Sintomas de depressão e ansiedade em uma amostra representativa de universitários espanhóis, portugueses e brasileiros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e36412%20Palavras-chave:
Depressão, Ansiedade, Epidemiologia, UniversitáriosResumo
Universitários apresentam sintomas importantes de depressão e ansiedade. Este trabalho epidemiológico investigou a prevalência de tais sintomas em acadêmicos da Espanha, Portugal e Brasil, bem como as possíveis diferenças em função da nacionalidade e do gênero a partir de uma amostra representativa de 3 universidades (Universidade de Extremadura/Espanha = 1216; Universidade de Coimbra/Portugal = 426 e PUC-Rio = 315) em 2015. Análises descritivas e inferências indicaram que estudantes brasileiros, em especial as mulheres, apresentam maior manifestação de sintomas de depressão. Elas também apresentaram maior sintomatologia de ansiedade. A correlação entre depressão e ansiedade foi proporcional e forte e não houve diferença na ansiedade entre os países. Esta pesquisa pode ser utilizada em diversas áreas e auxiliar práticas clínicas e políticas públicas.
Downloads
Referências
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Andreatini, R., & Bacellar, L. F. S. (1999). The relationship between anxiety and depression in animal models: a study using the forced swimming test and elevated plus-maze. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 32(9), 1121”“1126. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1999000900011
Armstrong, K. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2002). Gender Differences in Anxiety: an Investigation of the Symptoms, Cognitions, and Sensitivity Towards Anxiety in a Nonclinical Population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherap, 30(2), 227-231. doi:10.1017/S1352465802002114
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893”“897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio. doi:10.1037/t00742-000
Campos, R. C., & Gonçalves, B. (2011). The Portuguese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 258”“264. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000072
Ceyhan, A. A., Ceyhan, E., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2009). Investigation of University Students ’ Depression. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 36, 75”“90.
Cooper, C., Bebbington, P. E., Meltzer, H., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Farrell, M., & King, M. (2008). Depression and common mental disorders in lone parents: results of the 2000 National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 38(3). doi:10.1017/S0033291707001493
Creswell, C., Waite, P., & Cooper, P. J. (2014). Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 99(7), 674”“678. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303768
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2015). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 Years After. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 816”“845. doi: 10.1037/a0034733
Cunha, J. A. (2001). Manual da versão em português das Escalas de Beck. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J.P., Angermeyer, M.C., Bernert, S., de Girolamo, G., Morosini, P., Polidori, G., Kikkawa, T., Kawakami, N., Ono, Y., Takeshima, T., Uda, H., Karam, E.G., Fayyad, J.A., Karam, A.N., Mneimneh, Z.N., Medina-Mora, M.E., Borges, G., Lara, C., de Graaf, R., Ormel, J., Gureje, O., Shen, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, M., Alonso, J., Haro, J. M., Vilagut, G., Bromet, E. J., Gluzman, S., Webb, C., Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., Anthony, J. C., Von Korff, M. R., Wang, P. S., Brugha, T. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Lee, S., Heeringa, S., Pennell, B. E., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ustun, T. B., Chatterji, S., & WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium. (2004). Prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA, 291(21), 2581-2590. doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2581
DeSousa, D. A., Moreno, A. L., Gauer, G., Manfro, G. G., & Koller, S. H. (2013). Revisão sistemática de instrumentos para avaliação de ansiedade na população brasileira. Avaliação Psicológica, 12(3), 397”“410.
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534”“542. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
Gomes-Oliveira, M. H., Gorenstein, C., Neto, F. L., Andrade, L. H., & Wang, Y. P. (2012). Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a community sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34(4), 389”“394. doi:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.03.005
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. Lancet, 373, 1372-1381. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X
Hebbali, A. (2018). olsrr: Tools for Building OLS Regression Models. R package version 0.5.2. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=olsrr
Heinrichs, N., Rapee, R. M., Alden, L. A., Bögels, S., Hofmann, S. G., Ja Oh, K., & Sakano, Y. (2006). Cultural differences in perceived social norms and social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(8), 1187”“1197. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.006
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2(2), 1”“108. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004690
Kassambara, A. (2020). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix
Kessler, R. C., Birnbaum, H. G., Shahly, V., Bromet, E., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N., Andrade, L.H., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Haro, J. M., Karam, A. N., Kostyuchenko, S., Kovess, V., Lara, C., Levinson, D., Matschinger, H., Nakane, Y., Browne, M. O., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Age differences in the prevalence and co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive episodes: Results from the WHO world mental health survey initiative. Depression and Anxiety, 27(4), 351”“364. doi:10.1002/da.20634
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(1), 119”“138. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409
Khawaja, N. G., Santos, M. L. R., Habibi, M., & Smith, R. (2013). University students’ depression: a cross-cultural investigation. Higher Education Research & Development, 32(3), 392”“406. doi:10.1080/07294360.2012.697129
Koplewicz, H. S., Gurian, A. & Williams, K. (2009). The era of affluence and its discontents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(11), 1053-1055. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b8be5c
Lopez, A., Mathers, C., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D., & Murray, C. (2006). Global burden of disease and risk factors. Washington: Oxford University Press and the World Bank.
Luiz, R. R., & Magnanini, M. M. (2000). A lógica da determinaçäo do tamanho da amostra em investigaçöes epidemiológicas [The logic of sample size determination in epidemiological research]. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva, 8(2), 9-28.
Maeng, L. Y., & Milad, M. R. (2015). Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones. Hormones and Behavior, 76, 106”“117. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002
Magán, I., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, M. P. (2008). Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in general population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 626”“40. doi:10.1017/S1138741600004637
Mikolajczyk, R. T., Maxwell, A. E., Naydenova, V., Meier, S., & El Ansari, W. (2008). Depressive symptoms and perceived burdens related to being a student: Survey in three European countries. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 4(1), 19. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-19
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Gender Differences in Depression. Psychological Science, 10(5), 173”“176. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142
Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, T., Brilman, E., & vanden Brink, W. (1993) Outcome of depression and anxiety in primary care. A threewave study of psychopathology and disability. Archieves of General Psychiatry, 50(10), 759”“766.
Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A., & Loureiro, S. R. (2011). Further psychometric study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory including factorial analysis and social anxiety disorder screening. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 15(4), 255-262. doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.605955
Porcu, M., Fritzen, C.V., & Helber, C. (2001). Sintomas depressivos nos estudantes de medicina da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Psiquiatria na Prática Médica, 34(1), 2-6.
Quintão, S., Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2013). Validity study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Portuguese version) by the Rasch Rating Scale model. Psicologia: Reflexão E Crítica, 26(2), 305”“310. doi:10.1590/S0102-79722013000200010
R core team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://doi.org/http://www.R-project.org/
Remes, O., Brayne, C., van der Linde, R., & Lafortune, L. (2016). A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain and Behavior, 6(7), 1-33. doi:10.1002/brb3.497
Ruscio, A. M., Hallion, L. S., Lim, C. C. W., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L.H., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bunting, B., Caldas de Almeida, J. M., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., de Jonge, P., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Mneimneh, Z., Navarro-Mateu, F., Posada-Villa, J., Slade, T., Stein, D. J., Torres, Y., Uda, H., Wojtyniak, B., Kessler, R. C., Chatterji, S., Scott, K. M. (2017). Cross-sectional Comparison of the Epidemiology of DSM-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across the Globe. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(5), 465-475. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0056
Schreier, S. S., Heinrichs, N., Alden, L., Rapee, R. M., Hofmann, S. G., Chen, J., Oh, K. J., Bögels, S. (2010). Social anxiety and social norms in individualistic and collectivistic countries. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1128”“1134. doi:10.1002/da.20746
Simou, E., & Koutsogeorgou, E. (2014). Effects of the economic crisis on health and healthcare in Greece in the literature from 2009 to 2013: A systematic review. Health Policy, 115(2”“3), 111”“119. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.02.002
Somers, J. M., Elliot, M. G., Waraich, P., & Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Anxiety Disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Canada Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 100-113. doi:10.1177/070674370605100206
Stein, K., & Fazel, M. (2015). Depression in young people often goes undetected. The Practitioner, 259 (1782), 17-22.
Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., & Müller, N. (2001). Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults. Archieves of General Psychiatry, 58(3), 251-256. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251
Üstun, T. B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. J. L. (2004) Global burden of depressive disorders in the
year 2000. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(5) 386-392. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.386
Wang, P. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., Girlolamo, G., Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., Kovess, V., Lane, M. C., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Ono, Y., Petukhova, M., Posada-
Villa, J., Seedat, S., & Wells, J. E. (2007). Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet, 370(9590), 841”“850. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61414-7
Wang, Y. P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(4), 416”“431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
Wickham, H. (2016). tidyverse: Easily Install and Load “Tidyverse” Packages. R package version 1.0.0. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=tidyverse
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2006). Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7), 1768”“1784. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.036
Windfuhr, K., While, D., Hunt, I., Turnbull, P., Lowe, R., Burns, J., Swinson, N., Shaw, J., Appleby, L., Kapur, N., & National confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. (2008). Suicide in juveniles and adolescents in the United Kingdom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(11), 1155”“1165. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01938.x
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2020 Armando Afonso Junior, Anna Carolina de Almeida Portugal, J. Landeira-Fernandez, Fernando Fajardo Bullón, Eduardo João Ribeiro dos Santos , Junia de Vilhena, Luis Anunciação
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
