (1972). Human understanding. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Toulmin, S. (1976). Knowing and acting. New York: MacMillan.
von Wright, G.H. (1971). Explanation and understanding. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Winch, P. (1958). The idea of a social science and its relation to
philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. New York:
MacMillan.
Sociales.
Austin, J.L. (1961). Philosophical papers. Oxford: Clarendon
Press.
Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Barnes, B. (1982). T. S. Kuhn and social science. London: MacMillan.
Bernstein, R.J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bloor, D.C. (1991). Knowledge and social imagery (2' ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Bouveresse, J. (1976). Le mythe de I'interiorite. Paris: Minuit.
Brown, J.S. (Org.). (1984). Scientific rationality: The sociological
шт. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Carnap, R. (1962). Logical foundations of probability (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Castel, F., Castel, R. &LoveIl, A. (1979). La societépsychiatrique
avancée: Ie modele ainéricain. Paris: Grassei.
Castel, R. (1981). La gestion des risques. Paris: Minuit.
Chomsky, N. (1968). Language and mind. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World.
Collins, H.M. (1992). Changing order. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Costall, A. (1980). The limits of language: Wittgenstein's later
philosophy and Skinner's behaviorism. Behaviorism, 8, 123-
131.
Coutinho, A.R. (1994). Repensando a questão da subjetividade em
uma perspectiva pragmática. Em J.F. Costa (Org.), Redescrições
da psicanálise: ensaios pragmáticos (pp. 61-117). Rio
de Janeiro: Relume Dumará.
Coutinho, A.R. (1995). A questão da subjetividade: justificativa de
uma abordagem transdisciplinar baseada na pragmática. Cadernos
de Subjetividade, 3, 315-340.
Coutinho, A.R. {no prelo). Cientificidade e relevância social - II:
umarediscussão da questão de cientificidade e suas implicações
sociais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa.
Day, W.F. (1969). On certain similarities between Che Philosophical
Investigations of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the operationism
of B. F. Skinner. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 12, 489-506.
Foucault, M. (1977). Vigiar e punir. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Foucault, M. (1979). História da sexualidade I: a vontade de saber.
Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the unity of
science. Proceedings of the American Academy of the Arts and
Sciences, 80,271-350.
Gadamer, H.G. (1983). A razão na época da ciência. Rio de Janeiro:
Tempo Brasileiro.
Gould, SJ. (1978). Biological potential vs. biological determinism.
Em A.L. Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 343-351).
New York: Harper & Row.
Grice.H.P. (1969). Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical
Review.78, 147-177.
Habermas, J. (1970). On systematically distorted communication.
Inquiry, 13, 205-218.
Habermas, J. (1979). What is universal pragmatics? Em J. Habermas
(Org.), Communication and the evolution of society (pp.
1-68). Boston: Beacon.
Hacking, J. (1983). Representing and intervening. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hart, H.L.A. & Honoré, A.M. (1959). Causation and the law.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, H. (1959). Psychoanalysis as a scientific theory. Em S.
Hook (Org.), Psychoanalysis, scientific method and philosophy
(pp. 3-37). New York: New York University Press.
Hayes, S., Hayes. L. & Reese, H. (1988). Finding the philosophical
core: A review of Stephen C. Pepper's world hypotheses.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 97-111.
Hempel, C.G. (I965). Aspects of scientific explanation. New York:
The Free Press.
Hesse, M. (1978). Theory and value in the social sciences. Em C.
Hookway & P. Pettit (Orgs.), Action and interpretation (pp.l-
16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hesse, M. (1980). Revolutions and reconstructions in the philosophy
of science. Brighton: Harvester.
Hollis, M. & Lukes, S. (Orgs.). (1986). Rationality and relativism.
Cambridge, MA: The M.l.T. Press.
Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981). The manufacture of knowledge. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2a ed.).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1979). Reflexões sobre os meus críticos. Em I. Lakatos
& A. Musgrave (Orgs.), A crítica e o desenvolvimento do
conhecimento (pp. 285-343). São Paulo: Cultrix.
Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A. (Orgs.). (1979). A crítica e o desenvolvimento
do conhecimento. São Paulo: Cultrix.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Universiy Press
Latour, Ð’. (1994). Nunca fomos modernos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
34.
Louch, A. R. (1966). Explanation and human action. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Margolis, J. (1986). Pragmatism without foundations. Oxford:
Basil Ð’lackwell.
Melden, A. (1961). Free action. New York: Humanities Press.
Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social basis of obedience and
revolt. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Moore, J. (1975). On the principle of operationism in a science of
behavior. Behaviorism, 3, 120-138.
Overing, J. (Org.). (1985). Reason and morality. London: Tavistock
Publications.
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York: The Free Press.
Peters, R.S. (1958). The concept of motivation. London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul.
Peters, R.S. (1970). Comment to S. Toulmin "Reasons and causes".
Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi (Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral
sciences (pp. 27-41). Cambridge: University of Cambridge
Press.
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing quarks: A sociological history
of particle physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pickering, A. (Org.). (1992). Science as practice and culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pitkin, H.F. (1972). Wittgenstein and justice. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Popper, K.R. (1972). Objective knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon.
Quine, W.V.O. (1951). Two dogmas of empiricism. Philosophical
Review, 60, 20-46.
Quine, W.V.O. (1960). World and object. Cambridge, MA: The
M.l.T. Press.
Quine, W.V.O. (1992). Pursuit of truth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1978). O conflito das interpretações. Rio de Janeiro:
Imago.
Rieff, P. (1966). The triumph of the therapeutic. New York: Harper
&Row.
Rieff, P. (1979). Freud: The mind of the moralist (3a ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rorty, R. (1991a). Essays on Heidegger and others. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rorty, R. (1991b). Objectivity, relativism and truth. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. New York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1978). The use and abuse of biology. Em A.L.
Caplan (Org.), The sociobiology debate (pp. 424-427). New
York: Harper & Row.
Sahlins, M.D. (1979). Cultura e razão prática. Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Schafer, R. (1976). A new language for psychoanalysis. New
Haven; Yale University Press.
Schutz, A. (1962). Collected papers (Vol. I). The Hague: Nijhoff.
Searle, J.R. (1971). What is a speech act? Em J.R. Searle (Org.),
The philosophy of language (pp. 39-53). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Sherwood, M. (1969). The logic of explanation in psychoanalysis.
New York: Academic Press.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The
Free Press.
Smart, J. (1964). Contribution to "Causality and human behavior".
Proceedings of the Aristoteliam Society, 38, 143-148.
Taylor, С (1967). The explanation of behavior. New York: Humanities
Press.
Toulmin, S. (1969). Concepts and the explanation of behavior. Em
T. Mischel (Org.), Human action (pp. 71-104). New York:
Academic Press.
Toulmin, S. (1970). Reasons and causes. Em R. Borger & F. Cioffi
(Orgs.), Explanation in the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-26).
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Toulmin, S. (1972). Human understanding. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Toulmin, S. (1976). Knowing and acting. New York: MacMillan.
von Wright, G.H. (1971). Explanation and understanding. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Winch, P. (1958). The idea of a social science and its relation to
philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. New York:
MacMillan.
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Publicado
2013-07-11
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Coutinho, A. R. (2013). Cientificidade e Relevância Social -I:: Controvérsias sobre a Cientificidade da Psicologia e das Ciências Sociais. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 12(1), 023–037. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17263
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