Universais No Desenvolvimento Cognitivo
Resumo
RESUMO - Discutem-se Universais no Desenvolvimento Cognitivo através de estudos transculturais dos estágios de Piaget. O Período Sensório Motor foi verificado, embora apresente variações no grau de desenvolvimento. A escassez de estudos não permitiu uma conclusão quanto ao Período Pré-Operacional. No Período de Operações Concretas a seqüência dos subestágios foi confirmada. Encontrou-se evidência de que certa proporção de sujeitos não alcança o Período de Operações Formais. Além disso, melhor desempenho foi obtido quando havia relação entre tarefa e cultura em estudo. As pesquisas transculturais existentes não permitem conclusão definitiva quanto a universalidade dos estágios de Piaget.
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Referências
ADJEI, K. (1977). Influence of specific maternal occupation and behavior on
Piagetian cognitive development. Em P. R. Dasen(Ed.). Piagetian psychology:
Cross-cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press, 1977.
ARMAH, K., & ARNOLD, M. (1977). Acquisition of conservation in Ghanaian
children. Trabalho apresentado na reunião da "Society for Research in Child
Development", New Orleans (apud Rogoff, 1981).
BOVET, M. С. (1974). Cognitive processes among illiterate children and adults. Em
J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen (Eds.). Culture and cognition. London: Methuen.
BOVET, M. C., & OTHENIN-GIRARD, С. (1975). Etude Piagetienne de quelques
notions spatio-temporelles dans un milieu Africain. International Journal of
Psychology, 10, 1-17.
BRUNER, J. S., OLIVER, R., & GREENFIELD, P. M. (Eds.). (1966). Studies in
cognitive growth. N. York: Wiley.
CAMPBELL, D. Т., & NAROLL, R. (1972). The mutual relevance of anthropology and
psychology. Em F. S. Hsu (Ed.). Psychological anthropology. Cambridge, MA:
Schenkman.
CASATI, l.,& LEZINE, I. (1968). Les etapes des l'intelligence sensori-motrice. Paris:
Centre de Psychologie Aplique (manuel).
CIBOROWSKl, Th. J. (1979). Cross-cultural aspects of cognitive functioning. Em A.
J. Marsella, R. G. Tharp, & Th. J. Ciborowski (Eds.). Perspectives on crosscultural
psychology. N. York: Academic Press.
COLE, M., GAY, J., GLICK J., & SHARP, D. W. (1971). The cultural context of
learning and thinking. N. York: Basic Books.
DASEN, P. R. (1972). Cross-cultural Piagetian research: A summary. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3,23-39.
DASEN, P. R. (1974). The influence of ecology, culture and European contact on
cognitive development in Australian aborigines. Em J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen
(Eds.). Culture and cognition, London: Methuen.
DASEN, P. R. (1 975). Concrete operational development in three cultures. Journal
of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6,136-172.
DASEN, P. R. (1977). Are cognitive processes universal? A contribution to crosscultural
Piagetian psychology. Em N. Warren (Ed.). Studies in cross-cultural
psychology. N. York: Academic Press.
DASEN, P. R., & HERON, A. (1981). Cross-cultural tests of Piaget's theory. Em H. С
Triandis, & A. Heron (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 4:
Developmental psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
DASEN, P. R., LAVALEE, M., & RETSCHITZKI, J. (1979). Training conservation of
quantity (liquids) in West African (Baoule) children. International Journal of
Psychology, 14,57-68.
De Lemos, M. M. (1966). The development of the concept of conservation in
Australian aboriginal children (tese de doutorado, Australian National University,
Canberra) (apud Dasen, 1977b).
DENNIS, W. (1943). Animism and related tendencies in Hope children. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47,197-212.
EKMAN, P. (1972). Universality and cultural differences in facial expressions of
emotions. Em J. K. Cole (Ed.). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln,
NE: University of Nebraska Press.
ESCALONA, S., & CORMAN, H. H. (1969). Albert Einstein Scales of sensorimotor
development. Manuscrito não-publicado. N. York: Yeshiva University, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine.
FAHRMEIR, E.D. (1978). The development of concrete operations among the
Hausa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9,23-24.
GELMAN, R. (1977). How young children reason about small numbers. Em N. J.
Castallan, D. P. Pisoni,&G. R. Potts (Eds.). Cognitive theory. Hillsdale, NY:
Erlbaum.
GELMAN, R. (1978). Cognitive developmental psychology. Annual Review of
Psychology, 29, 297-332.
GELMAN, R. (1979). Preschool thought. American Psychologist, 34, 900-905.
GELMAN, R., & BAILLARGEON, R. (1983). A review of some Piagetian concepts.
Em J. H. Flavell, S E. M. Markman (Eds.). Handbook of Child Psychology, 4th
edition, vol. III. N. York: Wiley.
GELMAN, R.,&GALLISTEL, С. R. (1978). The child's understanding of number.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
GIBSON, E.J. (1975). Principles of perceptual learning of reading. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
GINSBERG, H., & KOSLOWSKY, B. (1976). Cognitive development. Annual Review
of Psychology, 27,29-61.
GOLDBERG, S. (1972). Infant care and growth in urban Zambia. Human Development,
15, 77-89.
GOODNOW, J. J. (1962). A test of milieu effects with some of Piaget's taks.
Psychological Monographs, 76.
GOODNOW, J. J., & BETHON, G. (1966). Piaget's tasks: The effects of schooling and
intelligence. Child Development. 37, 573-582.
HERON, A., & DOWEL W. (1973), Weight conservation and matrix-solving ability in
Papuan children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 207-21 9.
HERON, A., & DOWEL, W. (1 974). The questionable unity of the concrete operations
stage. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 1-9.
HUNT, J. McV., (1977). Sequential order and plasticity in early psychological
development. En M. H. Appel, & С S. Goldgerg (Eds.). Topics in cognitive
development, vol. 1: Equilibrium: Theory, research and application. N. York:
Plenum.
HUNT, J. McV., PARASKEVOPOULOS,-J., SCHICKEDANZ, D., & UZGIRIS., I. C.
(1975). Variations in the mean ages of achieving object permanence under
diverse conditions of rearing. Em B. Z. Friedlander, G. Sterritt, & G. E. Kirk(Eds-).
The exceptional infant. N. York: Bruner& Mazel.
JAHODA, G. (1958). Child animism: A critical survey of cross-cultural research.
Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 197-212.
JAHODA, G. (1980). Theoretical and systematic approaches in cross-cultural
psychology. Em H. C.Triandis, & W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, vol. 1: Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
JAYNES, J., & BRESSLER, M. (1971). Evolutionary universais, continuities, alternatives.
Em J. F. Eisenberg, & W. S. Dillon (Eds.). Man and beast: Comparative
social behavior. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
KAGAN, J., & KLEIN, R. E. (1973). Cross-cultural perspectives on early development.
American Psychologist, 28, 947-961.
KENDLER, H., & KENDLER, T. (1962), Vertical and horizontal processes in problem
solving. Psychological Review, 69, 1-16.
KIMINYO, D. M. (1977). A cross-cultural study of the development of conservation
of mass, weight, and volume among Kamba children. Em P. R. Dasen (Ed.).
Piagetian psychology: Cross-cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press.
KLINEBERG, O. (1980). Historical perspectives: Cross-cultural psychology before
1960. Em H. С Triandis, & W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, vol. 1: Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
KONNER, M.J. (1972). Aspects of the developmental ethology of a foreign people.
Em N. B. Jones (Ed.). Ethological studies of child behavior. London: Cambridge
University Press.
КОРР. С. В., KHOKA, W. E., & SIGMAN, M. (1977). A comparison of sensorimotor development among infants in India and the United States. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 8, 435-452.
LANGER, J. (1977). Cognitive development during and after the preconceptual
period. Em M. H. Appel, & C. S. Goldberg (Eds.). Topics in cognitive development,
vol. 1: Equilibrium: Theory, research and application. N. York: Plenum.
LAURENDEAU-BENDAVID, M. (1977). Culture, schooling, and cognitive development:
A comparative study of children in French Canada and Rwanda. Em P. R.
Dasen (Ed.)- Piagetian psychology: Cross-cultural contributions. N. York:
Gardner Press.
LESTER, B. M., KOTELCHUCK, M., SPELKE, E., SELLERS, M. J., & KLEIN, R. E.
(1974). Separation protest in Guatemalan infants: Cross-cultural and cognitive
findings. Developmental Psychology, 10,79-85.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, С (1966). The savage mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
LEVINE, R. A. (1970). Cross-cultural study in child psychology. Em P. H. Mussen
(Ed.). Carmichel's manual of child development. N. York: Wiley.
LONNER, W. (1980). The search for psychological universais. Em H. С Triandis,
& W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 1:
Perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
LOUX, M. J. (Ed.). (1976). Universais and particulars: Readings in ontology. South
Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
MEAD, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa. N. York: Morrow.
NEIMARK, E. D. (1975). Intellectual development during adolescence. Review of
Child Development Research, 4, 305-345.
NYITI, R. M. (1976). The development of conservation in Meru children of Tanzania.
Child Development, 47. 11 22-1129.
OKONJI, M. O. (1971). The effects of familiarity on classification. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 2, 39-49.
PAGE, H. W. (1973).Concepts of length and distance in a study of Zulu youths.
Journal of Social Psychology, 90, 9-16.
PARASKEVOPOULOS, J., & HUNT, J. McV. (1971). Object construction and
imitation under differing conditions of rearing. Journal of Genetic Psychology,
119,301-321.
PHILP, H., & KELLY, M. (1974). Product and process in cognitive development:
Some comparative data on the performance of school age children in different
cultures. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 44,248-265.
PIAGET, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescente to adulthood. Human
Development, 15, 1-12.
PIAGET, J. (1974). Need and significance of cross-cultural studies in genetic
psychology. Em J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen (Eds.). Culture and cognition.
London: Methuen.
PIAGET, J. (1977). Preface. Em P. R. Dasen (Ed.). Piagetian psychology: Cross-
Cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press.
PINARD, A., MORIN, С & LEFEBVRE, M. (1973). Apprentissage de la conservation
des quantités liquids chex des enfants Rwandais et Canadiens-Français.
Journal Internationa/ de Pèychologie, 8, 15-24.
PRICE-WILLIAMS, D. R., GORDON, W., & RAMIREZ, M. (1969). Skill and conservation:
A study of pottery-making children. Developmental Psychology, 1,
769.
REESE, H. W. (1976). The development of memory: Life-span perspective. Em H.
W. Reese (Ed.). Advances in child development and behavior. N. York:
Academic Press.
SCHAIE, K. W., & GRIBBEN, K. (1975). Adult development and aging. Annual
Review of Psychology, 26, 65-96.
SCHAIE, K. W., & GRIBBEN, K. (1975). Adult development and aging. Annual
Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 38, (152).
SCHLIEMANN, A. D., & DIAS, M. G. B. B. (1984). Lógica, justificação verbal e
inferência transitiva - um estudo transcultural. Arquivos Brasileiros de
Psicologia. 36, 11 -20.
SILYE, A. (1975). Le dévelioppement psychogiologique de l'enfant ouest-africain.
Paris: Université René Descartes (apud Dasen e Heron, 1981).
STEINBERG, Ð’. M., & DUNN, L Ð. (1976). Conservation competence and performance
in Chiapas. Human Development, 19,14-25.
STRAUSS, S., ANKORI, M., ORPAZ, N., & STAVY, R. (1977). Schooling effects on
the development of propositional reasoning (apud Rogoff, 1981).
STEVENSON. H. W., PARKER, Т., WILKENSON, A., BONNEVAUX, В., & GONZALEZ,
M. (1978). Schooling, environment, and cognitive development: A crosscultural
study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,
43 (3, Serial 175).
SUPER, С H. (1981). Cultural research in infancy. Em H. С Triandis, & A. Heron
(Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 4: Developmental psychology.
Boston: Allyn e Bacon.
TAKAHASHI, K., & HATANO, G. (1976). Mother x Child interaction and cognitive development. Trabalho apresentado na reunião da "Japanese Psychological
Association", Nagaya.
TANNER, J. M., & INHELDER, B. (1956). Discussions on child development
London: Tavistock.
TRIANDIS, H. (1974). Majortheoretical and methodological issues in cross-cultural
psychology. Em J. L. H. Dawson, & W. J. Lonner (Eds.).Headings in crossculturalpsychology.
Hong Kong: The University Press.
TRIANDIS, H. С (1980). Introduction to the handbook of cross-cultural psychology.
Em H. С TriandisS W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology,
vol. 1: Perspectives. Boston: Allyn e Bacon.
UZGIRIS, I. C., & HUNT, McV. (1975). Toward ordinal scales of psychological
development in infancy. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
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Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48, (168).
Piagetian cognitive development. Em P. R. Dasen(Ed.). Piagetian psychology:
Cross-cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press, 1977.
ARMAH, K., & ARNOLD, M. (1977). Acquisition of conservation in Ghanaian
children. Trabalho apresentado na reunião da "Society for Research in Child
Development", New Orleans (apud Rogoff, 1981).
BOVET, M. С. (1974). Cognitive processes among illiterate children and adults. Em
J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen (Eds.). Culture and cognition. London: Methuen.
BOVET, M. C., & OTHENIN-GIRARD, С. (1975). Etude Piagetienne de quelques
notions spatio-temporelles dans un milieu Africain. International Journal of
Psychology, 10, 1-17.
BRUNER, J. S., OLIVER, R., & GREENFIELD, P. M. (Eds.). (1966). Studies in
cognitive growth. N. York: Wiley.
CAMPBELL, D. Т., & NAROLL, R. (1972). The mutual relevance of anthropology and
psychology. Em F. S. Hsu (Ed.). Psychological anthropology. Cambridge, MA:
Schenkman.
CASATI, l.,& LEZINE, I. (1968). Les etapes des l'intelligence sensori-motrice. Paris:
Centre de Psychologie Aplique (manuel).
CIBOROWSKl, Th. J. (1979). Cross-cultural aspects of cognitive functioning. Em A.
J. Marsella, R. G. Tharp, & Th. J. Ciborowski (Eds.). Perspectives on crosscultural
psychology. N. York: Academic Press.
COLE, M., GAY, J., GLICK J., & SHARP, D. W. (1971). The cultural context of
learning and thinking. N. York: Basic Books.
DASEN, P. R. (1972). Cross-cultural Piagetian research: A summary. Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3,23-39.
DASEN, P. R. (1974). The influence of ecology, culture and European contact on
cognitive development in Australian aborigines. Em J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen
(Eds.). Culture and cognition, London: Methuen.
DASEN, P. R. (1 975). Concrete operational development in three cultures. Journal
of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6,136-172.
DASEN, P. R. (1977). Are cognitive processes universal? A contribution to crosscultural
Piagetian psychology. Em N. Warren (Ed.). Studies in cross-cultural
psychology. N. York: Academic Press.
DASEN, P. R., & HERON, A. (1981). Cross-cultural tests of Piaget's theory. Em H. С
Triandis, & A. Heron (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 4:
Developmental psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
DASEN, P. R., LAVALEE, M., & RETSCHITZKI, J. (1979). Training conservation of
quantity (liquids) in West African (Baoule) children. International Journal of
Psychology, 14,57-68.
De Lemos, M. M. (1966). The development of the concept of conservation in
Australian aboriginal children (tese de doutorado, Australian National University,
Canberra) (apud Dasen, 1977b).
DENNIS, W. (1943). Animism and related tendencies in Hope children. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47,197-212.
EKMAN, P. (1972). Universality and cultural differences in facial expressions of
emotions. Em J. K. Cole (Ed.). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln,
NE: University of Nebraska Press.
ESCALONA, S., & CORMAN, H. H. (1969). Albert Einstein Scales of sensorimotor
development. Manuscrito não-publicado. N. York: Yeshiva University, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine.
FAHRMEIR, E.D. (1978). The development of concrete operations among the
Hausa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9,23-24.
GELMAN, R. (1977). How young children reason about small numbers. Em N. J.
Castallan, D. P. Pisoni,&G. R. Potts (Eds.). Cognitive theory. Hillsdale, NY:
Erlbaum.
GELMAN, R. (1978). Cognitive developmental psychology. Annual Review of
Psychology, 29, 297-332.
GELMAN, R. (1979). Preschool thought. American Psychologist, 34, 900-905.
GELMAN, R., & BAILLARGEON, R. (1983). A review of some Piagetian concepts.
Em J. H. Flavell, S E. M. Markman (Eds.). Handbook of Child Psychology, 4th
edition, vol. III. N. York: Wiley.
GELMAN, R.,&GALLISTEL, С. R. (1978). The child's understanding of number.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
GIBSON, E.J. (1975). Principles of perceptual learning of reading. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
GINSBERG, H., & KOSLOWSKY, B. (1976). Cognitive development. Annual Review
of Psychology, 27,29-61.
GOLDBERG, S. (1972). Infant care and growth in urban Zambia. Human Development,
15, 77-89.
GOODNOW, J. J. (1962). A test of milieu effects with some of Piaget's taks.
Psychological Monographs, 76.
GOODNOW, J. J., & BETHON, G. (1966). Piaget's tasks: The effects of schooling and
intelligence. Child Development. 37, 573-582.
HERON, A., & DOWEL W. (1973), Weight conservation and matrix-solving ability in
Papuan children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4, 207-21 9.
HERON, A., & DOWEL, W. (1 974). The questionable unity of the concrete operations
stage. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 1-9.
HUNT, J. McV., (1977). Sequential order and plasticity in early psychological
development. En M. H. Appel, & С S. Goldgerg (Eds.). Topics in cognitive
development, vol. 1: Equilibrium: Theory, research and application. N. York:
Plenum.
HUNT, J. McV., PARASKEVOPOULOS,-J., SCHICKEDANZ, D., & UZGIRIS., I. C.
(1975). Variations in the mean ages of achieving object permanence under
diverse conditions of rearing. Em B. Z. Friedlander, G. Sterritt, & G. E. Kirk(Eds-).
The exceptional infant. N. York: Bruner& Mazel.
JAHODA, G. (1958). Child animism: A critical survey of cross-cultural research.
Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 197-212.
JAHODA, G. (1980). Theoretical and systematic approaches in cross-cultural
psychology. Em H. C.Triandis, & W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, vol. 1: Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
JAYNES, J., & BRESSLER, M. (1971). Evolutionary universais, continuities, alternatives.
Em J. F. Eisenberg, & W. S. Dillon (Eds.). Man and beast: Comparative
social behavior. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
KAGAN, J., & KLEIN, R. E. (1973). Cross-cultural perspectives on early development.
American Psychologist, 28, 947-961.
KENDLER, H., & KENDLER, T. (1962), Vertical and horizontal processes in problem
solving. Psychological Review, 69, 1-16.
KIMINYO, D. M. (1977). A cross-cultural study of the development of conservation
of mass, weight, and volume among Kamba children. Em P. R. Dasen (Ed.).
Piagetian psychology: Cross-cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press.
KLINEBERG, O. (1980). Historical perspectives: Cross-cultural psychology before
1960. Em H. С Triandis, & W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural
psychology, vol. 1: Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
KONNER, M.J. (1972). Aspects of the developmental ethology of a foreign people.
Em N. B. Jones (Ed.). Ethological studies of child behavior. London: Cambridge
University Press.
КОРР. С. В., KHOKA, W. E., & SIGMAN, M. (1977). A comparison of sensorimotor development among infants in India and the United States. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 8, 435-452.
LANGER, J. (1977). Cognitive development during and after the preconceptual
period. Em M. H. Appel, & C. S. Goldberg (Eds.). Topics in cognitive development,
vol. 1: Equilibrium: Theory, research and application. N. York: Plenum.
LAURENDEAU-BENDAVID, M. (1977). Culture, schooling, and cognitive development:
A comparative study of children in French Canada and Rwanda. Em P. R.
Dasen (Ed.)- Piagetian psychology: Cross-cultural contributions. N. York:
Gardner Press.
LESTER, B. M., KOTELCHUCK, M., SPELKE, E., SELLERS, M. J., & KLEIN, R. E.
(1974). Separation protest in Guatemalan infants: Cross-cultural and cognitive
findings. Developmental Psychology, 10,79-85.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, С (1966). The savage mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
LEVINE, R. A. (1970). Cross-cultural study in child psychology. Em P. H. Mussen
(Ed.). Carmichel's manual of child development. N. York: Wiley.
LONNER, W. (1980). The search for psychological universais. Em H. С Triandis,
& W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 1:
Perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
LOUX, M. J. (Ed.). (1976). Universais and particulars: Readings in ontology. South
Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
MEAD, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa. N. York: Morrow.
NEIMARK, E. D. (1975). Intellectual development during adolescence. Review of
Child Development Research, 4, 305-345.
NYITI, R. M. (1976). The development of conservation in Meru children of Tanzania.
Child Development, 47. 11 22-1129.
OKONJI, M. O. (1971). The effects of familiarity on classification. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 2, 39-49.
PAGE, H. W. (1973).Concepts of length and distance in a study of Zulu youths.
Journal of Social Psychology, 90, 9-16.
PARASKEVOPOULOS, J., & HUNT, J. McV. (1971). Object construction and
imitation under differing conditions of rearing. Journal of Genetic Psychology,
119,301-321.
PHILP, H., & KELLY, M. (1974). Product and process in cognitive development:
Some comparative data on the performance of school age children in different
cultures. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 44,248-265.
PIAGET, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescente to adulthood. Human
Development, 15, 1-12.
PIAGET, J. (1974). Need and significance of cross-cultural studies in genetic
psychology. Em J. W. Berry, & P. R. Dasen (Eds.). Culture and cognition.
London: Methuen.
PIAGET, J. (1977). Preface. Em P. R. Dasen (Ed.). Piagetian psychology: Cross-
Cultural contributions. N. York: Gardner Press.
PINARD, A., MORIN, С & LEFEBVRE, M. (1973). Apprentissage de la conservation
des quantités liquids chex des enfants Rwandais et Canadiens-Français.
Journal Internationa/ de Pèychologie, 8, 15-24.
PRICE-WILLIAMS, D. R., GORDON, W., & RAMIREZ, M. (1969). Skill and conservation:
A study of pottery-making children. Developmental Psychology, 1,
769.
REESE, H. W. (1976). The development of memory: Life-span perspective. Em H.
W. Reese (Ed.). Advances in child development and behavior. N. York:
Academic Press.
SCHAIE, K. W., & GRIBBEN, K. (1975). Adult development and aging. Annual
Review of Psychology, 26, 65-96.
SCHAIE, K. W., & GRIBBEN, K. (1975). Adult development and aging. Annual
Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 38, (152).
SCHLIEMANN, A. D., & DIAS, M. G. B. B. (1984). Lógica, justificação verbal e
inferência transitiva - um estudo transcultural. Arquivos Brasileiros de
Psicologia. 36, 11 -20.
SILYE, A. (1975). Le dévelioppement psychogiologique de l'enfant ouest-africain.
Paris: Université René Descartes (apud Dasen e Heron, 1981).
STEINBERG, Ð’. M., & DUNN, L Ð. (1976). Conservation competence and performance
in Chiapas. Human Development, 19,14-25.
STRAUSS, S., ANKORI, M., ORPAZ, N., & STAVY, R. (1977). Schooling effects on
the development of propositional reasoning (apud Rogoff, 1981).
STEVENSON. H. W., PARKER, Т., WILKENSON, A., BONNEVAUX, В., & GONZALEZ,
M. (1978). Schooling, environment, and cognitive development: A crosscultural
study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,
43 (3, Serial 175).
SUPER, С H. (1981). Cultural research in infancy. Em H. С Triandis, & A. Heron
(Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 4: Developmental psychology.
Boston: Allyn e Bacon.
TAKAHASHI, K., & HATANO, G. (1976). Mother x Child interaction and cognitive development. Trabalho apresentado na reunião da "Japanese Psychological
Association", Nagaya.
TANNER, J. M., & INHELDER, B. (1956). Discussions on child development
London: Tavistock.
TRIANDIS, H. (1974). Majortheoretical and methodological issues in cross-cultural
psychology. Em J. L. H. Dawson, & W. J. Lonner (Eds.).Headings in crossculturalpsychology.
Hong Kong: The University Press.
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2012-05-15
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de Aráujo Günther, I. (2012). Universais No Desenvolvimento Cognitivo. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 1(3), 253–268. Recuperado de https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/16982
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