Hong Kong: An Eastern or Western Pearl?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e22007

Keywords:

Hong Kong, China, One Country Two Systems, Basic Law, Sino-British Joint Declaration

Abstract

The enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Act, July 2020, sparked accusations of breaches of commitments made in 1997 and US retaliation. The article reevaluates the process of Hong Kong’s handover to China under the principle of “one country, two systems” and emphasizes the role of social movements in demanding political, socioeconomic and cultural improvements. It concludes by pointing out the need for a overhaul of the Basic Law, for reforms, for the recovery of governmental legitimacy and that the Sino-American conflict contributed to an increase of tensions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Henrique Altemani de Oliveira, University of Brasília

University of Brasília, Institute of International Relations, Brasília - DF (altemani@unb.br)

References

Albert, Eleanor. “Hong Kong and Washington: a historical view”. The Diplomat Magazine, 60 (2019): 55-59.

Anguiano, Eugenio. “1997: El año de la Gran China?”. Cuadernos de Trabajo. Programa de Estudios de APEC, El Colegio de México, 1997.

Bohane, Hugh “Hong Kong”. Asia Pacífico. Ciudad de México: El Colegio de México, 2003: 155-171.

Bohane, Hugh. “High Noon in Hong Kong”. The Diplomat Magazine, 59 (2019): 57-67.

Boniface, Dexter S. and Alon, Ilan. “Is Hong Kong Democratizing”. Asian Survey, 50, n°. 4 (2010): 786-807.

Breslin, Shaun. “Beyond Diplomacy? UK relations with China since 1997”. BJPIR, 6 (2004): 409-425.

Chan, Cheris Shun-ching and Junker, Andrew. “Anti-Activism and Its Impact on Civil Society in Hong Kong: A Case Study of the Anti–Falun Gong Campaign”. Modern China (2020), https://doi.org/:10.1177/0097700420942153

Cheng, Joseph Y. S. “El Futuro Político de Hong Kong”. Estudios de Asia y África, 32, n°. 1 (1997): 129-146.

Cheung, Peter T. Y. “Who’s Influencing Whom? Exploring the Influence of Hong Kong on Politics and Governance in China”. Asian Survey, 51, n°. 4 (2011): 713-738.

Ching, Frank. “Misreading Hong Kong”. Foreign Affairs, 76, n°. 3 (1997): 52-66.

Ching, Frank “Cast Adrift”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 162, n°. 50 (December 16, 1999): 17.

Cotton, James. “Australia, Hong Kong and China: a welcome transition?”. Asian Studies Review, 21, n°. 2-3 (1997): 181-197.

Dieter, Heribert. “Inequality and social problems in Hong Kong: the reasons for the broad support of the unrest”. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 74, n°. 4 (2019): 341-347.

Dufour, Jean-François. Hong Kong: Enjeux d'une Transition Historique. Paris: Le Monde Editions, 1997.

Fong, Brian C. H. “Hong Kong and the US-China New Cold War”. The Diplomat, May 16, 2019. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/hong-kong-and-the-us-china-new-cold-war/

Frazier, Mark W, “Hong Kong in 2020: Pandemic, Protest and Greater Power Rivalry”. The Asia Pacific Journal, 10, n°. 4: (2020).

Garcia, Juan González. “Hong Kong, 2003”. Asia Pacífico. Ciudad de México: El Colegio de México, 2004: 133-149.

Gilley, Bruce. “Regional Politik”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 160, n°. 22 (May 29, 1997): 22-26.

Granitsas, Alkman. “Compromising Issue”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 162, n°. 10 (March 11, 1999): 20.

Gupta, Sourabh. “Hong Kong National Security Law: China's Objectives and the U.S. Response in context of the ‘one country, two systems’ principle”. ICAS Issues PrimersTopics in US-China Relations, June 2020. Disponível em https://chinaus-icas.org/primer/hong-kong-national-security-law/

Hammond, Philip. “Review Phil Mullan, Beyond Confrontation: Globalists, Nationalists and Their Discontents”. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 14 (2021): 149–152.

Heberer, Thomas. “China in 2014”. Asian Survey, 55, n°. 1 (2015): 82-102.

Hideo, Tamura. “Hong Kong as a Key Battlefield in the New Cold War”. Nippon.com. October 21, 2020. Disponível em https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00930/

Hook, Brian. “British Views of the Legacy of the Colonial Administration of Hong Kong: a preliminar assessment”. The China Quarterly, 151 (1997): 553-566.

Hung, Ho-fung and Ip, Iam-chong. “Hong Kong’s Democratic Movement and the Making of China’s Offshore Civil Society”. Asian Survey, 52, n°. 3 (2012): 504-527.

Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twenttieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Junker, Andrew. Becoming Activists in Global China: Social Movements in the Chinese Diaspora. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Kai, Jin. “America’s Hong Kong Approach does more Harm than Good”. The Diplomat, July 06 2020. Disponível em https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/americas-hong-kong-approach-does-more-harm-than-good/

Karp, Jonathan. “Through Train Slows Down”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 156, n°. 12 (March 25, 1993): 12.

Kraus, Richard. “China in 2003: From SARS to Spaceships”. Asian Survey, 44, n°. 1 (2004): 147-157.

Ku, Agnes Shuk-mei. “Contradictions in the Development of Citizenship in Hong Kong”. Asian Survey, 49, n°. 3 (2009): 505-527.

Kuan, Hsin-chi and Lau, Siu-kai. “The Partial Vision of Democracy in Hong Kong: a survey of popular opinion”. The China Journal, 34 (1995): 239-264.

Kuan, Hsin-chi and Lau, Siu-kai. “Political Attitudes and changing in context: The case of Hong Kong”. Occasional Paper, 64. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.

Lague, David. “No Faith in the Article”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 166, n°. 27 (July 10, 2003): 16-18.

Lau, Jessie. “Hong Kong’s Summer of Unrest”. The Diplomat Magazine, 58 (2019): 4-14.

Law, Wing Sang. “Why ‘Reunion in Democracy’ fails? - the past and the future of a colonial city”. Cultural Studies, 31, n°. 6 (2017): 802-819.

Layne, Christopher. “Preventing the China-U.S. Cold War from Turning Hot”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2020, 13 n°. 3 (2020): 343–385.

Lawson, David. Hong Kong et son destin. Paris: Présence Africaine, 1997.

Lee, Ching Kwan. “Take Back our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement”. In Take Back our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement, editado por Ching Kwan Lee e Ming Sing, 1-33. Ithaca: ILR Press, 2019.

Lipset, Seymour. “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited”. American Sociological Review, 59 (1994): 1-22.

Ma, Ngok. “Value Changes and Legitimacy Crisis in Post-industrial Hong Kong”. Asian Survey, 51, n°. 4 (2011): 683-712.

McCarthy, John D. and Mayer N. Zald (1977). “Resource mobilization and social movements: a partial theory.” American Journal of Sociology, 82, n°. 6 (1977): 1212–41.

Nair, Chandran. “Don’t write Hong Kong’s obituary just yet”. The Diplomat, July 30 2020. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/dont-write-hong-kongs-obituary-just-yet/

Palou, Jordi. “Hong Kong 1997, una transición de doble via”. Política Exterior, 10, n°. 52 (1996): 144-159.

Purbrick, Martin. “A Report of the 2019 Hong Kong Protests”. Asian Affairs, L, n°. IV (2019): 465-487.

Redding, S.G. “The distinct nature of Chinese capitalism”. The Pacific Review, 9, n°. 3 (1996): 426-440.

Rubio, Tatiana A. G. “Qué frena la Democracia en Hong Kong? Entre Élites Económicas y Sombrillas Amarillas”. Foro Internacional, LIX, n°. 2 (2019): 399-436.

Scott, Ian. “The Disarticulation of Hong Kong’s Post-Handover Political System”. The China Journal, 43 (2000): 29-53.

Shen, Simon. “The Sino-British Joint Declaration and International Law”. The Diplomat, September 09, 2020. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/the-sino-british-joint-declaration-and-international-law/

So, Alvin Y. “Hong Kong’s Problematic Democratic Transition: power dependency or business hegemony?”. The Journal of Asian Studies, 59, n°. 2 (2000): 359-381.

Sonny, Shiu-hing Lo. “Hong Kong in 2019”. Asian Survey, 60, n°. 1 (2020): 34-40.

Summers, Tim. “Hong Kong’s future now lies with China”. East Asia Forum, 31 December 2020. Disponível em: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/12/31/hong-kongs-future-now-lies-with-china/

Tong, Kurt. “Washington’s Self-Defeating Hong Kong Strategy”. Foreign Affairs, June 2, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/node/1126082

Wang, Enbao. Hong Kong, 1997: the politics of transition. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995.

Wong, Brian. “Hong Kong is the First Casualty of the New Cold War”. The Diplomat Magazine, 70, September 2020: 71-77.

Ye, Min. “China in 2020: A Year of Converging Crises”. Asian Survey, 61, n°. 1 (2021): 21–33.

Yew, Chiew Ping and Kwong, Kin-ming. “Hong Kong Identity in Rise”. Asian Survey, 54, n°. 6 (2014):1088-1112.

Yew, Lee Kuan. “A Place for Business, Not Politics”. Far Eastern Economic Review, 160, no. 27 (July 3, 1997): 29.

Published

2023-05-24

How to Cite

Altemani de Oliveira, Henrique. 2023. “Hong Kong: An Eastern or Western Pearl?”. Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies 22 (May). https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e22007.

Issue

Section

Articles