Validação do Questionário Crenças acerca da Medicação em Pacientes Diabéticos Tipo 2
Palavras-chave:
Psicologia da Saúde, Crenças, Medicação, Diabetes tipo 2, AdesãoResumo
O presente estudo teve como objectivo adaptar um Questionário de Crenças sobre a Medicação (BMQ) e estudar as suas propriedades psicométricas numa amostra de diabéticos. Participaram no estudo 387 diabéticos tipo 2 .
O estudo da validade para a parte I (Crenças Gerais) revelou uma solução de um factor, com um alfa de .76 que explica 37,87% da variância e, para a parte II (Crenças Especificas: Necessidades e Preocupações), dois factores, com um alfa de.77 e .69, explicando 49,29% da variância total.
Ao nível da validade de constructo verificou-se uma relação entre a escala geral e a subescalas de necessidades específicas com a adesão à medicação.
Assim, o BMQ apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas para ser utilizado em diabéticos tipo 2.
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Referências
Aikens, J. E., Nease, D. E. Jr., Nau, D. P., Klinkman, M. S., & Schwenk, T. L. (2005). Adherence to maintenance-phase antidepressant medication as a function of patient beliefs about medication. Annals of Family Medicine, 3(1), 23-30.
Aikens, J. E., & Piette, J. D. (2009). Diabetic patients’ medication underuse, illness outcomes, and beliefs about antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive treatments. Diabetes Care, 32(1), 19-24.
Asefzadeh, S., Asefzadeh, M., & Javadi, H. (2005). Care management: Adherence to therapies among patients at Bu-Alicina Clinic. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 10, 343-348.
Ayalon, L., Arean, P. A., & Alvidrez, J. (2005). Adherence to antidepressant medications in black and Latino elderly patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7), 572”“580.
Barnes, L., Moss-Morris, R., & Kaufusi, M. (2004). Illness beliefs and adherence in diabetes mellitus: A comparison between Tongan and European patients. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1188), 1-9.
Benson, J., & Britten, N. (2002). Patients’ decisions about whether or not to take antihypertensive drugs: Qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 325(19), 1-5.
Bradley, C. (1996). Handbook of psychology and diabetes. A guide to psychological measurement, diabetes research and practice. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Britten, N. (1994). Patients’ ideas about medicines: A qualitative study in a general practice population. British Journal of General Practice, 44, 465-468.
Brubaker, C. E. (2007, August). Gender-role orientation, family structure and health behavior: A focus on physical activity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York.
Butler, J. A., Peveler, R. C., Roderick, P., Smith, P. W. F., Horne, R., & Mason, J. C. (2004). Modifiable risk factors for non-adherence to immunosuppressants in renal transplant recipients: A cross sectional study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 19(12), 3144-3149.
Byrne, M., Walsh, J., & Murphy, A. W. (2005). Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Patient beliefs and health-related behaviour. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(5), 403”“415.
Chapman, R. H., Petrilla, A. A., Benner, J. S., Schwartz, J. S., & Tang, S. S. (2008). Predictors of adherence to concomitant antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications in older adults: A retrospective, cohort study. Drugs Aging, 25(10), 885-892.
Clifford, S., Barber, N., Elliott, R., Hartley, E., & Horne, R. (2006). Patient-centred advice is effective in improving adherence to medicines. Pharmacy World & Science, 28, 165-170.
Clifford, S., Barber, N., & Horne, R. (2008). Understanding different beliefs held by adherers, unintentional nonadherers, and intentional nonadherers: Application of the necessity-concerns framework. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 41-46.
Cramer, J. A. (2004). A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 1218-1224.
Donovan, J. L., & Blake, D. R. (1992). Patient noncompliance: Deviance or reasoned decision-making? Social Science and Medicine, 34(5), 507-513.
Dowell, J., & Hudson, H. (1997). A qualitative study of medication-taking behavior in primary care. Family Practice, 14(5), 369-375.
Duarte, R. (Ed.). (2004). Diabetelogia clínica. Lisboa: Lidel.
Elliott, R. A., Ross-Degnan, D., Adams, A. S., Safran, D. G., & Soumerai, S. B. (2007). Strategies for coping in a complex world: Adherence behavior among older adults with chronic illness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(6), 805-810.
Farmer, A., Kinmonth, A-L., & Sutton, S. (2006). Measuring beliefs about taking hypoglycaemic medication among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Medicine, 23, 265-270.
Ferreira, M. S. (2009). Variáveis psicológicas na Lombalgia Crónica: Um estudo com doentes em tratamento de fisioterapia e acupunctura. (Tese de Doutorado não- publicada). Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Figueiras, M., Marcelino, D., Claudino, A., Cortes, M., Maroco, J., & Weinman, J. (2009). Patients’ illness schemata of hypertension: The role of beliefs for the choice of treatment. Psychology & Health, 25(4), 507-517.
Gimenes, H. T., Zanetti, M. L., & Haas, V. J. (2009). Factors related to patient adherence to anti diabetic drug therapy. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 17(1), 46-51.
Hampson, S. E., Glasgow, R. E., & Foster, L. S. (1995). Personal models of diabetes among older adults: Relationship to self-management and other variables. Diabetes Education, 21, 300-307.
Hertz, R., Unger, A., & Lustik, M. (2005). Adherence with pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study of adults with employer-sponsored health insurance. Clinical Therapeutics, 27(7), 1064-1073.
Horne, R. (1997). Representations of medication and treatment: Advances in theory and measurement. In K. J. Petrie & J. A. Weinman (Eds.), Perceptions of health and illness (pp. 155-188). Amsterdam: Harwood.
Horne, R. (1999). Patients’ beliefs about treatment: The hidden determinant of treatment outcome? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 491-495.
Horne, R. (2001a). Compliance, adherence and concordance. In P. Gard (Eds.), Behavioural approach to pharmacy practice (pp. 166-183). London: Blackwell.
Horne, R. (2001b). Non-adherence to medication: Causes and implications for care. In P. Gard (Ed.), A behavioral approach to pharmacy practice (pp. 111-130). Oxford: Blackwell.
Horne, R. (2003). Treatment perceptions and self-regulation. In L.D. Cameron & H. Leventhal (Eds.), The self-regulation of health and illness behavior (pp. 138-154). London: Routledge.
Horne, R. (2006). Beliefs and adherence to treatment. The challenge for research and practice. In P. Halligan & M. Aylard (Eds.), The power of belief psychosocial influence on illness, disability and medicine (pp. 115-136). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Horne, R., Buick, D., Fisher, M., Leake, H., Cooper, V., & Weinman, J. (2004). Doubts about necessity and concerns about adverse effects: Identifying the types of beliefs that are associated with nonadherence to HAART. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 15(1), 38-44.
Horne, R., Frost, S., Hankins, M., & Wright, S. (2001). In the eye of the beholder: Pharmacy students have more positive perceptions of medicines than students of other disciplines. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9, 85-89.
Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (1999). Patients’ beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 555-567.
Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (2002). Self-regulation and self-management in asthma: Exploring the role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs in explaining non-adherence to preventive medication. Psychology and Health, 17, 17”“32.
Horne, R., Weinman, J., & Hankins, M. (1999). The beliefs about medicines questionnaire (BMQ): A new method for assessing cognitive representations of medication. Psychology and Health, 10, 1-29.
Kavanagh, D. J., Gooley, S., & Wilson, P. H. (1993). Prediction of adherence and control in diabetes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 509-522.
Lau, D. T., Briesacher, B., Mercaldo, N. D., Halpern, L., Osterberg, E. C., Jarzebowski, M.…Mazor, K. (2008). Older patients’ perceptions of medication importance and worth: An exploratory pilot study. Drugs Aging, 25(12), 1061-1075.
Lee, W. C., Balu, S., Cobden, D., Joshi, A. V., & Pashos, C.L. (2006). Prevalence and economic consequences of medication adherence in diabetes: A systematic literature review. Managing Care Interface 19, 31”“41.
Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., & Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. In S. Rachman (Ed.), Contributions to medical psychology (pp. 7-30). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mardby, A. C., Akerlind, I., & Jorgensen, T. (2007). Beliefs about medicines and self-reported adherence among pharmacy clients. Patient Education Counseling, 69(1-3), 158-164.
McHorney, C., & Gadkari, A. (2010). Individual patients hold different beliefs to prescription medications to which they persist VS nonpersist and persist VS nonfulfill. Patient Preference and Adherence, 4, 187-195.
Menckeberg, T. T., Bouvy, M, L., Bracke, M., Kaptein, A. A., Leufkens, H. G., Raaijmakers, J. A. M.,…Horne, R. (2008). Beliefs about medicines predict refill adherence to inhaled corticosteroids. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 47-54.
Nair, K. M., Levine, M. A., Lohfeld, L. H., & Gerstein, H.C. (2007). “I take what I think works for me”. A qualitative study to explore patient perception of diabetes treatment benefits and risks. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(2), 251”“259.
Neame, R., & Hammond, A. (2005). Beliefs about medications: A questionnaire survey of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 44(6), 762-769.
Pereira, M. G., & Silva, S. (2002). Atribuição de sintomas, comportamentos de saúde e adesão em utentes de centro de saúde da Zona Norte. Análise Psicológica, 1(XX), 35-43.
Phatak, H. M., & Thomas, J. (2006). Relationships between beliefs about medications and nonadherence to prescribed chronic medications. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 1737-42.
Ramston, H., Afandi, S., Elofsson, K., & Petersson, S. (2009). Differences in beliefs patients and pharmaceutical specialists regarding medications. Patient Education and Counseling, 62, 244-249.
Reis, J. C. (2005). O que é a saúde? Significações pessoais, modelos científicos e educação para a saúde. Lisboa: Nova Veja.
Ross, S., Walker, A., & MacLeod, M. J. (2004). Patient compliance in hypertension: The role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs. Journal of Human Hypertension, 18, 607-613.
Sousa, M. R., & McIntyre, T. (2008). Conhecimento do diabético sobre a doença e a repercussão no tratamento. Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde, 21(4), 281-289.
Stevenson, F. A., Cox, K., Britten, N., & Dundar, Y. (2004). A systematic review of the research on communication between patients and health care professionals about medicines: The consequences for concordance. Health Expect, 7, 235”“245
Teixeira, J. A. C., & Leal, I. (1993). Psicologia da saúde: Contexto e intervenção. Análise Psicológica, 8(4), 453-458.
Tibaldi, G., Clatworthy, J., Torchio, E., Argentero, P., Munizza, C., & Horne, R. (2009). The utility of the necessity-concerns framework in explaining treatment non-adherence in four chronic illness groups in Italy. Chronic Illness, 5(2), 125-133.
Tordera, M. P., Moragon, E. M., Fuster, A. B., Bayo, A. L., & Ciscar, C. P. (2009). Spanish asthma patients’ beliefs about health and medicines: Validation of 2 questionnaires. Archives of Bronconeumologia, 45(5), 218-223.
Treharne, G. J., Lyons, A. C., & Kitas, G. D. (2004). Medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis, effects of psychological factors. Psychology of Health Medicine, 9, 337-349.
Vermeire, E., Hearnshaw, H., Van Royen, P., & Denekens, J. (2001). Patient adherence to treatment: Three decades of research. A comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 26, 331”“342.
Weiss, M., & Britten, N. (2003). What is concordance? Pharmaceutical Journal, 271, 493.
Williams, A. F., Manias, E., & Walker, R. (2008). Adherence to multiple, prescribed medications in diabetic kidney disease: A qualitative study of consumers’ and health professionals’ perspectives. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(12), 1743-1756.
World Health Organization. (2003). Adherence to long term therapy: Evidence for action. Disponível em: ttp://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/
Yen, I., & Moss, N. (1999). Unbundling education: A critical discussion of what education confers and how it lowers risk for disease and death. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 350-351.
Aikens, J. E., & Piette, J. D. (2009). Diabetic patients’ medication underuse, illness outcomes, and beliefs about antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive treatments. Diabetes Care, 32(1), 19-24.
Asefzadeh, S., Asefzadeh, M., & Javadi, H. (2005). Care management: Adherence to therapies among patients at Bu-Alicina Clinic. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 10, 343-348.
Ayalon, L., Arean, P. A., & Alvidrez, J. (2005). Adherence to antidepressant medications in black and Latino elderly patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7), 572”“580.
Barnes, L., Moss-Morris, R., & Kaufusi, M. (2004). Illness beliefs and adherence in diabetes mellitus: A comparison between Tongan and European patients. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1188), 1-9.
Benson, J., & Britten, N. (2002). Patients’ decisions about whether or not to take antihypertensive drugs: Qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 325(19), 1-5.
Bradley, C. (1996). Handbook of psychology and diabetes. A guide to psychological measurement, diabetes research and practice. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Britten, N. (1994). Patients’ ideas about medicines: A qualitative study in a general practice population. British Journal of General Practice, 44, 465-468.
Brubaker, C. E. (2007, August). Gender-role orientation, family structure and health behavior: A focus on physical activity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York.
Butler, J. A., Peveler, R. C., Roderick, P., Smith, P. W. F., Horne, R., & Mason, J. C. (2004). Modifiable risk factors for non-adherence to immunosuppressants in renal transplant recipients: A cross sectional study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 19(12), 3144-3149.
Byrne, M., Walsh, J., & Murphy, A. W. (2005). Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Patient beliefs and health-related behaviour. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(5), 403”“415.
Chapman, R. H., Petrilla, A. A., Benner, J. S., Schwartz, J. S., & Tang, S. S. (2008). Predictors of adherence to concomitant antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications in older adults: A retrospective, cohort study. Drugs Aging, 25(10), 885-892.
Clifford, S., Barber, N., Elliott, R., Hartley, E., & Horne, R. (2006). Patient-centred advice is effective in improving adherence to medicines. Pharmacy World & Science, 28, 165-170.
Clifford, S., Barber, N., & Horne, R. (2008). Understanding different beliefs held by adherers, unintentional nonadherers, and intentional nonadherers: Application of the necessity-concerns framework. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 41-46.
Cramer, J. A. (2004). A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27, 1218-1224.
Donovan, J. L., & Blake, D. R. (1992). Patient noncompliance: Deviance or reasoned decision-making? Social Science and Medicine, 34(5), 507-513.
Dowell, J., & Hudson, H. (1997). A qualitative study of medication-taking behavior in primary care. Family Practice, 14(5), 369-375.
Duarte, R. (Ed.). (2004). Diabetelogia clínica. Lisboa: Lidel.
Elliott, R. A., Ross-Degnan, D., Adams, A. S., Safran, D. G., & Soumerai, S. B. (2007). Strategies for coping in a complex world: Adherence behavior among older adults with chronic illness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(6), 805-810.
Farmer, A., Kinmonth, A-L., & Sutton, S. (2006). Measuring beliefs about taking hypoglycaemic medication among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Medicine, 23, 265-270.
Ferreira, M. S. (2009). Variáveis psicológicas na Lombalgia Crónica: Um estudo com doentes em tratamento de fisioterapia e acupunctura. (Tese de Doutorado não- publicada). Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Figueiras, M., Marcelino, D., Claudino, A., Cortes, M., Maroco, J., & Weinman, J. (2009). Patients’ illness schemata of hypertension: The role of beliefs for the choice of treatment. Psychology & Health, 25(4), 507-517.
Gimenes, H. T., Zanetti, M. L., & Haas, V. J. (2009). Factors related to patient adherence to anti diabetic drug therapy. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 17(1), 46-51.
Hampson, S. E., Glasgow, R. E., & Foster, L. S. (1995). Personal models of diabetes among older adults: Relationship to self-management and other variables. Diabetes Education, 21, 300-307.
Hertz, R., Unger, A., & Lustik, M. (2005). Adherence with pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study of adults with employer-sponsored health insurance. Clinical Therapeutics, 27(7), 1064-1073.
Horne, R. (1997). Representations of medication and treatment: Advances in theory and measurement. In K. J. Petrie & J. A. Weinman (Eds.), Perceptions of health and illness (pp. 155-188). Amsterdam: Harwood.
Horne, R. (1999). Patients’ beliefs about treatment: The hidden determinant of treatment outcome? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 491-495.
Horne, R. (2001a). Compliance, adherence and concordance. In P. Gard (Eds.), Behavioural approach to pharmacy practice (pp. 166-183). London: Blackwell.
Horne, R. (2001b). Non-adherence to medication: Causes and implications for care. In P. Gard (Ed.), A behavioral approach to pharmacy practice (pp. 111-130). Oxford: Blackwell.
Horne, R. (2003). Treatment perceptions and self-regulation. In L.D. Cameron & H. Leventhal (Eds.), The self-regulation of health and illness behavior (pp. 138-154). London: Routledge.
Horne, R. (2006). Beliefs and adherence to treatment. The challenge for research and practice. In P. Halligan & M. Aylard (Eds.), The power of belief psychosocial influence on illness, disability and medicine (pp. 115-136). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Horne, R., Buick, D., Fisher, M., Leake, H., Cooper, V., & Weinman, J. (2004). Doubts about necessity and concerns about adverse effects: Identifying the types of beliefs that are associated with nonadherence to HAART. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 15(1), 38-44.
Horne, R., Frost, S., Hankins, M., & Wright, S. (2001). In the eye of the beholder: Pharmacy students have more positive perceptions of medicines than students of other disciplines. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9, 85-89.
Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (1999). Patients’ beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 555-567.
Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (2002). Self-regulation and self-management in asthma: Exploring the role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs in explaining non-adherence to preventive medication. Psychology and Health, 17, 17”“32.
Horne, R., Weinman, J., & Hankins, M. (1999). The beliefs about medicines questionnaire (BMQ): A new method for assessing cognitive representations of medication. Psychology and Health, 10, 1-29.
Kavanagh, D. J., Gooley, S., & Wilson, P. H. (1993). Prediction of adherence and control in diabetes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 509-522.
Lau, D. T., Briesacher, B., Mercaldo, N. D., Halpern, L., Osterberg, E. C., Jarzebowski, M.…Mazor, K. (2008). Older patients’ perceptions of medication importance and worth: An exploratory pilot study. Drugs Aging, 25(12), 1061-1075.
Lee, W. C., Balu, S., Cobden, D., Joshi, A. V., & Pashos, C.L. (2006). Prevalence and economic consequences of medication adherence in diabetes: A systematic literature review. Managing Care Interface 19, 31”“41.
Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., & Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. In S. Rachman (Ed.), Contributions to medical psychology (pp. 7-30). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mardby, A. C., Akerlind, I., & Jorgensen, T. (2007). Beliefs about medicines and self-reported adherence among pharmacy clients. Patient Education Counseling, 69(1-3), 158-164.
McHorney, C., & Gadkari, A. (2010). Individual patients hold different beliefs to prescription medications to which they persist VS nonpersist and persist VS nonfulfill. Patient Preference and Adherence, 4, 187-195.
Menckeberg, T. T., Bouvy, M, L., Bracke, M., Kaptein, A. A., Leufkens, H. G., Raaijmakers, J. A. M.,…Horne, R. (2008). Beliefs about medicines predict refill adherence to inhaled corticosteroids. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(1), 47-54.
Nair, K. M., Levine, M. A., Lohfeld, L. H., & Gerstein, H.C. (2007). “I take what I think works for me”. A qualitative study to explore patient perception of diabetes treatment benefits and risks. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(2), 251”“259.
Neame, R., & Hammond, A. (2005). Beliefs about medications: A questionnaire survey of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 44(6), 762-769.
Pereira, M. G., & Silva, S. (2002). Atribuição de sintomas, comportamentos de saúde e adesão em utentes de centro de saúde da Zona Norte. Análise Psicológica, 1(XX), 35-43.
Phatak, H. M., & Thomas, J. (2006). Relationships between beliefs about medications and nonadherence to prescribed chronic medications. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 1737-42.
Ramston, H., Afandi, S., Elofsson, K., & Petersson, S. (2009). Differences in beliefs patients and pharmaceutical specialists regarding medications. Patient Education and Counseling, 62, 244-249.
Reis, J. C. (2005). O que é a saúde? Significações pessoais, modelos científicos e educação para a saúde. Lisboa: Nova Veja.
Ross, S., Walker, A., & MacLeod, M. J. (2004). Patient compliance in hypertension: The role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs. Journal of Human Hypertension, 18, 607-613.
Sousa, M. R., & McIntyre, T. (2008). Conhecimento do diabético sobre a doença e a repercussão no tratamento. Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde, 21(4), 281-289.
Stevenson, F. A., Cox, K., Britten, N., & Dundar, Y. (2004). A systematic review of the research on communication between patients and health care professionals about medicines: The consequences for concordance. Health Expect, 7, 235”“245
Teixeira, J. A. C., & Leal, I. (1993). Psicologia da saúde: Contexto e intervenção. Análise Psicológica, 8(4), 453-458.
Tibaldi, G., Clatworthy, J., Torchio, E., Argentero, P., Munizza, C., & Horne, R. (2009). The utility of the necessity-concerns framework in explaining treatment non-adherence in four chronic illness groups in Italy. Chronic Illness, 5(2), 125-133.
Tordera, M. P., Moragon, E. M., Fuster, A. B., Bayo, A. L., & Ciscar, C. P. (2009). Spanish asthma patients’ beliefs about health and medicines: Validation of 2 questionnaires. Archives of Bronconeumologia, 45(5), 218-223.
Treharne, G. J., Lyons, A. C., & Kitas, G. D. (2004). Medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis, effects of psychological factors. Psychology of Health Medicine, 9, 337-349.
Vermeire, E., Hearnshaw, H., Van Royen, P., & Denekens, J. (2001). Patient adherence to treatment: Three decades of research. A comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 26, 331”“342.
Weiss, M., & Britten, N. (2003). What is concordance? Pharmaceutical Journal, 271, 493.
Williams, A. F., Manias, E., & Walker, R. (2008). Adherence to multiple, prescribed medications in diabetic kidney disease: A qualitative study of consumers’ and health professionals’ perspectives. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(12), 1743-1756.
World Health Organization. (2003). Adherence to long term therapy: Evidence for action. Disponível em: ttp://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/
Yen, I., & Moss, N. (1999). Unbundling education: A critical discussion of what education confers and how it lowers risk for disease and death. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 350-351.
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2013-07-04
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Pereira, M. da G., Pedras, S., & Machado, J. (2013). Validação do Questionário Crenças acerca da Medicação em Pacientes Diabéticos Tipo 2. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(2), 229–236. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17607
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