Componentes Sensoriais e Atencionais do Tempo de Reação:
Efeitos do Tamanho, Excentricidade e Previsibilidade de Estímulos Visuais
Palavras-chave:
Percepção Visual; Atenção; Tempo de Reação, Atenção visual, Excentricidade, Tamanho, Tempo de Reação, PercepçãoResumo
A percepção visual depende do arcabouço sensorial e do processamento atencional. Este trabalho estudou os efeitos do tamanho, excentricidade e previsibilidade de um estímulo visual sobre tempo de reação manual (TR). No Experimento I (n=8), um alvo foi apresentado aleatoriamente em quatro excentricidades diferentes, possuindo três possíveis tamanhos. O Experimento II (n=12) apresentava configuração similar, porém uma pista indicava o quadrante de apresentação do alvo. Os resultados mostraram um aumento do TR em função da excentricidade do alvo, além de uma diminuição do TR com o aumento do tamanho do alvo e indicação correta da pista. Uma análise das interações dos fatores estudados sugere uma superposição de mecanismos atencionais e sensoriais em pelo menos um estágio comum do processamento visual.
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Referências
Araujo, R. R., & Carreiro, L. R. R. (2009). Orientação voluntária e automática da atenção e indicadores de desatenção e hiperatividade em adultos. Avaliação Psicológica, 8, 325-336.
Bonnet, C., Gurlekian, J., & Harris, P. (1992). Reaction time and visual area: Searching for the determinants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 396-398.
Carrasco, M., Evert, D., Chang, I., & Katz, S. (1995). The eccentricity effect: Target eccentricity affects performance on conjunction searches. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1241-1261.
Carrasco, M., McLean, T. L., Katz, S. M., & Frieder, K. S. (1998). Feature asymmetries in visual search: Effects of display duration, target eccentricity, orientation & spatial frequency. Vision Research, 38, 347-374.
Carrasco, M., & Yeshurun, Y. (1998). The contribution of covert attention to the set-size and eccentricity effects in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 673-692.
Carrasco, M. (2006). Covert attention increases contrast sensitivity: Psychophysical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging studies. In S. Martinez-Conde, S. L. Macknik, L. M. Martinez, J. M. Alonso, & P. U. Tse (Eds), Visual Perception. Part I. Fundamentals of Vision: Low and Mid- Level Processes in Perception, Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier, 154, 33-70.
Carrasco, M., Giordano, A. M., & McElree, B. (2006). Attention speeds processing across eccentricity: Feature and conjunction searches. Vision Research, 46, 2028-2040.
Carreiro, L. R. R., Ferreira, I. R., & Machado-Pinheiro, W. (2009). Comparação de desempenho de jogadores de voleibol e não esportistas em tarefas de orientação automática e voluntária da atenção visual: Um estudo exploratório. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 11, 38-49.
Carreiro, L. R. R., Haddad, H., & Baldo, M. V. (2011). Effects of intensity and positional predictability of a visual stimulus on simple reaction time. Neuroscience Letters, 10, 345-349.
Cattell, J. M. (1886). The influence of the intensity of the stimulus on the length of the reaction time. Brain, 9, 512-515.
Chan, H. S., & Courtney, A. J. (1998). Stimulus size scaling and foveal load as determinants of the peripheral target detection. Ergonomics, 41, 1433-1452.
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222.
Donders, F. C. (1969). On the speed of mental process, 1868. Traduzido em: W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and Performance II, Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Downing, C. J., & Pinker, S. (1985). The spatial structure of visual attention. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Martin (Eds.), Attention and performance XI (pp. 171-187). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
Field, G. D., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2007). Information processing in the primate retina: Circuitry and coding. Annual Review Neuroscience, 30, 1-30.
Froeberg, S. (1907). The relation between the magnitude of stimulus and the time of reaction. Archives of Psychology, New York, 16, 1-38.
Galera, C., Cavallet, M., Von Grunau, M., & Panagopoulos, A. (2006). Características atentivas reveladas por dicas múltiplas locais e globais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22, 327-334.
Hawkins, H. L., Shafto, M. G., & Richardson, K. (1988). Effects of Target Luminance and Cue Validity on the Latency of Visual Detection Latency. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 484-492.
Hawkins, H. L., Hillyard, S. A., Luck, S. J., Downing, C. J., Mouloua, M., & Woodward, D. P. (1990). Visual Attention Modulates Signal Detectability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 802-811.
Helmholtz, H. von (1867/1925). Treatise in Physiological Optics (From 3rd German Edition, Trans.) (3rd Ed., Vol. III). New York: Dover Publications.
Hughes, H. C. (1984). Effects of flash luminance and positional expectance on visual response latency. Perception & Psychophysics, 36, 177-184.
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.
Knudsen, E. I. (2007). Fundamental components of attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 57-78.
Liu, T., Stevens, S. T., & Carrasco, M. (2007). Comparing the time course and efficacy of spatial and feature-based attention. Vision Research, 47, 108”“113.
Luck, S. J., Hillyard, S. A., Mouloua, M., Woldorff, M. G., Clark, V. P., & Hawkins, H. J. (1994). Effects of spatial cuing on luminance detectability: Psychophysical and eletrophysiological evidence for early selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 887-904.
Mancebo-Azor, R., Saez-Moreno, J. A., Dominguez-Hidalgo, I., Luna-Del Castillo, J. D., & Rodriguez-Ferrer, J. M. (2009). Efectos del contraste, excentricidad y posición en la detección de estímulos visuales en humanos. Revista de Neurología, 48, 129-133.
Masland, R. H. (2001). The fundamental plan of the retina. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 877-886.
Osaka, N. (1976). Reaction time as a function of peripheral retinal locus around fovea: effect of stimulus size. Perception & Motor Skills, 43, 603-606.
Osaka, N. (1982). Exponent of the latency and brightness power functions in the fovea and periphery of the visual field. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 195-203.
Palmer, S. E. (1999). Vision science. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Piéron, H. (1920). Nouvelles research sur l’analyse du temps de latence sensorielle en fonction des intensités excitatrices. L’Anne Psychologique, 22, 58-142.
Piéron, H. (1952). The sensations. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Pins, D., & Bonnet, C. (1997). Reaction times reveal the contribution of different receptor components in luminance perception. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 359-366.
Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric exploration of mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Rains, J. D. (1963). Signal luminance and position effects in human reaction time. Vision Research, 3, 239-251.
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., & Umiltà , C. (1987). Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia, 25, 31-40.
Rodieck, R.W. (1998). The first steps in seeing. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Massachusetts.
Rovamo, J., & Virsu, V. (1979). An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research, 37, 495-510.
Steinman, S. B., & Steinman, B. A. (1998). Vision and attention. I: Current models of visual attention. Optometry and Vision Science, 75, 146-155.
Sterneberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder’s method. In W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance II (pp. 276-315). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Summerfield, C., & Egner, T. (2009). Expectation (and attention) in visual cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 403-409.
Tassinari, G., & Berlucchi, G. (1995). Covert orienting to non-informative cues: reaction time studies. Behavioral Brain Research, 71, 101-112.
Virsu, V., Näsänen, R., & Osmovita, K. (1987). Cortical magnification and peripheral vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 4, 1568-1577.
Bonnet, C., Gurlekian, J., & Harris, P. (1992). Reaction time and visual area: Searching for the determinants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 396-398.
Carrasco, M., Evert, D., Chang, I., & Katz, S. (1995). The eccentricity effect: Target eccentricity affects performance on conjunction searches. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1241-1261.
Carrasco, M., McLean, T. L., Katz, S. M., & Frieder, K. S. (1998). Feature asymmetries in visual search: Effects of display duration, target eccentricity, orientation & spatial frequency. Vision Research, 38, 347-374.
Carrasco, M., & Yeshurun, Y. (1998). The contribution of covert attention to the set-size and eccentricity effects in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 673-692.
Carrasco, M. (2006). Covert attention increases contrast sensitivity: Psychophysical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging studies. In S. Martinez-Conde, S. L. Macknik, L. M. Martinez, J. M. Alonso, & P. U. Tse (Eds), Visual Perception. Part I. Fundamentals of Vision: Low and Mid- Level Processes in Perception, Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier, 154, 33-70.
Carrasco, M., Giordano, A. M., & McElree, B. (2006). Attention speeds processing across eccentricity: Feature and conjunction searches. Vision Research, 46, 2028-2040.
Carreiro, L. R. R., Ferreira, I. R., & Machado-Pinheiro, W. (2009). Comparação de desempenho de jogadores de voleibol e não esportistas em tarefas de orientação automática e voluntária da atenção visual: Um estudo exploratório. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 11, 38-49.
Carreiro, L. R. R., Haddad, H., & Baldo, M. V. (2011). Effects of intensity and positional predictability of a visual stimulus on simple reaction time. Neuroscience Letters, 10, 345-349.
Cattell, J. M. (1886). The influence of the intensity of the stimulus on the length of the reaction time. Brain, 9, 512-515.
Chan, H. S., & Courtney, A. J. (1998). Stimulus size scaling and foveal load as determinants of the peripheral target detection. Ergonomics, 41, 1433-1452.
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222.
Donders, F. C. (1969). On the speed of mental process, 1868. Traduzido em: W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and Performance II, Acta Psychologica, 30, 412-431.
Downing, C. J., & Pinker, S. (1985). The spatial structure of visual attention. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Martin (Eds.), Attention and performance XI (pp. 171-187). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
Field, G. D., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2007). Information processing in the primate retina: Circuitry and coding. Annual Review Neuroscience, 30, 1-30.
Froeberg, S. (1907). The relation between the magnitude of stimulus and the time of reaction. Archives of Psychology, New York, 16, 1-38.
Galera, C., Cavallet, M., Von Grunau, M., & Panagopoulos, A. (2006). Características atentivas reveladas por dicas múltiplas locais e globais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 22, 327-334.
Hawkins, H. L., Shafto, M. G., & Richardson, K. (1988). Effects of Target Luminance and Cue Validity on the Latency of Visual Detection Latency. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 484-492.
Hawkins, H. L., Hillyard, S. A., Luck, S. J., Downing, C. J., Mouloua, M., & Woodward, D. P. (1990). Visual Attention Modulates Signal Detectability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 802-811.
Helmholtz, H. von (1867/1925). Treatise in Physiological Optics (From 3rd German Edition, Trans.) (3rd Ed., Vol. III). New York: Dover Publications.
Hughes, H. C. (1984). Effects of flash luminance and positional expectance on visual response latency. Perception & Psychophysics, 36, 177-184.
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.
Knudsen, E. I. (2007). Fundamental components of attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 57-78.
Liu, T., Stevens, S. T., & Carrasco, M. (2007). Comparing the time course and efficacy of spatial and feature-based attention. Vision Research, 47, 108”“113.
Luck, S. J., Hillyard, S. A., Mouloua, M., Woldorff, M. G., Clark, V. P., & Hawkins, H. J. (1994). Effects of spatial cuing on luminance detectability: Psychophysical and eletrophysiological evidence for early selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 887-904.
Mancebo-Azor, R., Saez-Moreno, J. A., Dominguez-Hidalgo, I., Luna-Del Castillo, J. D., & Rodriguez-Ferrer, J. M. (2009). Efectos del contraste, excentricidad y posición en la detección de estímulos visuales en humanos. Revista de Neurología, 48, 129-133.
Masland, R. H. (2001). The fundamental plan of the retina. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 877-886.
Osaka, N. (1976). Reaction time as a function of peripheral retinal locus around fovea: effect of stimulus size. Perception & Motor Skills, 43, 603-606.
Osaka, N. (1982). Exponent of the latency and brightness power functions in the fovea and periphery of the visual field. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 195-203.
Palmer, S. E. (1999). Vision science. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Piéron, H. (1920). Nouvelles research sur l’analyse du temps de latence sensorielle en fonction des intensités excitatrices. L’Anne Psychologique, 22, 58-142.
Piéron, H. (1952). The sensations. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Pins, D., & Bonnet, C. (1997). Reaction times reveal the contribution of different receptor components in luminance perception. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 359-366.
Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric exploration of mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Rains, J. D. (1963). Signal luminance and position effects in human reaction time. Vision Research, 3, 239-251.
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., & Umiltà , C. (1987). Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia, 25, 31-40.
Rodieck, R.W. (1998). The first steps in seeing. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Massachusetts.
Rovamo, J., & Virsu, V. (1979). An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research, 37, 495-510.
Steinman, S. B., & Steinman, B. A. (1998). Vision and attention. I: Current models of visual attention. Optometry and Vision Science, 75, 146-155.
Sterneberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder’s method. In W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance II (pp. 276-315). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Summerfield, C., & Egner, T. (2009). Expectation (and attention) in visual cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 403-409.
Tassinari, G., & Berlucchi, G. (1995). Covert orienting to non-informative cues: reaction time studies. Behavioral Brain Research, 71, 101-112.
Virsu, V., Näsänen, R., & Osmovita, K. (1987). Cortical magnification and peripheral vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 4, 1568-1577.
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Publicado
2012-07-02
Como Citar
Carreiro, L. R. R., Haddad Jr, H., & Baldo, M. V. C. (2012). Componentes Sensoriais e Atencionais do Tempo de Reação:: Efeitos do Tamanho, Excentricidade e Previsibilidade de Estímulos Visuais. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 28(2), 133–140. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17561
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