Bio-historical diversity, sustainability and collaboration in the Xingu
Palavras-chave:
Amazônia, Arqueologia, Estudos de Sustentabilidade, Herança Cultural, Povos IndígenasResumo
Os estudos de sustentabilidade no século XXI reconhecem amplamente que os vínculos teóricos e práticos entre ciências naturais e sociais são necessários para se entender a dinâmica de sistemas humano-naturais, especialmente na escala de séculos e milênios. A arqueologia e estudos congêneres sobre a história local indígena têm um papel crucial para entendermos a dinâmica de longo prazo de sistemas humano-naturais e a formação de paisagens culturais na Amazônia, inclusive a influência antropogênica do passado e o uso atual da terra por descendentes de populações indígenas locais. Esses estudos têm por objetivo levantar questões chave em pesquisas tropicais contemporâneas, principalmente, sobre como seres humanos precipitaram, direcionaram ou foram influenciados por mudanças ambientais ao longo do tempo em termos de respostas e resiliência frente a mudanças ecológicas, gestão sustentável de recursos naturais, além da herança indígena e direitos culturais. Além disso, esse entendimento fornece soluções alternativas “caseiras” ligadas a sistemas semi-intensivos indígenas de uso da terra, incluindo a substancial engenharia de paisagem e como funcioram e mudaram. Portanto, as estratégias indígenas de gerenciamento de recursos, enquanto modelos de uso alternativo da terra, contêm indícios vitais para o desenvolvimento sustentável e mitigação de mudanças climáticas, além de adaptação a longo prazo. Este trabalho elabora essas ideias do ponto de vista específico do Alto Xingu no sul da Amazônia brasileira, enfatizando que a questão crítica a ser posta pelos arqueólogos, depois que já estejam bem adiantadas as tarefas de escavar, mapear, rearranjar e falar sobre coisas do “passado”, é a seguinte: quais são as questões sociais e éticas dessa pesquisa, especialmente em termos dos próprios povos indígenas.
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Referências
ALCORN, Janis. & ZARZYCKI, A. 2005. “Response to Chapin: a Challenge to Conservationists: Phase II”. World Watch, 11-13.
ASHBY, Jacqui. 2003. “Introduction: Uniting Science and Participation in the Process of Innovation ”“ Research for Development”. In: Barry Pound et al. (eds.). Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan. pp. 1-19.
BALÉE, William. 1989. “The Culture of Amazonian Forest”. Advances in Economic Botany, 7:1-21. (Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies).
______. 2006. “The Research Program of Historical Ecology”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35:75-98.
______. (ed.). 2010. Long-term Anthropic Influences on Diversity of Amazonian Landscapes and Biota. Diversity, Special Issue.
______. 2013. Cultural Forests of the Amazon: a Historical Ecology of People and their Landscapes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
BALÉE, William & ERICKSON, Clark L. (eds.). 2006. Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press.
BERKES, Fikret & FOLKE, Carl. 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. In: ______. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-25.
BLOCK, David. 1994. Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1600-1880. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
BRONDIZIO, Eduardo; OSTROM, Elinor & YOUNG, Oran. 2009. “Connectivity and Governance in Multi-level Socio-Ecological Systems: the Role of Social Capital”. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 34:253-278.
BUSH, Mark B. et al. 2008. “Fire, Climate Change and Biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene Perspective”. Philisophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363:1795-1802.
CHAPIN, Mac. 2004. “A challenge for conservationists”. World Watch, 17-31.
CLEARY, David. 2001. “Toward and Environmental History of the Amazon: From Prehistory to the Nineteenth Century”. Latin American Research Review, 36:65-96.
CLEMENT, Charles. R. 1999. “1492 and the Loss of Amazonian Crop Diversity: I. The Relation between Domestication and Human Population Decline”. Economic Botany, 53:12-25.
DAVIDSON, E. A. et al. 2012. “The Amazon Basin in Transition”. Nature, 481,321-328.
DENEVAN, William. 1966. The Aboriginal Cultural Geography of the Llanos de Mojos of Bolivia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
______. 1992. “Stone vs. Metal Axes: the Ambiguity of Shifting Cultivation in Prehistoric Amazonia”. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, 20(1+2):153-165.
______. 2001. Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press.
DULL, Robert, et al. 2010. “The Columbian Encounter and the Little Ice Age: Abrupt Land Use Change, Fire, and Greenhouse Forcing”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4):1-17.
ERICKSON, Clark L. 2006. “The Domesticated Landscape of the Bolivian Amazon”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 235-278.
ERICKSON, Clark L. & BALÉE, William. 2006. “The Historical Ecology of a Complex Landscape in Bolivia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 187-234.
FAUSTO, Carlos; FRANCHETTO, Bruna & HECKENBERGER, Michael J. 2008. “Language, Ritual and Historical Reconstruction: Towards a Linguistic, Ethnographical and Archaeological Account of Upper Xingu Society”. In: K. David Harrison, David Rood & Arienne Dwyer (eds.). Lessons from Documented Endangered Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 129-157.
FISHER, Christopher T. & FEINMAN, Gary M. 2005. “Introduction to ‘Landscapes over Time’”. American Anthropologist, 107(1):62-69.
FOLKE, Carl. 2006. “Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses”. Global Environmental Change, 16(3):253-267.
FRANCHETTO, Bruna (ed.). 2011. Alto Xingu: uma Sociedade Multi-lingue. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
FRANCHETTO, Bruna & HECKENBERGER, Michael J. (eds.). 2001. Os Povos do Alto Xingu: Cultura e História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ.
FREIRE, Paulo (1994), Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.
GEZON, Lisa L. & PAULSON, Susan. 2005. “Place, Power, Difference: Multi-scale Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century”. In: Susan Paulson & Lisa L. Gezon (eds.). Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 1-16.
GUNDERSON, Lance H. 2000. “Ecological Resilience ”“ in Theory and Application”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31:425-439.
GUNDERSON, Lance H. & HOLLING, C.S. (eds.). 2002. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington: Island Press.
HECHT, Susanna. 2003. “Kayapo soil management strategies”. In: Johannes Lehmann, Dirse Kern & William Woods. Amazonian Dark Earths: Origins, Properties, and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
______. 2013. The Scramble for the Amazon and the “Lost Paradise” of Euclides da Cunha. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
HECHT, Susanna. B., Kathleen D. Morrison and Christine Padoch., eds. (2013). The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present and Future of Woodland Resurgence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. 2005. The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000-2000. New York: Routledge.
______. 2006. “History, Ecology, and Alterity: Visualizing Polity in Ancient Amazonia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 311-340.
______. 2007. “Entering the Agora: Archaeology, Conservation and Indigenous Peoples in Amazonia”. In: Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip; Ferguson, T. J. (eds.). Collaboration in Archaeology: Working with Descendent Populations. Altamira, Lanham, MD. pp. 234-272 .
______. 2009. “Mapping Indigenous History: Cultural Heritage, Conservation, and Collaboration in the Amazon”. Collaborative Anthropologies, 2: 9-32.
______. 2010. “Bio-Cultural Diversity in the Southern Amazon”. Diversity, 2(1):1-16.
______. 2013. Kuikuro Ethno-Archaeology: Graphic Report on Investigations (2002-2006). Ms. available online, UFlorida, Gainesville, FL.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. & NEVES, E. G. 2009. “Amazonian Archaeologies”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38:251-266.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. et al. 2003. “Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland”. Science, 301:1710-1714.
______. 2007. “The Legacy of Cultural Landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon: Implications for Biodiversity”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences, 362(1478):197-208.
______. 2008. “Pre-Columbian Urbanism, Anthropogenic Landscapes and the Future of the Amazon”. Science, 321:1214-1217.
HODDER. Ian. 2012. Entanglement: an Archaeology of the Relationship between Humans and Things. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
INGOLD, Tim. 2001. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.
______. 2013. Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture. London: Routledge.
JAMESON, Fredric. 2005. Archaeologies of the Future: the Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London: Verso.
KENNEDY, Donald. 2004. “Editorial: Climate Change and Climate Science”. Science, 304(5677):1564-1565.
LAMB, David et al. 2005. “Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscapes”. Science, 310:1628-1632.
LAURANCE, William F. et al. 2001. “The Future of the Brazilian Amazon”. Science, 291:438-439.
MARTENS, Pim 2006. “Sustainability: Science or Fiction?” Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, 2(1):36-41.
MASON, Betsy. 2004. “The Hot Hand of History”. Nature, 427:582-583.
NEPSTAD, Daniel. et al. 2006. “Inhibition of Amazon Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous Lands”. Conservation Biology, 20(1):65-73.
NEVES, Eduardo G. & PETERSEN, James B. 2006. “The Political Economy of Pre-Columbian Amerindians: Landscape Transformations in Central Amazonia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press.
OLIVEIRA, Roberto Cardoso de. 1968. Urbanização e tribalismo: a integração dos índios Terêna numa sociedade de classes. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
POSEY, Darrell. 2002. Kayapo Ethnoecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
POSEY, Darrell. A. & BALÉE, William. 1989. Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies. Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden.
POUND, Barry et al. (eds.). 2003. Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods. Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan.
PRETTY, Jules. et al. 2009. “The Intersections of Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: Towards Integration”. Conservation & Society, 7(2):100-112.
RAMOS, Alcida R. 1998. Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
REDFORD, Kent H. & SANDERSON, Steven E. 2000. “Extracting Humans from Nature”. Conservation Biology, 12:1362-1364.
REDMAN, Charles. 2005. “Resilience Theory in Archaeology”. American Anthropologist, 107:70-77.
REDMAN, Charles L. & KINZIG, Ann. 2003. “Resilience and Past Landscapes: Resilience Theory, Society, and the Longue Duree”. Conservation Ecology, 7:14. Available from: http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss1/art14. Accessed on November 4, 2006.
ROSTAIN, Stéphen. 2012. Islands in the Rainforest: Landscape Management in Pre-Columbian Amazonia. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
RUDDIMAN, William F. 2003. “The Anthropocene Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago”, Climatic Change, 61:261-293.
______. 2013. “The Anthropocene”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41:401-424.
RUSSELL, Joseph C. 2005. Integrated Approach to Predictive Modeling: a Case Study from the Upper Xingu (Matto Grosso, Brazil). PhD Dissertation, University of Florida.
SCHAAN, Denise. 2011. Sacred Landscapes of Ancient Amazonia: Historical Ecology of Social Complexity. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
SCHMIDT, Morgan J. 2010. Reconstructing Tropical Nature: Prehistoric and Modern Anthrosols (Terra Preta) in the Amazon Rainforest, Upper Xingu River, Brazil. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida.
SCHMINK, Marianne. 2011. “Forest Citizens: Changing Life Conditions and Social Identities in the Land of the Rubber Tappers”. Latin American Research Review, 46:141-158.
SCHMINK, Marianne & WOODS, Charles H. 2013. Contested Frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
SCHWARTZMAN, Stephan & ZIMMERMAN, Barbara. 2005. “Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon”. Conservation Biology, 3:721-727.
SCHWARTZMAN, Stephan et al. 2000. “Rethinking Tropical Forest Conservation: Perils in Parks”. Conservation Biology, 12:1351-1355.
______. 2010. “Social Movements and Large-Scale Tropical Forest Conservation on the Amazon Frontier: Conservation from Chaos”. The Journal of Environment and Development, 19:274-299.
______. 2013. “Biological and Social Histories of the Indigenous and Protected Area Corridor of the Xingu”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in press).
STAHL, Peter. 1995. Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics: Current Analytical Methods and Applications. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1996. “Holocene Biodiversity: an Archaeological Perspective from the Americas”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 25:105-126.
STAVER, A. Carla; ARCHIBALD, Sally & LEVIN, Simon A. 2011. “The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States”. Science, 334:230-232.
STICKLER, Claudia et al. 2008. “Forest Carbon Monitoring and Landscape Modeling in Support of REDD: the Xingu River Headwaters of the SE Amazon”. Woods Hole Research Center, IPAM and UFMG Policy Brief for Poznan UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, Fourteenth Session.
TONEY, Joshua R. 2012. The Product of Labor: Pottery Technology in the Upper Xingu, Southern Amazon, Brazil, A.D. 700-1770. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.
VERNOOY, Ronnie & MCDOUGALL, Cynthia. 2003. Principles for Good Practice in Participatory Research: Reflecting on Lessons from the Field. In: Barry Pound et al. (eds.). Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan. pp. 113-141.
WILLIS, Katherine J.; GILLSON, Lindsey & BRNCIC, Terry M. 2004. “How ‘Virgin’ Is Virgin Rainforest?” Science, 304(5669):402-403.
WILLIS, Katherine J., GILLSON, Lindsey & KNAPP, Sandra (eds.). 2007. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B. Special Issue 362: Biodiversity Hotspots through Time: What Can the Past Tell us About the Future?
WOODS, William. I. et al. (eds.). 2009. Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Soembrok’s Vision. Springer: New York.
ASHBY, Jacqui. 2003. “Introduction: Uniting Science and Participation in the Process of Innovation ”“ Research for Development”. In: Barry Pound et al. (eds.). Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan. pp. 1-19.
BALÉE, William. 1989. “The Culture of Amazonian Forest”. Advances in Economic Botany, 7:1-21. (Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies).
______. 2006. “The Research Program of Historical Ecology”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35:75-98.
______. (ed.). 2010. Long-term Anthropic Influences on Diversity of Amazonian Landscapes and Biota. Diversity, Special Issue.
______. 2013. Cultural Forests of the Amazon: a Historical Ecology of People and their Landscapes. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
BALÉE, William & ERICKSON, Clark L. (eds.). 2006. Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press.
BERKES, Fikret & FOLKE, Carl. 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability. In: ______. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-25.
BLOCK, David. 1994. Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1600-1880. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
BRONDIZIO, Eduardo; OSTROM, Elinor & YOUNG, Oran. 2009. “Connectivity and Governance in Multi-level Socio-Ecological Systems: the Role of Social Capital”. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 34:253-278.
BUSH, Mark B. et al. 2008. “Fire, Climate Change and Biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene Perspective”. Philisophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363:1795-1802.
CHAPIN, Mac. 2004. “A challenge for conservationists”. World Watch, 17-31.
CLEARY, David. 2001. “Toward and Environmental History of the Amazon: From Prehistory to the Nineteenth Century”. Latin American Research Review, 36:65-96.
CLEMENT, Charles. R. 1999. “1492 and the Loss of Amazonian Crop Diversity: I. The Relation between Domestication and Human Population Decline”. Economic Botany, 53:12-25.
DAVIDSON, E. A. et al. 2012. “The Amazon Basin in Transition”. Nature, 481,321-328.
DENEVAN, William. 1966. The Aboriginal Cultural Geography of the Llanos de Mojos of Bolivia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
______. 1992. “Stone vs. Metal Axes: the Ambiguity of Shifting Cultivation in Prehistoric Amazonia”. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, 20(1+2):153-165.
______. 2001. Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press.
DULL, Robert, et al. 2010. “The Columbian Encounter and the Little Ice Age: Abrupt Land Use Change, Fire, and Greenhouse Forcing”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4):1-17.
ERICKSON, Clark L. 2006. “The Domesticated Landscape of the Bolivian Amazon”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 235-278.
ERICKSON, Clark L. & BALÉE, William. 2006. “The Historical Ecology of a Complex Landscape in Bolivia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 187-234.
FAUSTO, Carlos; FRANCHETTO, Bruna & HECKENBERGER, Michael J. 2008. “Language, Ritual and Historical Reconstruction: Towards a Linguistic, Ethnographical and Archaeological Account of Upper Xingu Society”. In: K. David Harrison, David Rood & Arienne Dwyer (eds.). Lessons from Documented Endangered Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 129-157.
FISHER, Christopher T. & FEINMAN, Gary M. 2005. “Introduction to ‘Landscapes over Time’”. American Anthropologist, 107(1):62-69.
FOLKE, Carl. 2006. “Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses”. Global Environmental Change, 16(3):253-267.
FRANCHETTO, Bruna (ed.). 2011. Alto Xingu: uma Sociedade Multi-lingue. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
FRANCHETTO, Bruna & HECKENBERGER, Michael J. (eds.). 2001. Os Povos do Alto Xingu: Cultura e História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ.
FREIRE, Paulo (1994), Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.
GEZON, Lisa L. & PAULSON, Susan. 2005. “Place, Power, Difference: Multi-scale Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century”. In: Susan Paulson & Lisa L. Gezon (eds.). Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 1-16.
GUNDERSON, Lance H. 2000. “Ecological Resilience ”“ in Theory and Application”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31:425-439.
GUNDERSON, Lance H. & HOLLING, C.S. (eds.). 2002. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington: Island Press.
HECHT, Susanna. 2003. “Kayapo soil management strategies”. In: Johannes Lehmann, Dirse Kern & William Woods. Amazonian Dark Earths: Origins, Properties, and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
______. 2013. The Scramble for the Amazon and the “Lost Paradise” of Euclides da Cunha. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
HECHT, Susanna. B., Kathleen D. Morrison and Christine Padoch., eds. (2013). The Social Lives of Forests: Past, Present and Future of Woodland Resurgence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. 2005. The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000-2000. New York: Routledge.
______. 2006. “History, Ecology, and Alterity: Visualizing Polity in Ancient Amazonia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 311-340.
______. 2007. “Entering the Agora: Archaeology, Conservation and Indigenous Peoples in Amazonia”. In: Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip; Ferguson, T. J. (eds.). Collaboration in Archaeology: Working with Descendent Populations. Altamira, Lanham, MD. pp. 234-272 .
______. 2009. “Mapping Indigenous History: Cultural Heritage, Conservation, and Collaboration in the Amazon”. Collaborative Anthropologies, 2: 9-32.
______. 2010. “Bio-Cultural Diversity in the Southern Amazon”. Diversity, 2(1):1-16.
______. 2013. Kuikuro Ethno-Archaeology: Graphic Report on Investigations (2002-2006). Ms. available online, UFlorida, Gainesville, FL.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. & NEVES, E. G. 2009. “Amazonian Archaeologies”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38:251-266.
HECKENBERGER, Michael J. et al. 2003. “Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland”. Science, 301:1710-1714.
______. 2007. “The Legacy of Cultural Landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon: Implications for Biodiversity”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences, 362(1478):197-208.
______. 2008. “Pre-Columbian Urbanism, Anthropogenic Landscapes and the Future of the Amazon”. Science, 321:1214-1217.
HODDER. Ian. 2012. Entanglement: an Archaeology of the Relationship between Humans and Things. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
INGOLD, Tim. 2001. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge.
______. 2013. Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture. London: Routledge.
JAMESON, Fredric. 2005. Archaeologies of the Future: the Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London: Verso.
KENNEDY, Donald. 2004. “Editorial: Climate Change and Climate Science”. Science, 304(5677):1564-1565.
LAMB, David et al. 2005. “Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscapes”. Science, 310:1628-1632.
LAURANCE, William F. et al. 2001. “The Future of the Brazilian Amazon”. Science, 291:438-439.
MARTENS, Pim 2006. “Sustainability: Science or Fiction?” Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, 2(1):36-41.
MASON, Betsy. 2004. “The Hot Hand of History”. Nature, 427:582-583.
NEPSTAD, Daniel. et al. 2006. “Inhibition of Amazon Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous Lands”. Conservation Biology, 20(1):65-73.
NEVES, Eduardo G. & PETERSEN, James B. 2006. “The Political Economy of Pre-Columbian Amerindians: Landscape Transformations in Central Amazonia”. In: William Balée & Clark L. Erickson (eds.). Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia University Press.
OLIVEIRA, Roberto Cardoso de. 1968. Urbanização e tribalismo: a integração dos índios Terêna numa sociedade de classes. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
POSEY, Darrell. 2002. Kayapo Ethnoecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
POSEY, Darrell. A. & BALÉE, William. 1989. Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies. Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden.
POUND, Barry et al. (eds.). 2003. Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods. Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan.
PRETTY, Jules. et al. 2009. “The Intersections of Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: Towards Integration”. Conservation & Society, 7(2):100-112.
RAMOS, Alcida R. 1998. Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
REDFORD, Kent H. & SANDERSON, Steven E. 2000. “Extracting Humans from Nature”. Conservation Biology, 12:1362-1364.
REDMAN, Charles. 2005. “Resilience Theory in Archaeology”. American Anthropologist, 107:70-77.
REDMAN, Charles L. & KINZIG, Ann. 2003. “Resilience and Past Landscapes: Resilience Theory, Society, and the Longue Duree”. Conservation Ecology, 7:14. Available from: http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss1/art14. Accessed on November 4, 2006.
ROSTAIN, Stéphen. 2012. Islands in the Rainforest: Landscape Management in Pre-Columbian Amazonia. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
RUDDIMAN, William F. 2003. “The Anthropocene Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago”, Climatic Change, 61:261-293.
______. 2013. “The Anthropocene”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41:401-424.
RUSSELL, Joseph C. 2005. Integrated Approach to Predictive Modeling: a Case Study from the Upper Xingu (Matto Grosso, Brazil). PhD Dissertation, University of Florida.
SCHAAN, Denise. 2011. Sacred Landscapes of Ancient Amazonia: Historical Ecology of Social Complexity. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
SCHMIDT, Morgan J. 2010. Reconstructing Tropical Nature: Prehistoric and Modern Anthrosols (Terra Preta) in the Amazon Rainforest, Upper Xingu River, Brazil. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida.
SCHMINK, Marianne. 2011. “Forest Citizens: Changing Life Conditions and Social Identities in the Land of the Rubber Tappers”. Latin American Research Review, 46:141-158.
SCHMINK, Marianne & WOODS, Charles H. 2013. Contested Frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
SCHWARTZMAN, Stephan & ZIMMERMAN, Barbara. 2005. “Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon”. Conservation Biology, 3:721-727.
SCHWARTZMAN, Stephan et al. 2000. “Rethinking Tropical Forest Conservation: Perils in Parks”. Conservation Biology, 12:1351-1355.
______. 2010. “Social Movements and Large-Scale Tropical Forest Conservation on the Amazon Frontier: Conservation from Chaos”. The Journal of Environment and Development, 19:274-299.
______. 2013. “Biological and Social Histories of the Indigenous and Protected Area Corridor of the Xingu”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in press).
STAHL, Peter. 1995. Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics: Current Analytical Methods and Applications. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1996. “Holocene Biodiversity: an Archaeological Perspective from the Americas”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 25:105-126.
STAVER, A. Carla; ARCHIBALD, Sally & LEVIN, Simon A. 2011. “The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States”. Science, 334:230-232.
STICKLER, Claudia et al. 2008. “Forest Carbon Monitoring and Landscape Modeling in Support of REDD: the Xingu River Headwaters of the SE Amazon”. Woods Hole Research Center, IPAM and UFMG Policy Brief for Poznan UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, Fourteenth Session.
TONEY, Joshua R. 2012. The Product of Labor: Pottery Technology in the Upper Xingu, Southern Amazon, Brazil, A.D. 700-1770. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.
VERNOOY, Ronnie & MCDOUGALL, Cynthia. 2003. Principles for Good Practice in Participatory Research: Reflecting on Lessons from the Field. In: Barry Pound et al. (eds.). Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods: Uniting Science and Participation. London: Earthscan. pp. 113-141.
WILLIS, Katherine J.; GILLSON, Lindsey & BRNCIC, Terry M. 2004. “How ‘Virgin’ Is Virgin Rainforest?” Science, 304(5669):402-403.
WILLIS, Katherine J., GILLSON, Lindsey & KNAPP, Sandra (eds.). 2007. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B. Special Issue 362: Biodiversity Hotspots through Time: What Can the Past Tell us About the Future?
WOODS, William. I. et al. (eds.). 2009. Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Soembrok’s Vision. Springer: New York.
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2018-02-16
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Heckenberger, Michael. 2018. “Bio-Historical Diversity, Sustainability and Collaboration in the Xingu”. Anuário Antropológico 39 (2):69-97. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6819.
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Copyright (c) 2014 Anuário Antropológico
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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