The burdens of primitive communism
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AntropologiaResumo
Gilyaks (Nivkhi, by Russian twentieth century nomenclature) are famous for their indigenism. Like Maasai, Nuer, Trobrianders and Yanomami, they became famous in the ethnographic literature of their country as models for theory, ideology and method - foils for an understanding of the world at large. But such frame brings a price. Relative to their work elsewhere, the Soviet government invested disproportionately extensive resources in programs designed to modernize and re-educate their high profile Gilyak subjects. In this article, I track how 5000 Gilyak fishers and hunters on imperial Russia’s far eastern shores became seen as the early USSR’s “truest proletarians” in the eyes of their most famous anthropologist, Lev Shtemberg. A striking illustration of the fortunes of political ideology, Shtemberg’s life and work illustrates how early Marxist kinship studies took a Pacific people and made them a hallmark of primitive communist life in the Russian imperial imagination. In turn, Nivkhi of the late 20th century reflect back today on the political burdens of having been among the foremost subjects o f Soviet ethnographic literature.
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Referências
BATAILLE, Georges. 1993. The Accursed Share: An essay on general economy. Vols. 2-3. New York: Zone.
BLACK, Lydia. 1972. Relative Status of Wife Givers and Wife Takers in Gilyak Society. American Anthropologist 74(5): 1244-1248.
____ 1973. Dogs, Bears and Killer Whales: An analysis o f the Nivkh symbolic system. Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. 1977. Outline o f a Theory o f Practice. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
BOAS, Franz. 1927 [1911]. The Mind o f Primitive Man. New York: Macmillan.
BOGORAZ (Bogoraz-Tan, Bogoras), Vladimir (Natan, Waldemar) Germanovich (Mendelevich), n.d. State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow. Fond 3977, opis’ 1, delo 279.
COLLIER, Jane & Sylvia YANAGISAKO (eds.). 1987. Gender and Kinship: Essays toward a unified analysis. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.
ENGELS, Frederick. 1972. The Origin o f the Family, Private Property and the State: in Light o f the Researches o f Lewis Henry Morgan. Edited with an Introduction by Eleanor Burke Leacock. New York: International Publishers.
FAUBION, James. 1996. Kinship Is Dead. Long Live Kinship. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38: 67-91.
FISON, Lorimer & A. W. HOWITT. 1880. Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Melbourne: George Robertson.
FOUCAULT, Michel. 1990. The History o f Sexuality: An introduction. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage.
GOODY, Jack. 1990. The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems o f marriage and the family in the pre-industrial societies o f Asia. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
GRANT, Bruce. 1995a. In the Soviet House o f Culture: A century o f Perestroikas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
_____ 1995b. Siberia Quente e Fria [Transí, by Alcida Ramos], Anuario Antropologico/94: 95- 125.
HEGEL, G. W. F. 1988 [1840]. Theses on the Philosophy o f History. Translated by Leo Rauch. Indianapolis: Hackett.
HIATT, Lester Richard. 1996. Arguments about Aborigines: Australia and the evolution o f Social Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
KREINOVICH, Erukhim [Iurii] Abramovich. 1936. Perezhitki rodovoi sobstvennosti i gruppovogo braka u giliakov. Trudy Instituta Antropologii, Arkheologii i Etnografii 4: 711-754.
KROL’, Moisei. 1929. Vospominaniia o L. Ia. Shtemberge. Katorga i Ssylka 8-9: 57-58.
LEBEDEV, G. 1920. Vymiraiushchie brat’ia. Zhizn' Natsional’nostei, 19: 76.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1949. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon.
____ 1963. Structural Anthropology. Vol. 1. New York: Basic Books.
THE BURDENS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM
MURDOCK, George Peter. 1949. Social Structure. New York: Macmillan.
NEEDHAM, Rodney (ed.). 1971. Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. London: Tavistock.
RADCLIFFE-BROWN, Alfred R. 1952 [1941], Structure and Function in Primitive Society. London: Cohen and West.
RIVERS, W. H. R. 1906. The Todas. London: Macmillan.
____ 1907. “On the Origin o f the Classificatory System of Relationships”. In Anthropological Essays Presented to Edward Burnett Tylor (W. H. R. Rivers et al., eds.). Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 309-324.
SCHNEIDER, David. 1984. A Critique o f the Study o f Kinship. Ann Arbor: Univ. o f Michigan Press.
SCHWEITZER, Peter. 1989. Spouse-Exchange in North-Eastern Siberia: On kinship and sexual relations and their transformations. Vienna Contributions to Ethnology and Anthropology 5: 17-38.
SHTERNBERG, Lev Iakovlevich. 1891a. Dnevnik puteshestviia L. Ia. Shtemberga. Archive o f the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fond 282, opis’ 1, delo 190.
____ 1891 b -1897. Perepiska L’va Ia. Shternberga. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fond 282, opis’ 1, delo 120.
___ 1904a. Giliaki (I). Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie 28(60): 1-42.
___ 1904b. Giliaki (II). Etnograficheskoe, Obozrenie 28(61): 19-55.
___ 1904c. Giliaki (III). Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie 28(63): 66-119.
___ 1906. “Tragedy shestimillionogo naroda”. In Nakanunie probuzhdeniia: Sbornik statei po evreiskomu voprosu (I. V. Gessen et al., eds.). St. Petersburg: A. G. Rozen. pp. 163- 187.
____ 1933a. Giliaki, orochi, g o l’dy, negidal'tsy, ainy. Khabarovsk: Dal’nevostochnoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. [Edited with a preface by Ian P. Koshkin (Al’kor).]
____ 1933b. Sem’ia i rod u narodov Severo-Vostochnoi Azii. Leningrad: Institut Narodov Severa. [Edited with a preface by Ian P. Koshkin (Al’kor).]
____ 1999. The Social Organization o f the Gilyak. Edited with a foreword and afterword by
Bruce Grant. New York: Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.
SMOLIAK, Anna Vasil’evna. 1975. Etnicheskie protsessy u narodov Nizhnego Amura i Sakhalina. Moscow: Nauka.
SPENCER, Baldwin & Frank GILLEN. 1899. The Native Tribes o f Central Australia. London: Macmillan.T
SSORIN-CHAIKOV, Nikolai. 1998. Stateless Society, State Collective, and the State o f Mature in Sub-Arctic Siberia: Evenki hunters and herders in the 20 century. Ph.D. Diss., Stanford University.
TAKSAMI, Chuner Mikhailovich. 1961a. Issledovatel’, drug i uchitel’ nivkhov. In Issledovateli Sakhalina i Kuril (Ivan A. Senclienko, ed.). Iuzhno-Sakhalinsk:
Sakhalinskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel’stvo. pp. 108-131.
____ 1961b. Osnovnye problemy etnografii i istorii Nivkhov. Leningrad: Nauka.
URBAN, Greg. 1996. Metaphysical Community: The Interplay o f the senses and the intellect. Austin: Univ. o f Texas Press.
BLACK, Lydia. 1972. Relative Status of Wife Givers and Wife Takers in Gilyak Society. American Anthropologist 74(5): 1244-1248.
____ 1973. Dogs, Bears and Killer Whales: An analysis o f the Nivkh symbolic system. Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. 1977. Outline o f a Theory o f Practice. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
BOAS, Franz. 1927 [1911]. The Mind o f Primitive Man. New York: Macmillan.
BOGORAZ (Bogoraz-Tan, Bogoras), Vladimir (Natan, Waldemar) Germanovich (Mendelevich), n.d. State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow. Fond 3977, opis’ 1, delo 279.
COLLIER, Jane & Sylvia YANAGISAKO (eds.). 1987. Gender and Kinship: Essays toward a unified analysis. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.
ENGELS, Frederick. 1972. The Origin o f the Family, Private Property and the State: in Light o f the Researches o f Lewis Henry Morgan. Edited with an Introduction by Eleanor Burke Leacock. New York: International Publishers.
FAUBION, James. 1996. Kinship Is Dead. Long Live Kinship. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38: 67-91.
FISON, Lorimer & A. W. HOWITT. 1880. Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Melbourne: George Robertson.
FOUCAULT, Michel. 1990. The History o f Sexuality: An introduction. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage.
GOODY, Jack. 1990. The Oriental, the Ancient and the Primitive: Systems o f marriage and the family in the pre-industrial societies o f Asia. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
GRANT, Bruce. 1995a. In the Soviet House o f Culture: A century o f Perestroikas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
_____ 1995b. Siberia Quente e Fria [Transí, by Alcida Ramos], Anuario Antropologico/94: 95- 125.
HEGEL, G. W. F. 1988 [1840]. Theses on the Philosophy o f History. Translated by Leo Rauch. Indianapolis: Hackett.
HIATT, Lester Richard. 1996. Arguments about Aborigines: Australia and the evolution o f Social Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
KREINOVICH, Erukhim [Iurii] Abramovich. 1936. Perezhitki rodovoi sobstvennosti i gruppovogo braka u giliakov. Trudy Instituta Antropologii, Arkheologii i Etnografii 4: 711-754.
KROL’, Moisei. 1929. Vospominaniia o L. Ia. Shtemberge. Katorga i Ssylka 8-9: 57-58.
LEBEDEV, G. 1920. Vymiraiushchie brat’ia. Zhizn' Natsional’nostei, 19: 76.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1949. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon.
____ 1963. Structural Anthropology. Vol. 1. New York: Basic Books.
THE BURDENS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM
MURDOCK, George Peter. 1949. Social Structure. New York: Macmillan.
NEEDHAM, Rodney (ed.). 1971. Rethinking Kinship and Marriage. London: Tavistock.
RADCLIFFE-BROWN, Alfred R. 1952 [1941], Structure and Function in Primitive Society. London: Cohen and West.
RIVERS, W. H. R. 1906. The Todas. London: Macmillan.
____ 1907. “On the Origin o f the Classificatory System of Relationships”. In Anthropological Essays Presented to Edward Burnett Tylor (W. H. R. Rivers et al., eds.). Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 309-324.
SCHNEIDER, David. 1984. A Critique o f the Study o f Kinship. Ann Arbor: Univ. o f Michigan Press.
SCHWEITZER, Peter. 1989. Spouse-Exchange in North-Eastern Siberia: On kinship and sexual relations and their transformations. Vienna Contributions to Ethnology and Anthropology 5: 17-38.
SHTERNBERG, Lev Iakovlevich. 1891a. Dnevnik puteshestviia L. Ia. Shtemberga. Archive o f the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fond 282, opis’ 1, delo 190.
____ 1891 b -1897. Perepiska L’va Ia. Shternberga. Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fond 282, opis’ 1, delo 120.
___ 1904a. Giliaki (I). Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie 28(60): 1-42.
___ 1904b. Giliaki (II). Etnograficheskoe, Obozrenie 28(61): 19-55.
___ 1904c. Giliaki (III). Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie 28(63): 66-119.
___ 1906. “Tragedy shestimillionogo naroda”. In Nakanunie probuzhdeniia: Sbornik statei po evreiskomu voprosu (I. V. Gessen et al., eds.). St. Petersburg: A. G. Rozen. pp. 163- 187.
____ 1933a. Giliaki, orochi, g o l’dy, negidal'tsy, ainy. Khabarovsk: Dal’nevostochnoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. [Edited with a preface by Ian P. Koshkin (Al’kor).]
____ 1933b. Sem’ia i rod u narodov Severo-Vostochnoi Azii. Leningrad: Institut Narodov Severa. [Edited with a preface by Ian P. Koshkin (Al’kor).]
____ 1999. The Social Organization o f the Gilyak. Edited with a foreword and afterword by
Bruce Grant. New York: Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.
SMOLIAK, Anna Vasil’evna. 1975. Etnicheskie protsessy u narodov Nizhnego Amura i Sakhalina. Moscow: Nauka.
SPENCER, Baldwin & Frank GILLEN. 1899. The Native Tribes o f Central Australia. London: Macmillan.T
SSORIN-CHAIKOV, Nikolai. 1998. Stateless Society, State Collective, and the State o f Mature in Sub-Arctic Siberia: Evenki hunters and herders in the 20 century. Ph.D. Diss., Stanford University.
TAKSAMI, Chuner Mikhailovich. 1961a. Issledovatel’, drug i uchitel’ nivkhov. In Issledovateli Sakhalina i Kuril (Ivan A. Senclienko, ed.). Iuzhno-Sakhalinsk:
Sakhalinskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel’stvo. pp. 108-131.
____ 1961b. Osnovnye problemy etnografii i istorii Nivkhov. Leningrad: Nauka.
URBAN, Greg. 1996. Metaphysical Community: The Interplay o f the senses and the intellect. Austin: Univ. o f Texas Press.
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Publicado
2018-02-08
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Grant, Bruce. 2018. “The Burdens of Primitive Communism”. Anuário Antropológico 25 (1):157-74. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6769.
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