The regulation of a project of the deregulation: UBER in Brazil and the European Union
Palavras-chave:
Uber, Regulation-Brazil, European Union, market failureResumo
Purpose ”“ This paper focuses on the regulation of Uber at regional level (Sao Paulo and Brasilia), national level (European Member States) and supranational level (The European Commission initiative), which are often too restrictive.
Methodology/approach/design ”“ This article analyses standards and literature on regulation, as well as the role of competition. Attention was specially drawn to the market failure theory for justifying regulation, advocated by Breyer, Ogus and Baldwin & Cave. Due to the fact that there will be an evaluation of the regulations in place, consequentialism, welfarism and Pareto are briefly mentioned.
Findings ”“ None of the current regulatory responses, at the exception to Sao Paulo and the initiative by the European Commission that are not based exclusively on market failure theory, are working. Indeed, Uber is still banned in various cities. In others, the regulatory burden is so high that it takes away any incentives that Uber created. Regulation is not the only exit to market failure, competition must play a role. Uber is based on deregulation of the market and to try to regulate such concept with conventional theories will only lead to failures and restrictions.
Practical implications ”“ This article discusses the possible improvements to the already existing regulations.
Originality/value ”“ This paper correlates the regulation of Uber in Brazil and in Europe, explaining the difficulties these regulations are creating for Uber.
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Referências
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VON HAYEK, F. A. The Use of Knowledge in Society. In: ______ Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
ADLER, M. D. 2. W.-B. A. E. A. F. F. P. A. O. O. U. P. Well-Being and Equity: A Framework for Policy Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
ADLER, M. D. Well-being, Inequality and Time: The Time-slice Problem and its Policy Implications. Scholarship at Penn Law, 2007. Available at: <http://lsr.nellco.org/upenn_wps/169/>.
ADLER, M. D. Risk Equity: A New Proposal. Harvard Environmental Law Review, p. 1”“47, 2008.
ADLER, M. D.; POSNER, E. A. New Foundations of Cost-Benefit Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
ADLER, M. D.; SANCHIRICO, C. W. Inequality and Uncertainty: Theory and Legal Applications. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, p. 279”“377, 2006.
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ALDER, M. D. Regulatory Theory. In: PATERSON, D. A COMPANION TO PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND LEGAL THEORY. [S.l.]: Cambridge U. Press, 2009. p. 590-606.
ALDER, M.; POSNER, E. A. New Foundations of Cost-Benefit Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
ASSOCIATED PRESS IN RIO DE JANEIRO. Rio de Janeiro becomes first city in Brazil to ban Uber. TheGuardian, 30 September 2015. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/30/rio-de-janeiro-brazil-uber-ban>.
BALDWIN, R.; CAVE, M. Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
BALDWIN, R.; CAVE, M.; LODGE, M. Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press, 2012.
BANCALEIRO, C. Uber proibida de operar em Portugal. Publico, 28 April 2015. Available at: <https://www.publico.pt/sociedade/noticia/uber-proibida-de-operar-em-portugal-1693930>.
BLACK, J. Rules and Regulators. In: YEUNG, M. A. An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007.
BOADWAY, R.; BRUCE, N. Welfare Economics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984.
BOTSMAN, R. The Sharing Economy Lacks A Shared Definition. Collaborative Consumption, 21 November 2013. Available at: <http://www.collaborativeconsumption.com/2013/11/22/the-sharing-economy-lacks-a-shared-definition/>.
BRAITHWAITE, J. Responsive Regulation and Developing Economies. World Development, p. 884-898, 2006.
BREYER, S. Regulation and its Reform. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
CBC NEWS. New forms of regulation urged for Uber and the rest of the sharing economy. CBC news, 17 February 2015. Available at: <www.cbcnews.ca>.
CHAPTER 1 Defining Efficiency. Available at: <http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~jheath/text/MMch1.pdf>.
CHUNG, B. C. A. H. A Framework for Designing Co-Regulation Models Well Adapted to Technology-Facilitated Sharing Economies. Santa Clara High Tech L J, p. 23, 2015.
CITIES. Uberestimator. Available at: <http://uberestimator.com/cities>.
CNMC. La CNMC requiere al Ministerio de Fomento que elimine las restricciones en materia de transporte de pasajeros mediante vehículos de alquiler con conductor. CNMC, 21 January 2016. Available at: <http://cnmc.es/CNMC/Prensa/TabId/254/ArtMID/6629/ArticleID/1616/La-CNMCrequiere-al-Ministerio-de-Fomento-que-elimine-las-restricciones-en-materia-de-transporte-de-pasajeros-medianteveh237culos-de-alquiler-con-conductor>.
COMMISSION, E. Upgrading the Single Market: more opportunities for people and business. Brussels. 2015.
CORTEZ, N. Regulating Disruptive Innovation. Berkeley Tech L J, p. 175, 2014.
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE C-320/16. Criminal proceedings against Uber France SAS, 6 June 2016.
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE C-434/15. Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi, 2015/C 363/27, 3 November 2015.
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE C-526/15. Uber Belgium BVBA v Taxi Radio Bruxellois NV, 5 October 2015.
DERVOJEDA, K. et al. The Sharing Economy: Accessibility-based models for peer to peer markets. Europa.eu, September 2013. Available at: <file:///C:/Users/Delphine/Downloads/12-she-accessibility-based-business-models-for-peer-to-peer-markets_en.pdf>.
DUNNE, N. Competition Law and Economic Regulation: Making and Managing Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
ECONOMIST, T. Taxis v Uber Substitutes or complements?, 2015.
FRANCIS, J. The Politics of Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
G1 SÃO PAULO. Câmara de SP aprova projeto que proíbe aplicativo Uber. Globo, 22 December 2015. Available at: <http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2015/12/camara-de-sp-aprova-projeto-que-abre-espaco-para-uber-e-aplicativos.html>.
GERBER, D. Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2010.
GOUDIN, P. The cost of non-Europe in the sharing economy: Economic, Social and Legal. Brussels. 2016.
GUILHERME. Projeto que regulamenta aplicativos como o Uber é sancionado. AGÊNCIA BRASÍLIA, 16 August 2016. Available at: <http://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2016/08/02/projeto-que-regulamenta-aplicativos-como-o-uber-e-sancionado/>.
HANNAH JANE PARKISON AND ASSOCIATES. Uber offices raided in Paris by French police in 'car-pooling' controversy. The Guardian, 18 March 2015. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/18/uber-offices-raided-in-paris>.
HANTKE-DOMAS, M. The Public Interest Theory of Regulation: Non-Existence or Misinterpretation? European Journal of Law and Economics , p. 165-94, 2003.
HELDERMAN, R. S. Uber pressures regulators by mobilizing riders and hiring vast lobbying network. washingtonpost, 13 December 2014. Available at: <www.washingtonpost.com>.
HOW Does Uber Pay Drivers? Lyft Uber Newsletter. Available at: <http://lyftubernewsletter.com/getting-paid-by-uber/>.
KIP VISCUSI, W. A. O. Economics of Regulation and Antitrust. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.
KOBIE, N. Regulation and Innovation: The case for regulating the UK’s sharing economy. PC Pro, 2015.
KOOPMAN, C. The Sharing Economy and Consumer Protection Regulation: The Case for Policy Change. [S.l.]. 2014.
LAROUCHE, P. Competition Law and Regulation in European Telecommunications. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000.
LAW COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND AND WALES. Taxi and Private Hire Services. London. 2014.
LEVINE, M. E.; FORRENCE, J. L. Regulatory Capture, Public Interest and the Public Agenda: Towards Synthesis. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, p. 167, 1990.
LOKE, H. M. Hannah Mae Loke, ‘Rationales for Regulating Uber: Driving Regulators to Seek New Solutions” (LLB thesis faculty of Law Victoria University of Wellington, 2015). researcharchive, 2015. Available at: <http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/5094/paper.pdf?sequence=1>.
MAE LOKE, H. Rationales for Regulating Uber: Driving Regulators to Seek New Solutions. researcharchive, 2015. Available at: <http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/5094/paper.pdf?sequence=1>.
MORGAN, B.; YEUNG, K. An Introduction to Law and Regulation. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007.
MUNDY, R. Taxis, TNCS and Deregulation: is History Repeating Itself? Who's Driving You?, 2015. Available at: <http://www.whosdrivingyou.org/history-repeating-itself>.
OGUS, A. Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
OGUS, A. Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 2004.
PARAGUASSU, L.; BOADLE, A. Brazil's president says Uber costs jobs, needs regulation. reuters, 2 September 2016. Available at: <http://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-brazil-idUSKCN0R222P20150902>>.
PINHO, M. Haddad autoriza Uber em São Paulo por decreto. Globo, 10 Mars 2016.
PROSSER, T. The Regulatory Enterprise: Government Regulation and Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
RANCHORDÁS, S. Does Sharing Mean Caring? Regulating Innovation in the Sharing Economy. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, p. 413-457, 2015.
ROSS, S. How does a monopoly contribute to market failure? Investopedia, 22 April 2015. Available at: <http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042215/how-does-monopoly-contribute-market-failure.asp>.
RUSTEN, S. Uber in New Zealand. blog.Uber, 19 January 2015. Available at: <http://blog.uber.com/uberinnz>.
RYLUKOWSKI, W. Poland to change regulation for Uber. wbj, 2 July 2015. Available at: <http://wbj.pl/poland-to-changeregulation-for-uber/>.
SALANIE, B. The Microeconomics of Market Failures. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
SCHWARTZ, A.; WILDE, L. Intervening in Markets on the Basis of Imperfect Information: A Legal and Economic Analysis. U Pa L Rev, p. 630, 1979.
SHEARING, C. A Constitutive Conception of Regulation. In: BRAITHWAITE, P. G. A. J. Business Regulation and Australia’s Future. [S.l.]: Canberra Press, 1994.
STALLIBRASS, D.; FINGLETON, J. Regulation, Innovation, and Growth: Why Peer-to-Peer Businesses Should Be Supported. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 2016.
SWISHER, K. Man and Uber Man. vanityfair, December 2014. Available at: <www.vanityfair.com>.
THIERER, A. et al. How the Internet, the Sharing Economy, and Reputational Feedback Mechanisms Solve the “Lemons Problem". Arlington. 2015.
UBER. How to Uber. Uber. Available at: <www.uber.com>.
UBER. The Company. Uber. Available at: <www.uber.com>.
VALERO, J. Spanish competition regulator pushes for sharing economy ”“ despite court cases. EurActiv, 7 December 2015. Available at: <http://www.euractiv.com/sections/digital/spanish-competition-regulator-pushes-sharing-economy-despite-courtcases-320147>.
VAN WAARDEN, F. A prototypical institution: law, regulation and innovation. In: WAARDEN, C. S. A. F. V. Innovation and institutions: a multidisciplinary review of the study of innovation systems. Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2005.
VELJANOVSKI, C. Economic Approaches to regulation. In: ROBERT BALDWIN, M. C. A. M. L. The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
VINOCUR, N. Sacrebleu! Uber conquers France. Politico, 30 September 2015. Available at: <http://www.politico.eu/article/uberconquers-france-airbnb-sharing-economy-unions-hollande-socialists-clash/>.
VON HAYEK, F. A. The Use of Knowledge in Society. In: ______ Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
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DEFOSSEZ, Delphine Aurélie Laurence. The regulation of a project of the deregulation: UBER in Brazil and the European Union. Journal of Law and Regulation, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 1, p. 1–28, 2017. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/rdsr/article/view/19193. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2024.
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