Sem sombra para descansar
etnografia de funerais na África do Sul contemporânea
Mots-clés :
África do Sul, pósapartheid, funerais, Landless Peoples MovementRésumé
Este texto, ancorado em um trabalho etnográfico levado a cabo na África do Sul desde 2006, traz à tona o engajamento de farm dwellers da região de Kwazulu-Natal para que os funerais de seus parentes se realizem no interior de fazendas onde residem, mas que pertencem a fazendeiros brancos. Em um primeiro momento, apresentamos brevemente peças de legislação chamadas acts, que abrem o caminho para um entendimento mais nuançado dos quatro casos etnográficos trabalhados em seguida. Por fim, concluímos com algumas reflexões sobre o que os funerais e os ancestrais nos ensinam sobre o valor da terra como propriedade intelectual.
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Références
AZEVEDO, A.G. 2009. Três lugares para viver e um para morrer ”“ o sentido das casas na África do Sul. Exame de qualificação para doutorado em Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
BAHRE, E. 2007. “Money and Violence: Financial Self-Help Groups in a South African Township”. Afrika-Studiecentrum Series. Leiden: Brill.
BERGLUND, A. 1976. Zulu thought-patterns and symbolism. London: Hurst & Co. Publishers.
BERRISFORD, S. 2006. “Urban legislation and the production of urban space in South Africa”. In: B. Alfonsin & E. Fernandes (eds.). Direito urbanístico. Estudos Brasileiros e Internacionais. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey. pp. 59-76.
BOND, P. 2006. Looting Africa. The economics of explotation. London: Zed Books. BORGES, A. 2004. Tempo de Brasília: etnografando lugares-eventos da política. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará /NuAP.
________. 2009. “Explorando a noção de etnografia popular: comparações e transformações a partir dos casos das cidades-satélites brasileiras e das townships sul-africanas”. Cuadernos de Antropología Social, v. 29, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
________. 2011. “Sudáfrica hoy: sus perros y sus demonios”. Escenarios, XXI, Año I, n. 9, May.-Jun.
CEJAS, M. 2003. Creating a Women’s Political Space within the Anti-Apartheid Movement of 1950’s: The Case of the Federation of South African Women 1954-1963. PhD Thesis, Tokyo, Tsuda College, Department of International and Cultural Studies.
CLYDE MITCHELL, J. 1966. “Theoretical orientation in African urban studies”. In: M. Banton (ed.). The social anthropology of complex societies. London: Tavistock.
COMAROFF, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance. The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
DANIEL, V. 1996. Charred Lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence. Princeton: University Press.
DLAMINI, J. 2009. Native Nostalgia. Johannesburg: Jacana.
FASSIN, D. 2007. When Bodies Remember. Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
FERGUSON, J. 2006. Global Shadows. Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham: Duke University Press.
________. 2007. “Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa”. African Studies Review, 502:71-86, Sep.
FERNANDEZ, J. 2003. “Emergence and Convergence in some Africa Sacred Places”. In: S. Loe & D. Lawrence-Zúñiga (eds.). The Anthropology of Space and Place. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 187-203.
GARDNER, J. 1997. Politicians and apartheid: trailing in the people’s wake. Pretoria: HSRC.
GESCHIERE, P.; MEYER, B. & PELS, P. (eds.). 2009. Readings in Modernity in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
GOODY, J. 1962. Death, Property and the Ancestors. A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the LoDagaa of West Africa. Stanford: University Press.
GOTLIB, J. 2010. Getting Land Back to the People: a interdependência entre Governo e Ongs na produção de beneficiários por terra da província de KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul. Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia e Direito, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
Haraway, D. 1997. Virtual Speculum in the New World Order. In: Ann Phoenix & Avtar Brah (eds.), Feminist Review, special issue on “Consuming Cultures”, n. 55 (spring 1997), pp. 22-72.
HART, G. 2002. Disabling globalization. Places of power in post-apartheid South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
HUCHZERMEYER, M. 2004. Unlawful Occupation: Informal Settlements and Urban Policy in South Africa and Brazil. Trenton: Africa World Press.
JAMES, D. 2007. Gaining ground? Rights and property in South African land reform. New York: Routledge Cavendish.
________. 1999. Songs of the women migrants: Performance and identity in South Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
KIÅ , A.D. 2007. “An analysis of the impact of AIDS on funeral culture in Malawi”. NAPA bulletin, 27:129-140.
KOOPMAN, A. 2002. Zulu Names. Pietermaritzburg: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.
KOPYTOFF, I. 1971. “Ancestors as elders in Africa”. Africa, 41(2):129-142.
KRIGE, E.J. 1936. The Social System of the Zulus. London: Longmans, Green & Company.
KROG, A.; Mpolweni, N. & Ratele, K. 2009. There was this goat. Investigating the Truth Comission Testimony of Notrose Novomvu Konile. Durban: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.
KUPER, H. 1972. “The language of sites in the politics of Space”. American Anthropologist, NS, v. 74, n. 7:411-425.
LUBKEMANN, S. 2002. “Where to be an ancestor? Reconstituting socio-spiritual worlds among displaced Mozambicans”. Journal of refugee studies, 15(2):189-212.
MABIN, A. 1991. “The dynamics of urbanisation since 1960”. In: M. Swilling; R. Humphries & K. Shubane (eds.). Apartheid City in Transition. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
MAMDANI, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MARAIS, H. 2001. South Africa. Limits to Change. London: Zed Books/ UCT Press.
MARKS, S. 1991. “Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness”. In: L. Vail. The Creation of tribalism in South and Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 215-240.
MELLO, F.C. 2010. Pluralidade e Mediação: ONGs e indivíduos na reforma agrária sul-africana. Dissertação de Graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
MIDDLETON, J. 1982. “Lugbara death”. In: M. Bloch & J. Parry (eds.). Death and the regeneration of life. Cambridge: University Press.
MIGNOLO, W. 1995. The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
MONTEIRO, P. 2010. Desafiando o direito de propriedade: O embate entre diferentes concepções de direito à terra no contexto de reforma agrária sul-africana. Dissertação de Graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
MOORE, S.F. 2006. “From tribes and traditions to composites and conjunctures”. In: T.M.S. Evens & D. Handelm (eds.). The Manchester School. Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology. Oxford: Berghan Books. pp. 292-310.
MOYO, S. 2007. “The Land Question in Southern Africa. A Comparative Review”. In: L. NTSEBEZA & R. HALL (orgs.). The Land Question in South Africa: the Challenge of Transformation and Redistribution. Cidade do Cabo: HSRC Press.
NDEBELE, N. 1986 [2006]. “The rediscovery of the ordinary. Some new writings in South Africa”. In: ___. Rediscovery of the Ordinary. Essays on South African Literature and Culture. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. pp. 31-54.
________. 2007. Fine Lines from the Box. Further Thoughts about our Country. Paarl: Umuzi.
________. 2007. “Land redistribution in South Africa: the property clause revisited”. In: ___ & R. Hall (eds.). The land question in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press. pp. 107-131.
________ & R. Hall (eds.). 2007. The land question in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
PEIRANO, M. 2006. “A lógica múltipla dos documentos”. In: ___. A teoria vivida e outros ensaios de antropologia. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.
PIENAAR, J. & MOSTERT, H. 2006. “The balance between Burial Rights and landownership in South Africa: issues of content, nature and constitutionality”. Juta, v. 5, n. 1:633-660.
RIBEIRO, F.R. 1990. Apartheid: o reino de Deus na terra. Dissertação de Mestrado, Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
ROSA, M. 2008. “Estado e ações coletivas na África do Sul e no Brasil: por uma sociologia contemporânea dos países não exemplares”. Sociologias, n. 20:292-318.
________. 2009. “Espectros de Mamdani: desafios de uma sociologia da vida política rural na África do Sul contemporânea”. Estudos de Sociologia, Recife, v. 15:1-15.
________. 2011. “Mas eu fui uma estrela do futebol! As incoerências sociológicas e as controvérsias sociais de um militante sem terra sul-africano”. Mana, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17 n. 2, out.
ROSS, F. 2003. Bearing witness. Women and the truth and reconciliation commissions in South Africa. London: Pluto Press.
SHAW, Mark. 1994. “The Bloody Backdrop”. In: Steven Friedman & Doreen Atkinson (eds.). The Small Miracle. Johannesburg: Raven.
SIGAUD, L. 1979. Os clandestinos e os direitos: estudos sobre trabalhadores da cana de açúcar de Pernambuco. São Paulo: Duas Cidades.
________. 2005. “As condições de possibilidade das ocupações de terra”. Tempo Social, v. 17, n. 1:255-280.
STENGERS, I. 2009. Au temps des catastrophes. Résister à la barbarie qui vient. Paris: La Découverte.
STRATHERN, M. 2008. “Land: intangible or tangible property?”. In: T. Chesters (ed.). Land Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
TAMBIAH, S. 1985. “A performative approach to ritual”. In: ___. Culture, Thought and Social Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 123-166.
VALE, M. 2009. Transbordando antropologias. Dissertação de Graduação em Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
WAGNER, R. 1991. “The Fractal Person”. In: M. Strathern & M. Godelier (orgs.). Big Men and Great Men: personifications of power in Melanesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BAHRE, E. 2007. “Money and Violence: Financial Self-Help Groups in a South African Township”. Afrika-Studiecentrum Series. Leiden: Brill.
BERGLUND, A. 1976. Zulu thought-patterns and symbolism. London: Hurst & Co. Publishers.
BERRISFORD, S. 2006. “Urban legislation and the production of urban space in South Africa”. In: B. Alfonsin & E. Fernandes (eds.). Direito urbanístico. Estudos Brasileiros e Internacionais. Belo Horizonte: Del Rey. pp. 59-76.
BOND, P. 2006. Looting Africa. The economics of explotation. London: Zed Books. BORGES, A. 2004. Tempo de Brasília: etnografando lugares-eventos da política. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará /NuAP.
________. 2009. “Explorando a noção de etnografia popular: comparações e transformações a partir dos casos das cidades-satélites brasileiras e das townships sul-africanas”. Cuadernos de Antropología Social, v. 29, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
________. 2011. “Sudáfrica hoy: sus perros y sus demonios”. Escenarios, XXI, Año I, n. 9, May.-Jun.
CEJAS, M. 2003. Creating a Women’s Political Space within the Anti-Apartheid Movement of 1950’s: The Case of the Federation of South African Women 1954-1963. PhD Thesis, Tokyo, Tsuda College, Department of International and Cultural Studies.
CLYDE MITCHELL, J. 1966. “Theoretical orientation in African urban studies”. In: M. Banton (ed.). The social anthropology of complex societies. London: Tavistock.
COMAROFF, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance. The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
DANIEL, V. 1996. Charred Lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence. Princeton: University Press.
DLAMINI, J. 2009. Native Nostalgia. Johannesburg: Jacana.
FASSIN, D. 2007. When Bodies Remember. Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
FERGUSON, J. 2006. Global Shadows. Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham: Duke University Press.
________. 2007. “Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa”. African Studies Review, 502:71-86, Sep.
FERNANDEZ, J. 2003. “Emergence and Convergence in some Africa Sacred Places”. In: S. Loe & D. Lawrence-Zúñiga (eds.). The Anthropology of Space and Place. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 187-203.
GARDNER, J. 1997. Politicians and apartheid: trailing in the people’s wake. Pretoria: HSRC.
GESCHIERE, P.; MEYER, B. & PELS, P. (eds.). 2009. Readings in Modernity in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
GOODY, J. 1962. Death, Property and the Ancestors. A Study of the Mortuary Customs of the LoDagaa of West Africa. Stanford: University Press.
GOTLIB, J. 2010. Getting Land Back to the People: a interdependência entre Governo e Ongs na produção de beneficiários por terra da província de KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul. Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia e Direito, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
Haraway, D. 1997. Virtual Speculum in the New World Order. In: Ann Phoenix & Avtar Brah (eds.), Feminist Review, special issue on “Consuming Cultures”, n. 55 (spring 1997), pp. 22-72.
HART, G. 2002. Disabling globalization. Places of power in post-apartheid South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
HUCHZERMEYER, M. 2004. Unlawful Occupation: Informal Settlements and Urban Policy in South Africa and Brazil. Trenton: Africa World Press.
JAMES, D. 2007. Gaining ground? Rights and property in South African land reform. New York: Routledge Cavendish.
________. 1999. Songs of the women migrants: Performance and identity in South Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
KIÅ , A.D. 2007. “An analysis of the impact of AIDS on funeral culture in Malawi”. NAPA bulletin, 27:129-140.
KOOPMAN, A. 2002. Zulu Names. Pietermaritzburg: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.
KOPYTOFF, I. 1971. “Ancestors as elders in Africa”. Africa, 41(2):129-142.
KRIGE, E.J. 1936. The Social System of the Zulus. London: Longmans, Green & Company.
KROG, A.; Mpolweni, N. & Ratele, K. 2009. There was this goat. Investigating the Truth Comission Testimony of Notrose Novomvu Konile. Durban: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.
KUPER, H. 1972. “The language of sites in the politics of Space”. American Anthropologist, NS, v. 74, n. 7:411-425.
LUBKEMANN, S. 2002. “Where to be an ancestor? Reconstituting socio-spiritual worlds among displaced Mozambicans”. Journal of refugee studies, 15(2):189-212.
MABIN, A. 1991. “The dynamics of urbanisation since 1960”. In: M. Swilling; R. Humphries & K. Shubane (eds.). Apartheid City in Transition. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
MAMDANI, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MARAIS, H. 2001. South Africa. Limits to Change. London: Zed Books/ UCT Press.
MARKS, S. 1991. “Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness”. In: L. Vail. The Creation of tribalism in South and Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 215-240.
MELLO, F.C. 2010. Pluralidade e Mediação: ONGs e indivíduos na reforma agrária sul-africana. Dissertação de Graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
MIDDLETON, J. 1982. “Lugbara death”. In: M. Bloch & J. Parry (eds.). Death and the regeneration of life. Cambridge: University Press.
MIGNOLO, W. 1995. The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
MONTEIRO, P. 2010. Desafiando o direito de propriedade: O embate entre diferentes concepções de direito à terra no contexto de reforma agrária sul-africana. Dissertação de Graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Fluminense.
MOORE, S.F. 2006. “From tribes and traditions to composites and conjunctures”. In: T.M.S. Evens & D. Handelm (eds.). The Manchester School. Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology. Oxford: Berghan Books. pp. 292-310.
MOYO, S. 2007. “The Land Question in Southern Africa. A Comparative Review”. In: L. NTSEBEZA & R. HALL (orgs.). The Land Question in South Africa: the Challenge of Transformation and Redistribution. Cidade do Cabo: HSRC Press.
NDEBELE, N. 1986 [2006]. “The rediscovery of the ordinary. Some new writings in South Africa”. In: ___. Rediscovery of the Ordinary. Essays on South African Literature and Culture. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. pp. 31-54.
________. 2007. Fine Lines from the Box. Further Thoughts about our Country. Paarl: Umuzi.
________. 2007. “Land redistribution in South Africa: the property clause revisited”. In: ___ & R. Hall (eds.). The land question in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press. pp. 107-131.
________ & R. Hall (eds.). 2007. The land question in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
PEIRANO, M. 2006. “A lógica múltipla dos documentos”. In: ___. A teoria vivida e outros ensaios de antropologia. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.
PIENAAR, J. & MOSTERT, H. 2006. “The balance between Burial Rights and landownership in South Africa: issues of content, nature and constitutionality”. Juta, v. 5, n. 1:633-660.
RIBEIRO, F.R. 1990. Apartheid: o reino de Deus na terra. Dissertação de Mestrado, Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
ROSA, M. 2008. “Estado e ações coletivas na África do Sul e no Brasil: por uma sociologia contemporânea dos países não exemplares”. Sociologias, n. 20:292-318.
________. 2009. “Espectros de Mamdani: desafios de uma sociologia da vida política rural na África do Sul contemporânea”. Estudos de Sociologia, Recife, v. 15:1-15.
________. 2011. “Mas eu fui uma estrela do futebol! As incoerências sociológicas e as controvérsias sociais de um militante sem terra sul-africano”. Mana, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17 n. 2, out.
ROSS, F. 2003. Bearing witness. Women and the truth and reconciliation commissions in South Africa. London: Pluto Press.
SHAW, Mark. 1994. “The Bloody Backdrop”. In: Steven Friedman & Doreen Atkinson (eds.). The Small Miracle. Johannesburg: Raven.
SIGAUD, L. 1979. Os clandestinos e os direitos: estudos sobre trabalhadores da cana de açúcar de Pernambuco. São Paulo: Duas Cidades.
________. 2005. “As condições de possibilidade das ocupações de terra”. Tempo Social, v. 17, n. 1:255-280.
STENGERS, I. 2009. Au temps des catastrophes. Résister à la barbarie qui vient. Paris: La Découverte.
STRATHERN, M. 2008. “Land: intangible or tangible property?”. In: T. Chesters (ed.). Land Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
TAMBIAH, S. 1985. “A performative approach to ritual”. In: ___. Culture, Thought and Social Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 123-166.
VALE, M. 2009. Transbordando antropologias. Dissertação de Graduação em Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
WAGNER, R. 1991. “The Fractal Person”. In: M. Strathern & M. Godelier (orgs.). Big Men and Great Men: personifications of power in Melanesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Publié-e
2018-02-22
Comment citer
Borges, Antonádia. 2018. « Sem Sombra Para Descansar: Etnografia De Funerais Na África Do Sul contemporânea ». Anuário Antropológico 36 (1):215-52. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/7011.
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