Desenvolvimento, antropologia e “participação”. uma proposta de reflexão crítica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4000/aa.840Palavras-chave:
Desenvolvimento, participação, empoderamento, comunidade, capital social, indigenous knowledge, Banco MundialResumo
O artigo concentra-se nas representações da ‘alteridade cultural’ no âmbito de discursos, propostas e intervenções para o desenvolvimento das populações etnicamente diferenciadas que norteiam o atual ‘campo do desenvolvimento’, com particular atenção à atuação e ao papel do Banco Mundial. A análise tem como foco o uso de conceitos como ‘participação’, ‘empoderamento’, ‘comunidade’, ‘capital social’ e ‘indigenous knowledge’ nos documentos do Banco Mundial. Procura-se individualizar, deste modo, os mecanismos de construção da ”“ e intervenção sobre a ”“ realidade, com os quais operam o Banco e agências similares, para avançar hipóteses, e propostas metodológicas relativas à s oportunidades que os processos de interação social, conseqüência de particulares formas de intervenção, oferecem à análise das relações sociais.
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Referências
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_________. 2001. Do desenvolvimento comunitário à mobilização política. O Projeto Kaiowa-Ñandeva como experiência antropológica. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa.
ANDERSON, B. 1983. Immagined Communities. London: Verso. Argyris, C. 1998. “Empowerment: the emperor’s new clothes”. Harvard Business Review, 77(3).
BANCO MUNDIAL. 1994. El Banco Mundial y la Participacion. “Operation Policy Department”. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1996. The World Bank Participation Sourcebook. Washington, D.C., Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD): The World Bank.
BARTH, F. 1966. Models of Social Organization. Glasgow: The University Press.
BASTIDE, Roger. 1971. Anthropologie Appliquèe. Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot.
_________. 1992. “Towards greater naturalism in conceptualizing societies”. In: KUPER, A. Conceptualizing Society. London and New York: Routledge.
BHATNAGAR, B. & WILLIAMS, A. C. (eds.). 1992. Participatory Development and the World Bank. Discussion Papers n. 183. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
BERMAN, M. 1989. Tudo o que é sólido se dissolve no ar. A aventura da Modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: Edições 70.
BOTCHWAY, K. 2001. “Paradox of Empowerment: Reflections on a Case Study from Northern Ghana”. World Development, 29(1).
BOURDIEU, P. 1989. O poder simbólico. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Bertrand Brasil.
BROWN, L. D. & TANDON, R. (eds.). 1969. Ethnics Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. London: G. Hallen & UNWIN.
BURCHELL, G.; GORDON, C. & MILLER, P. (eds.). 1991. The Foucault Effect. Studies in governamentality. Chicago: Univesrity of Chicago Press.
CERNEA, M. 1983. “A Social Methodology for Community Participation in Local Investments: The Experience of Mexico’s Pider Program”. Working Paper, n. 598. Washington, D.C. : The World Bank.
_________. 1991. “Using Knowledge from Social Science in Development Projects”. Discussion Papers, n. 114. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1992. “The Building Blocks of Participation: Testing Bottom-Up Planning”. Discussion Papers, n. 166. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1994. “Sociology, Anthropology, and Development. An Annotated Bibliography of World Bank Publications (1975-1993)”. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs, n. 3. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
CHAMBERS, R. 1994a. “The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal”. World Developement, 22(7).
_________. 1994b. “Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Challenges, Potentials and Paradigm”. World Development, 22(10).
_________. 1995. “Paradigm shifts and the practice of participatory research and development”. In: NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1997. “Responsible well being ”“ A Personal Agenda for Development”. World Development, 25(11), Editorial.
CHEATER, A. (ed.). 1999. The Anthopology of Power. London: Routledge.
COHEN, J.M. & UPHOFF, N.T. 1980. “Participation’s place in rural development: Seeking clarity through specificity”. World Development, 8(3).
COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). 2001. Participation, The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books.
COOPER, F. & PACKARD, R. (eds.). 1997. International Development and the Social Science. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press.
COWEN, M. & SHENTON, R. 1995. “The Invention of Development”. In: CRUSH, J. (ed.). Power of Development. London-New York: Routledge.
DESHLER, D. & SOCK, D. 1985. “Community Participation: A concept review of the International Literature. Paper prepared for the International League for Social Commitment. Adult Education:22-26, Ljungskile, Sweden, July.
ELIAS, N. 1991 [1970]. Qu’est-ce que la sociologie? Paris: Editions de l’Aube.
ESCOBAR, A. 1995. Encountering Development: the Making and the Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ESTEVA, Gustavo. 1993. “Development”. In: SACHS, W. (ed.). The Develpment Dictionary: A Guide to Kowledge and Power. London and New York: Witwatersrand University Press, Zed Books.
EYBEN, R. 2000. “Development and Anthropology: A View from Inside the Agency”. Critique of Anthropology 20(1).
EYBEN, R. & LADBURY, S. 1995. “Popular participation in aid-assisted projects: why more in theory than practice?”. In: NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. (eds.). Power
and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Roberto Salviani 255
FALS BORDA, O. 1981.“The challenge of action research”. Development, 1.
FERGUSON, J. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Develpment”, Depoliticization, and bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press.
FERRAZ, I. 1983. Os Parkatêjê das Matas do Tocantins: A Epopeia de um Líder Timbira. Dissertação de Mestrado, Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letra e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo.
_________. 1998. De “Gaviões” Ã “Comunidade Parkatêjê”: Uma Reflexão sobre Processos de Reorganização Social”. Tese de Doutorado, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro.
FINNEMORE, M. 1997. “Redefining Development at the World Bank”. In: Cooper, F. & Packard, R. (eds.). International Development and the Social Science. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press.
FISHER, W.F. 1994. “Megadevelopment, Environmentalism, and Resistance: The Institutional Context of Kayapó Indigenous Politics in Central Brazil”. Human Organization, 53(3).
_________. 1997. “Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26.
FOUCAULT, M. 1971. “Sobre a Arqueologia das Ciências. Resposta ao Círculo Epistemológico”. In ____ et al. Estruturalismo e Teoria da Linguagem. Petrópolis: Vozes.
_________. 1998. Microfísica do Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
FRANCIS, P. 2001. “Participatory Development at the World Bank: The Primacy of Process”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny.
London: Zed Books.
FRANCIS. P. & JACOBS, S. 1999. “Institutionalizing Social Analysis at the World Bank”. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 19:341-357.
FREIRE, P. 1970. Pedagogia del Oprimido. Montevideo: Tierra Nuova.
GLEDHILL, J. 1994. Power and Its Disguises. Anthropological Perspectives on Politics. London and Boulder: Pluto Press.
GLUCKMAN, Max. 1986. “Análise de uma situação social na Zululândia Moderna”. In: FEDMAN-BIANCO, Bela (org.). Antropologia das Sociedades contemporâneas ”“ Métodos. São Paulo: Global Universitária-Antropologia.
GREEN, M. 2000. “Participatory Development and the Appropriation of Agency in Southern Tanzania”. Critique of Anthropology, 20(1).
GUPTA, Akhil & FERGUSON, James. 1997. Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
HACKEMBERG, Robert A. 1999a. “Strategies and Game Plans”. Human Organization, 58(1).
_________. 1999b. “Globalization: Touchstone Policy Concept or Sucked Orange?”. Human Organization, 58(2).
_________. 1999c. “Victim of Globalization: Is Economics the Instrument Needed to Provide Them a Share of the Wealth?”. Human Organization, 58(4).
HANNERZ, U. 1993. “Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures”. In: KING, A.D. (ed.). Culture globalization and the world-system. London-New York: Macmillan-State University of New York.
HENKEL, H. & STIRRAT, R. 2001. “Participation as Spiritual Duty; Empowerment as Secular Subjection”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
HILDIARD, N.; HEGDE, P.; WOLVEKAMP, P. & REDDY S. 2001. “Pluralism, Participation and Power: Joint Forest Management in India”. In: COOKE, B. &
KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books. Roberto Salviani 257
HINSHAW, R.E. 1980. “Anthropology, administration, and Public Policy”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9.
HOBEN, A. 1982. “Anthropologists and Develoment”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11.
HOROWITZ, M. & PAINTER, T. M. 1986. Anthropology and Rural Development in West Africa. Boulder and London: Westview Press.
HYMES, D. 1972. “The use of anthropology: critical, political, personal”. In: ____ (ed.). Reinventing Anthropology. New York: Random House.
JAMES, W. 1999. “Empowering ambiguities”. In: Cheater, A. (ed.). The Anthopology of Power. London: Routledge.
KAUFMANN, G. 1997. “Watching the developers: a partial ethnography”. In:
GRILLO, R.D. & STIRRAT, L.R. (eds.). Discourses of Development. Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford-New York: Berg.
KOTHARY, U. 2001. “Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development”. In: Cooke, B. & Kothari, U. (eds.). Participation: The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
KUPER, A. 1992. Conceptualizing Society. London and New York: Routledge.
LEWIN, K. 1946. “Action research and minority problems”. Journal of Social Issues, n.2.
MAIR, L. 1971. Anthropology and Social Change. London: W. Clowes & Sons.
_________. 1984. Anthropology and Development. London: McMillan Press.
MALINOWSKI, B. 1929. “Practical Anthropology”. Africa, 2(1).
MEHTA, L. 2001. “The World Bank and its Emerging Knowledge Empire”. Human Organization, 60(2).
MICHENER, V. 1998. “The Participatory Approach: Contradiction and Co-option in Burkina Faso”. World Development, 26(12).
MOSSE, D. 1997. “The Ideology and Politics of Community Participation: Tank Irrigation Development in Colonial and Contemporary Tamil Nadu”. In: GRILLO, R.D. & STIRRAT, L.R. (eds.). Discourses of Development. Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford-New York: Berg.
________. 2001. “‘Peple’s Knowledge’, Participation and Patronage: Operations and Representations in Rural Development”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. 1995. (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1995a. “Participatory research and participant observation: two incompatible approaches”. In: ____ (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1995b. “Participation and power”. In: ____ (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
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_________. 2001. Do desenvolvimento comunitário à mobilização política. O Projeto Kaiowa-Ñandeva como experiência antropológica. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa.
ANDERSON, B. 1983. Immagined Communities. London: Verso. Argyris, C. 1998. “Empowerment: the emperor’s new clothes”. Harvard Business Review, 77(3).
BANCO MUNDIAL. 1994. El Banco Mundial y la Participacion. “Operation Policy Department”. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1996. The World Bank Participation Sourcebook. Washington, D.C., Environmentally Sustainable Development (ESD): The World Bank.
BARTH, F. 1966. Models of Social Organization. Glasgow: The University Press.
BASTIDE, Roger. 1971. Anthropologie Appliquèe. Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot.
_________. 1992. “Towards greater naturalism in conceptualizing societies”. In: KUPER, A. Conceptualizing Society. London and New York: Routledge.
BHATNAGAR, B. & WILLIAMS, A. C. (eds.). 1992. Participatory Development and the World Bank. Discussion Papers n. 183. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
BERMAN, M. 1989. Tudo o que é sólido se dissolve no ar. A aventura da Modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: Edições 70.
BOTCHWAY, K. 2001. “Paradox of Empowerment: Reflections on a Case Study from Northern Ghana”. World Development, 29(1).
BOURDIEU, P. 1989. O poder simbólico. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Bertrand Brasil.
BROWN, L. D. & TANDON, R. (eds.). 1969. Ethnics Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. London: G. Hallen & UNWIN.
BURCHELL, G.; GORDON, C. & MILLER, P. (eds.). 1991. The Foucault Effect. Studies in governamentality. Chicago: Univesrity of Chicago Press.
CERNEA, M. 1983. “A Social Methodology for Community Participation in Local Investments: The Experience of Mexico’s Pider Program”. Working Paper, n. 598. Washington, D.C. : The World Bank.
_________. 1991. “Using Knowledge from Social Science in Development Projects”. Discussion Papers, n. 114. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1992. “The Building Blocks of Participation: Testing Bottom-Up Planning”. Discussion Papers, n. 166. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
_________. 1994. “Sociology, Anthropology, and Development. An Annotated Bibliography of World Bank Publications (1975-1993)”. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs, n. 3. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
CHAMBERS, R. 1994a. “The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal”. World Developement, 22(7).
_________. 1994b. “Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Challenges, Potentials and Paradigm”. World Development, 22(10).
_________. 1995. “Paradigm shifts and the practice of participatory research and development”. In: NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1997. “Responsible well being ”“ A Personal Agenda for Development”. World Development, 25(11), Editorial.
CHEATER, A. (ed.). 1999. The Anthopology of Power. London: Routledge.
COHEN, J.M. & UPHOFF, N.T. 1980. “Participation’s place in rural development: Seeking clarity through specificity”. World Development, 8(3).
COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). 2001. Participation, The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books.
COOPER, F. & PACKARD, R. (eds.). 1997. International Development and the Social Science. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press.
COWEN, M. & SHENTON, R. 1995. “The Invention of Development”. In: CRUSH, J. (ed.). Power of Development. London-New York: Routledge.
DESHLER, D. & SOCK, D. 1985. “Community Participation: A concept review of the International Literature. Paper prepared for the International League for Social Commitment. Adult Education:22-26, Ljungskile, Sweden, July.
ELIAS, N. 1991 [1970]. Qu’est-ce que la sociologie? Paris: Editions de l’Aube.
ESCOBAR, A. 1995. Encountering Development: the Making and the Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ESTEVA, Gustavo. 1993. “Development”. In: SACHS, W. (ed.). The Develpment Dictionary: A Guide to Kowledge and Power. London and New York: Witwatersrand University Press, Zed Books.
EYBEN, R. 2000. “Development and Anthropology: A View from Inside the Agency”. Critique of Anthropology 20(1).
EYBEN, R. & LADBURY, S. 1995. “Popular participation in aid-assisted projects: why more in theory than practice?”. In: NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. (eds.). Power
and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Roberto Salviani 255
FALS BORDA, O. 1981.“The challenge of action research”. Development, 1.
FERGUSON, J. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Develpment”, Depoliticization, and bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press.
FERRAZ, I. 1983. Os Parkatêjê das Matas do Tocantins: A Epopeia de um Líder Timbira. Dissertação de Mestrado, Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letra e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo.
_________. 1998. De “Gaviões” Ã “Comunidade Parkatêjê”: Uma Reflexão sobre Processos de Reorganização Social”. Tese de Doutorado, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro.
FINNEMORE, M. 1997. “Redefining Development at the World Bank”. In: Cooper, F. & Packard, R. (eds.). International Development and the Social Science. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press.
FISHER, W.F. 1994. “Megadevelopment, Environmentalism, and Resistance: The Institutional Context of Kayapó Indigenous Politics in Central Brazil”. Human Organization, 53(3).
_________. 1997. “Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26.
FOUCAULT, M. 1971. “Sobre a Arqueologia das Ciências. Resposta ao Círculo Epistemológico”. In ____ et al. Estruturalismo e Teoria da Linguagem. Petrópolis: Vozes.
_________. 1998. Microfísica do Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
FRANCIS, P. 2001. “Participatory Development at the World Bank: The Primacy of Process”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny.
London: Zed Books.
FRANCIS. P. & JACOBS, S. 1999. “Institutionalizing Social Analysis at the World Bank”. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 19:341-357.
FREIRE, P. 1970. Pedagogia del Oprimido. Montevideo: Tierra Nuova.
GLEDHILL, J. 1994. Power and Its Disguises. Anthropological Perspectives on Politics. London and Boulder: Pluto Press.
GLUCKMAN, Max. 1986. “Análise de uma situação social na Zululândia Moderna”. In: FEDMAN-BIANCO, Bela (org.). Antropologia das Sociedades contemporâneas ”“ Métodos. São Paulo: Global Universitária-Antropologia.
GREEN, M. 2000. “Participatory Development and the Appropriation of Agency in Southern Tanzania”. Critique of Anthropology, 20(1).
GUPTA, Akhil & FERGUSON, James. 1997. Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
HACKEMBERG, Robert A. 1999a. “Strategies and Game Plans”. Human Organization, 58(1).
_________. 1999b. “Globalization: Touchstone Policy Concept or Sucked Orange?”. Human Organization, 58(2).
_________. 1999c. “Victim of Globalization: Is Economics the Instrument Needed to Provide Them a Share of the Wealth?”. Human Organization, 58(4).
HANNERZ, U. 1993. “Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures”. In: KING, A.D. (ed.). Culture globalization and the world-system. London-New York: Macmillan-State University of New York.
HENKEL, H. & STIRRAT, R. 2001. “Participation as Spiritual Duty; Empowerment as Secular Subjection”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
HILDIARD, N.; HEGDE, P.; WOLVEKAMP, P. & REDDY S. 2001. “Pluralism, Participation and Power: Joint Forest Management in India”. In: COOKE, B. &
KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books. Roberto Salviani 257
HINSHAW, R.E. 1980. “Anthropology, administration, and Public Policy”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9.
HOBEN, A. 1982. “Anthropologists and Develoment”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11.
HOROWITZ, M. & PAINTER, T. M. 1986. Anthropology and Rural Development in West Africa. Boulder and London: Westview Press.
HYMES, D. 1972. “The use of anthropology: critical, political, personal”. In: ____ (ed.). Reinventing Anthropology. New York: Random House.
JAMES, W. 1999. “Empowering ambiguities”. In: Cheater, A. (ed.). The Anthopology of Power. London: Routledge.
KAUFMANN, G. 1997. “Watching the developers: a partial ethnography”. In:
GRILLO, R.D. & STIRRAT, L.R. (eds.). Discourses of Development. Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford-New York: Berg.
KOTHARY, U. 2001. “Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development”. In: Cooke, B. & Kothari, U. (eds.). Participation: The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
KUPER, A. 1992. Conceptualizing Society. London and New York: Routledge.
LEWIN, K. 1946. “Action research and minority problems”. Journal of Social Issues, n.2.
MAIR, L. 1971. Anthropology and Social Change. London: W. Clowes & Sons.
_________. 1984. Anthropology and Development. London: McMillan Press.
MALINOWSKI, B. 1929. “Practical Anthropology”. Africa, 2(1).
MEHTA, L. 2001. “The World Bank and its Emerging Knowledge Empire”. Human Organization, 60(2).
MICHENER, V. 1998. “The Participatory Approach: Contradiction and Co-option in Burkina Faso”. World Development, 26(12).
MOSSE, D. 1997. “The Ideology and Politics of Community Participation: Tank Irrigation Development in Colonial and Contemporary Tamil Nadu”. In: GRILLO, R.D. & STIRRAT, L.R. (eds.). Discourses of Development. Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford-New York: Berg.
________. 2001. “‘Peple’s Knowledge’, Participation and Patronage: Operations and Representations in Rural Development”. In: COOKE, B. & KOTHARI, U. (eds.). Participation, The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
NELSON, N. & WRIGHT, S. 1995. (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1995a. “Participatory research and participant observation: two incompatible approaches”. In: ____ (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
_________. 1995b. “Participation and power”. In: ____ (eds.). Power and Participatory Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
OLIVEIRA, J.P. DE & ALMEIDA, A.W.B. de. 1998. “Demarcação e reafirmação étnica: um ensaio sobre a FUNAI”. In: OLIVEIRA, J.P. (org.). Indigenismo e territorialização. Poderes, rotinas e saberes coloniais no Brasil Contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Contra Capa.
PAGE, N. 1999. “Empowerment: What Is It?”. PEP Program, University of Connecticut. Em: http://joe.org/joe/1999october/comm1.html
PARSON, T.; SHILS, E.; NAEGELE, K.P. & PITTS, J. (eds.). 1965. Theories of Society. Fundations of Modern Sociological Theory. New York & London: The Free Press & Collier Macillan.
PEARSON, K. 1921. “The Science of Man: Its Needs and Its Prospects”. Report of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington
PELS, P. 1997. “The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History, and the Emergence of Western Governmentality”. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26. Roberto Salviani 259
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2018-02-23
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Salviani, Roberto. 2018. “Desenvolvimento, Antropologia E ‘participação’. Uma Proposta De reflexão crítica”. Anuário Antropológico 35 (1):227-61. https://doi.org/10.4000/aa.840.
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