Kaingang: gender or classifiers?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26512/rbla.v4i1.20672Abstract
The Kaingang language presents a particular vocalic alternation involving low nasal vowels, which has traditionally been treated either as dialect differences or as a case of “free variation”. My two-decade contact with native speakers of several Kaingang communities ”“ particularly from Xapecó (SC), Nonoai, and Inhacorá (RS) ”“ allows me to consider this vocalic alternation as a kind of “classifier” with some characteristics of “gender”. This paper argues that these distinctions in pronunciation are not mere dialect differences in Kaingang. The linguistic reality is much richer, more revealing and more interesting than the magical discard of “free variation”.Downloads
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 1994. Classe nominal e gênero nas línguas Aruak. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, v.10, n.2:137-259.
Allan, Keith. 1977. Classifiers. Language, 53, (2):258-311.
Aronoff, Mark. 1994. Morphology by itself. Stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender. Cambridge/UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 1986. Noun Classes and Noun Classification in Typological Perspective. In C. Graig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization. Amsterdan/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p.105-112.
Guérios, Rosario F. Mansur. 1942. Estudos sobre a língua Caingangue. Notas histórico-comparativas (dialeto Palmas ”“ dialeto de Tibagi) ”“ Paraná. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense. Curitiba, v. II:97-177.
Hanke, Wanda. 1950. Ensayo de uma gramática del idioma Caingangue de los Caingangues de la Serra de Apucarana, Paraná-Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, Curitiba, v.8:65-146.
Hjelmslev, Louis. 1971. Animé et inanimé, personnel et non-personnel (1956). In
Hjelmslev, Louis. Essais Linguistiques. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, p.220-258. Joaquim, Dorvalino Kógjá. 2008. Kanhgág Jijén. Armadilhas Kaingang. (bilingual edition). Campinas: Ed. Curt Nimuendajú.
Kindell, Gloria. 1972. Kaingang Phonemics. In: U. Wiesemann, Die phonologische und grammatische Struktur der Kaingáng-Sprache. The Hague/Paris: Mouton, p.200-211.
Kiyomi, Setsuko. 1992. Animateness and shape in classifiers. Word, v.43, n.1:15-36.
Meillet, Antoine. 1965. Linguistique Historique et Linguistique Générale. Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion.
Mithun, Marianne. 1986. The convergence of noun classification systems. In: C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization. Amsterdan/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 379-397.
Noelli, Francisco S.; SILVA, Fabíola A.; VEIGA, Juracilda; TOMMASINO, Kimye; MOTA, Luiz Tadeu; D’ANGELIS, Wilmar R. 1998. Bibliografia Kaingang. Referências sobre um povo Jê do Sul do Brasil. Londrina: Ed.UEL.
Val Floriana, M. Barcatta de, Fr. 1918. Ensaio de Grammatica Kainjgang. Revista do Museu Paulista10:529-563.
Veiga, Juracilda. 1994. Organização social e cosmovisão Kaingang: uma introdução ao parentesco, casamento e nominação em uma sociedade Jê meridional. Campinas: IFCH-Unicamp. Master’s Thesis. Published as: Aspectos fundamentais da cultura Kaingang. Campinas: Ed. Curt Nimuendajú, 2006.
Veiga, Juracilda. 2000. Cosmologia e práticas rituais Kaingang. Campinas: IFCHUNICAMP. PhD Thesis.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1971a. Categorias Gramaticales. In: B.L. Whorf, Lenguaje, pensamiento y realidad. Barcelona: Barral Editores, p.105-120. [1st public.:1945]
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1971b. Consideración linguística del pensamiento em las comunidades primitivas. In: B.L. Whorf. Lenguaje, pensamiento y realidad. Barcelona: Barral Editores, p. 81-104.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1967. Introdução à língua Kaingang. [Rio de Janeiro]: SIL. Mimeo.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1971. Dicionário Kaingang-Português, Português-Kaingang. Brasília/ Rio de Janeiro: Funai/SIL.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1972. Die Phonologische und Grammatische Struktur der Kaingang Sprache. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in RBLA agree to the following terms:
a) Authors maintain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, and the work is simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
b) Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publish in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase impact and citation of the published work.