Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) em Bombeiros de Belo Horizonte, Brasil:
Prevalência e Fatores Ocupacionais Associados
Palavras-chave:
Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho, Bombeiros, Prevalência, Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, Estressores ocupacionaisResumo
O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a prevalência de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) e investigar se variáveis ocupacionais estão associadas ao desfecho em bombeiros de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Estudo transversal foi realizado em 2011. Dentre 794 elegíveis, 711 (89,5%) participaram. Informações foram obtidas por questionário de autorrelato: variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais, saúde e eventos extralaborais adversos. A prevalência de TEPT foi 6,9%. Variáveis ocupacionais contribuíram para explicar o desfecho no modelo final (regressão logística multivariável): fatores psicosssociais do trabalho, eventos traumáticos ocupacionais, tempo de trabalho e absenteísmo. Idade, problemas de saúde mental no passado e eventos adversos extralaborais também foram associados ao TEPT. Os resultados são discutidos considerando os pressupostos do Modelo Demanda-Controle.
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Referências
Abbad, G., & Torres, C. V. (2002) Regressão múltipla stepwise
e hierárquica em Psicologia Organizacional: aplicações,
problemas e soluções. Estudos de Psicologia, 7(1),19-29.
Andrade, L. H., Wang, Y. P., Andreoni, S., Silveira, C. M.,
Alexandrino-Silva, C., Siu, E. R.,...Viana, M. C. (2012). Mental
Disorders in Megacities: Findings from the São Paulo Megacity
Mental Health Survey, Brazil. Plos One, 7(2), e31879. doi:
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031879
Adriaenssens, J., de Gucht, V., van der Doef, M., & Maes, S.
(2012). Exploring the burden of emergency care: predictors
of stress-health outcomes in emergency nurses. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 67(6), 1317-1328. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2648.2010.05599.x
American Psychiatry Association (2013). DSM-5, Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5ª ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
Anakwenze, U., & Zuberi, D. (2013). Mental Health and Poverty
in Inner City. Health and Social Work, 38(3), 147-157. doi:
10.1093/hsw/hlt013
Araújo, T. M., & Karasek, R. A. (2008). Validity and reliability of
the job content questionnaire in formal and informal jobs in
Brazil. Scandinavian Journal Work and Environmental Health
Supplements, 6, 52-59.
Batista, A. G. (2009). Quando os bombeiros não chegam: algumas
contribuições da Psicologia do Trabalho para o entendimento
dos acidentes com veículos operacionais de bombeiros na
Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. (Unpublished
master’s thesis). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte.
Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella,
C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C.,... Mendlowicz, M. V. (2011).
Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression
analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates
of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001-1011. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-
0408-2
Berger, W., Maurat, A. M., Bucassio, E. P., Vieira, I., Jardim, S. R.,
Coutinho, E. S. F.,...Mendlowicz, M. V. (2007). Partial and
Full PTSD in Brazilian Ambulance Workers: Prevalence and
Impact on Health and Quality of Life. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 20(4), 637-642. doi: 10.1002/jts.20242
Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M. V., Souza, W. F., & Figueira, I.
(2004). Equivalência semântica da versão em português da
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist ”“ Civilian Version
(PCL-C) para rastreamento do transtorno de estresse póstraumático.
Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 26(2),
167-175. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81082004000200006
Blein, L. M., Galovski, T. E., & Robinson, T. (2010). Gender
differences in recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder: A
critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15:463-474.
doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.09.001
de Boer, J. C., van’tVerlaat, E., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Bakker, A. B.,
& Smit, B. J. (2011). Work-related critical incidents in hospitalbased
health care providers and the risk of post-traumatic
stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression: a meta-analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 73(2), 316-326. doi: 10.1016/j.
socscimed.2011.05.009
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-
Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in
Trauma-Exposed Adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S.
(2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life After Criterion
A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 366-373. doi: 10.1002/
jts.20443
Carey, M. C., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell,
D. S. (2011). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social
bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal
of Occupational Environment & Medicine, 53(8), 928-933. doi:
10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
Chang, C. M., Lee, L.C., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., & Lai,
T. J. (2008). Modification effects of coping on post-traumatic
morbidity among earthquake rescuers. Psychiatry Research,
158(2), 164-171. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.015
Chau, N., Wild, P., Dehaene, D., Benamghar, L., Mur, J. M., &
Touron, C. (2010). Roles of age, length of service and job in
work-related injury: a prospective study of 446 120 personyears
in railway workers. Occupational & Environmental
Medicine, 67(3), 147-153. doi: 10.1136/oem.2008.043281
Chen, Y. S., Chen, M. C., Chuou, F. H. C., Sun, F. C., Chen, P. C.,
Tsai, K. Y., & Chao, S. S. (2007). The relationship between
quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder or major
depression for firefighters in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Quality of Life
Research, 16(8), 1289-1297. doi: 10.1007/s11136-007-9248-7
Cyrulnik B. (2009) Autobiografia de um espantalho ”“ histórias
de resiliência: o retorno da vida. São Paulo: Editora WMF
Martins Fontes.
Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y. C., & Fortson, B.
L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder
symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37-48. doi:
10.1080/02678370600679512
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The
validation of a self-report measure of PTSD: the PTSD
Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Psychological Assessment, 9(4),
445-451.
Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M.
(2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress?
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(6), 687-698. doi: 10.1016/j.
janxdis.2004.06.002
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (2005).
Análise Multivariada de Dados. São Paulo: Artmed Editora
S.A.
Heinrichs M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer,
D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Predicting Posttraumatic
Stress Symptons from Pretraumatic Risk Factors: A 2-Year
Prospective Follow-Up Study in Firefighters. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2276-2286. doi: 10.1176/appi.
ajp.162.12.2276
Karasek, R. A., & Theörell, T. (1990). Healthy Work ”“ stress,
productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. US: Basic
Books.
Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder
in the emergency room: exploration of a cognitive model.
Behavior ResearchTherapy, 41(1), 49-65.
Lima, E. P., & Assunção, A. A. (2011). Prevalência e fatores
associados ao Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT)
em profissionais de emergência: uma revisão sistemática da
literatura. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 14(2), 217-230.
doi: 10.1590/S1415-790X2011000200004
Lima, E. P., Barreto, S. M., & Assunção, A. A. (2012). Factor structure,
internal consistency and reliability of the Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder Checklist (PCL): an exploratory study. Trends in
Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 34(4), 215-222. doi: 10.1590/
S2237-60892012000400007
Masur, J., & Monteiro, M. G. (1983). Validation of the “CAGE”
alcoholism screening test in a Brazilian psychiatric inpatient
hospital setting. Brazilian Journal of Medicine and Biological
Research, 16(3), 215-218.
Meyer, E. C., Zimering, R., Daly, E., Knight, J., Kamholz, B. W.,
& Gulliver, S. B. (2012). Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder and Other Psychological Symptoms in Trauma-
Exposed Firefighters. Psychological Services, 9(1), 1-15. doi:
10.1037/a0026414
Mitani, S. (2008). Comparative Analysis of the Japanese Version
of the Revised Impact of Event Scale: a study of firefighters.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23(3), 20-26.
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bruinvels, D., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010).
Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders,
a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 60(4), 277-286.
doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq081
Regehr, C., Millar, D. (2007) Situation critical: High demand,
low control, and low support in paramedic organizations.
Traumatology, 13(1), 49-58. doi: 10.1177/1534765607299912
Ozer E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003).
Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in
adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
doi: 10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.3
Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder: an empirical evaluation of core assumptions.
Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 837-868. doi: 10.1016/j.
cpr.2007.12.002.
Silva, L. S., & Barreto, S. M. (2010) Adverse psychosocial working
conditions and minor psychiatric disorders among bank
workers. BMC Public Health, 10, 686. doi: 10.1186/1471-
2458-10-686
Slottje, P., Witteveen, A. B., Twisk, J. W. R., Smidt, N., Huizink,
A. C., van Mechelen, W., & Smid, T. (2008). Post-disaster
physical symptons of firefighters and police officers: role
of types of exposure and post-traumatic stress symptons.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 327-342. doi:
10.1348/135910707X198793
Su, T. P., Lien, T. C., Yang, C. Y., Su, Y. L., Wang, J. H., Tsai, S.
L., & Yin, J. C. (2007). Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity
and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured
SARS caring unit during outbreak: A prospective and periodic
assessment study in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
41(1), 119-130. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics
(3a ed.). New York: Harper Collins
U’Ren, R. (2011) Social Perspective ”“ The missing element in
Mental Health Practice. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
van der Velden, P. G., Christiaanse, B., Kleber, R. J., Marcelissen,
F. G. H., Dorresteijn, S. A. M., Drogendijk, A. N.,…
Meewisse, M. L. (2006). The effects of Disaster exposure
and post-disaster critical incidents on intrusions, avoidance
reactions and health problems among firefighters: a
comparative study. Stress, Trauma and Crisis, 9(2) 73-93.
doi:10.1080/15434610600683742
van der Velden, P. G., Kleber R. J., Grievink L., & Yzermans J.
C. (2010). Confrontations with aggression and mental health
problems in police officers: the role of organizational stressors,
life-events and previous mental health problems. Psychological
Trauma (DNLM), 2(2), 135-144. doi: 10.1037/a0019158
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., &
Keane, T. M. (1993, october). The PTSD Checklist (PCL):
reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. In Annual Meeting
of International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. San
Antonio, TX.
World Health Organization (2010). Redução das desigualdades
no período de uma geração. Igualdade na saúde através da
acção sobre os seus determinantes sociais. Geneva: World
Health Organization.
e hierárquica em Psicologia Organizacional: aplicações,
problemas e soluções. Estudos de Psicologia, 7(1),19-29.
Andrade, L. H., Wang, Y. P., Andreoni, S., Silveira, C. M.,
Alexandrino-Silva, C., Siu, E. R.,...Viana, M. C. (2012). Mental
Disorders in Megacities: Findings from the São Paulo Megacity
Mental Health Survey, Brazil. Plos One, 7(2), e31879. doi:
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031879
Adriaenssens, J., de Gucht, V., van der Doef, M., & Maes, S.
(2012). Exploring the burden of emergency care: predictors
of stress-health outcomes in emergency nurses. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 67(6), 1317-1328. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2648.2010.05599.x
American Psychiatry Association (2013). DSM-5, Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5ª ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
Anakwenze, U., & Zuberi, D. (2013). Mental Health and Poverty
in Inner City. Health and Social Work, 38(3), 147-157. doi:
10.1093/hsw/hlt013
Araújo, T. M., & Karasek, R. A. (2008). Validity and reliability of
the job content questionnaire in formal and informal jobs in
Brazil. Scandinavian Journal Work and Environmental Health
Supplements, 6, 52-59.
Batista, A. G. (2009). Quando os bombeiros não chegam: algumas
contribuições da Psicologia do Trabalho para o entendimento
dos acidentes com veículos operacionais de bombeiros na
Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. (Unpublished
master’s thesis). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte.
Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella,
C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C.,... Mendlowicz, M. V. (2011).
Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression
analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates
of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Epidemiology, 47(6), 1001-1011. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-
0408-2
Berger, W., Maurat, A. M., Bucassio, E. P., Vieira, I., Jardim, S. R.,
Coutinho, E. S. F.,...Mendlowicz, M. V. (2007). Partial and
Full PTSD in Brazilian Ambulance Workers: Prevalence and
Impact on Health and Quality of Life. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 20(4), 637-642. doi: 10.1002/jts.20242
Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M. V., Souza, W. F., & Figueira, I.
(2004). Equivalência semântica da versão em português da
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist ”“ Civilian Version
(PCL-C) para rastreamento do transtorno de estresse póstraumático.
Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 26(2),
167-175. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81082004000200006
Blein, L. M., Galovski, T. E., & Robinson, T. (2010). Gender
differences in recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder: A
critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15:463-474.
doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.09.001
de Boer, J. C., van’tVerlaat, E., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Bakker, A. B.,
& Smit, B. J. (2011). Work-related critical incidents in hospitalbased
health care providers and the risk of post-traumatic
stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression: a meta-analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 73(2), 316-326. doi: 10.1016/j.
socscimed.2011.05.009
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-
Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in
Trauma-Exposed Adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S.
(2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life After Criterion
A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 366-373. doi: 10.1002/
jts.20443
Carey, M. C., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell,
D. S. (2011). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social
bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal
of Occupational Environment & Medicine, 53(8), 928-933. doi:
10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
Chang, C. M., Lee, L.C., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., & Lai,
T. J. (2008). Modification effects of coping on post-traumatic
morbidity among earthquake rescuers. Psychiatry Research,
158(2), 164-171. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.015
Chau, N., Wild, P., Dehaene, D., Benamghar, L., Mur, J. M., &
Touron, C. (2010). Roles of age, length of service and job in
work-related injury: a prospective study of 446 120 personyears
in railway workers. Occupational & Environmental
Medicine, 67(3), 147-153. doi: 10.1136/oem.2008.043281
Chen, Y. S., Chen, M. C., Chuou, F. H. C., Sun, F. C., Chen, P. C.,
Tsai, K. Y., & Chao, S. S. (2007). The relationship between
quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder or major
depression for firefighters in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Quality of Life
Research, 16(8), 1289-1297. doi: 10.1007/s11136-007-9248-7
Cyrulnik B. (2009) Autobiografia de um espantalho ”“ histórias
de resiliência: o retorno da vida. São Paulo: Editora WMF
Martins Fontes.
Del Ben, K. S., Scotti, J. R., Chen, Y. C., & Fortson, B.
L. (2006). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder
symptoms in firefighters. Work & Stress, 20(1), 37-48. doi:
10.1080/02678370600679512
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The
validation of a self-report measure of PTSD: the PTSD
Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Psychological Assessment, 9(4),
445-451.
Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M.
(2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress?
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(6), 687-698. doi: 10.1016/j.
janxdis.2004.06.002
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (2005).
Análise Multivariada de Dados. São Paulo: Artmed Editora
S.A.
Heinrichs M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer,
D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Predicting Posttraumatic
Stress Symptons from Pretraumatic Risk Factors: A 2-Year
Prospective Follow-Up Study in Firefighters. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2276-2286. doi: 10.1176/appi.
ajp.162.12.2276
Karasek, R. A., & Theörell, T. (1990). Healthy Work ”“ stress,
productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. US: Basic
Books.
Laposa, J. M., & Alden, L. E. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder
in the emergency room: exploration of a cognitive model.
Behavior ResearchTherapy, 41(1), 49-65.
Lima, E. P., & Assunção, A. A. (2011). Prevalência e fatores
associados ao Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT)
em profissionais de emergência: uma revisão sistemática da
literatura. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 14(2), 217-230.
doi: 10.1590/S1415-790X2011000200004
Lima, E. P., Barreto, S. M., & Assunção, A. A. (2012). Factor structure,
internal consistency and reliability of the Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder Checklist (PCL): an exploratory study. Trends in
Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 34(4), 215-222. doi: 10.1590/
S2237-60892012000400007
Masur, J., & Monteiro, M. G. (1983). Validation of the “CAGE”
alcoholism screening test in a Brazilian psychiatric inpatient
hospital setting. Brazilian Journal of Medicine and Biological
Research, 16(3), 215-218.
Meyer, E. C., Zimering, R., Daly, E., Knight, J., Kamholz, B. W.,
& Gulliver, S. B. (2012). Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder and Other Psychological Symptoms in Trauma-
Exposed Firefighters. Psychological Services, 9(1), 1-15. doi:
10.1037/a0026414
Mitani, S. (2008). Comparative Analysis of the Japanese Version
of the Revised Impact of Event Scale: a study of firefighters.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23(3), 20-26.
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bruinvels, D., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2010).
Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders,
a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 60(4), 277-286.
doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq081
Regehr, C., Millar, D. (2007) Situation critical: High demand,
low control, and low support in paramedic organizations.
Traumatology, 13(1), 49-58. doi: 10.1177/1534765607299912
Ozer E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003).
Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in
adults: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52-73.
doi: 10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.3
Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder: an empirical evaluation of core assumptions.
Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 837-868. doi: 10.1016/j.
cpr.2007.12.002.
Silva, L. S., & Barreto, S. M. (2010) Adverse psychosocial working
conditions and minor psychiatric disorders among bank
workers. BMC Public Health, 10, 686. doi: 10.1186/1471-
2458-10-686
Slottje, P., Witteveen, A. B., Twisk, J. W. R., Smidt, N., Huizink,
A. C., van Mechelen, W., & Smid, T. (2008). Post-disaster
physical symptons of firefighters and police officers: role
of types of exposure and post-traumatic stress symptons.
British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 327-342. doi:
10.1348/135910707X198793
Su, T. P., Lien, T. C., Yang, C. Y., Su, Y. L., Wang, J. H., Tsai, S.
L., & Yin, J. C. (2007). Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity
and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured
SARS caring unit during outbreak: A prospective and periodic
assessment study in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research,
41(1), 119-130. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics
(3a ed.). New York: Harper Collins
U’Ren, R. (2011) Social Perspective ”“ The missing element in
Mental Health Practice. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
van der Velden, P. G., Christiaanse, B., Kleber, R. J., Marcelissen,
F. G. H., Dorresteijn, S. A. M., Drogendijk, A. N.,…
Meewisse, M. L. (2006). The effects of Disaster exposure
and post-disaster critical incidents on intrusions, avoidance
reactions and health problems among firefighters: a
comparative study. Stress, Trauma and Crisis, 9(2) 73-93.
doi:10.1080/15434610600683742
van der Velden, P. G., Kleber R. J., Grievink L., & Yzermans J.
C. (2010). Confrontations with aggression and mental health
problems in police officers: the role of organizational stressors,
life-events and previous mental health problems. Psychological
Trauma (DNLM), 2(2), 135-144. doi: 10.1037/a0019158
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., &
Keane, T. M. (1993, october). The PTSD Checklist (PCL):
reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. In Annual Meeting
of International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. San
Antonio, TX.
World Health Organization (2010). Redução das desigualdades
no período de uma geração. Igualdade na saúde através da
acção sobre os seus determinantes sociais. Geneva: World
Health Organization.
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Publicado
2015-11-16
Como Citar
Lima, E. de P., Assunção, A. Ávila, & Barreto, S. M. (2015). Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) em Bombeiros de Belo Horizonte, Brasil:: Prevalência e Fatores Ocupacionais Associados. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 31(2), 279–288. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/18132
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Estudos Empíricos
