Anthropological perspectives on Myth
Palavras-chave:
AntropologiaResumo
In this paper, I explore anthropological interpretations of myths. Myths have fascinated scholars in various disciplines - as well as ordinary people. They have recorded and presented history, expounded philosophical ideas and moral values (Plato, Sophocles, Aeschylus), as well as provided patterns for interpreting language, (Müller), psychology (Freud, Rank, Jung) and structure (Lévi-Strauss, Greimas). One of the more puzzling moments in all these studies was the apparent incommensurability between “myth” and “reality.”
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Referências
ACKERMAN, Robert. 1973. Frazer on Myth and Ritual. Journal o f the History o f Ideas 34:115-134.
----- 1991. The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists. New York
and London: Garland Publishing.
AESCHYLUS. 1926. Aeschylus. With an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth. Vol. 2.
LCL. London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
AIJMER, Goran. 1987. “The Cultural Nature of Ritual and Myth”. In Symbolic Textures:
Studies in Cultural Meaning (Goran Aijmer, ed.). Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis
Gothoburgensis. pp. 1-22.
ALEXANDER, H. B. 1924. Worship (Primitive). ERE 12: 752-757.
ATKINSON, Paul. 1992. Understanding Ethnographic Texts. Newbury Park: Sage.
BAILEY, Warner McReynolds. 1970. Theology and Criticism in William Robertson Smith.
PhD Dissertation. New Haven: Yale University.
BARTHES, Roland. 1988 [1985]. The Semiotic Challenge. Translated by Richard Howard.
New York: Hill and Wang.
BEIDELMAN, T. O. 1974. W. Robertson Smith and the Sociological Study o f Religion. Chicago:
University o f Chicago Press.
___ 1987. Smith, W. Robertson. ER 13: 366-367.
BLACK, John Sutherland & George CHRYSTAL. 1912a. The Life o f William Robertson
Smith. London: Adam and Charles Black.
----- (eds.). 1912b. Lectures & Essays o f William Robertson Smith. London: Adam and Charles
Black.
BOAS, Franz. 1916. Tsimshian Mythology, by Franz Boas, based on texts recorded by Henry
W. Tate. In Thirty-first Annual Report o f the Bureau o f American Ethnology to the
Secretary o f the Smithsonian Institution, 1909-1910. Washington: Government Printing
Office, pp. 29-1037.
BOON, James A. 1987. Anthropology, Ethnology, and Religion. ER 1: 308-316.
BOSKOVIC, Aleksandar. 1988. Razumeti mit. [To understand a myth.] Polja n°. 355: 409-
410.
-----. 1989. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84: 203-212.
-----. 1995a. Great Goddesses of the Aztecs: Their Meaning and Functions. Indiana 12: 9-13.
-------. 1995b. “William Robertson Smith and the Anthropological Study o f Myth” . In
JOHNSTONE 1995: 303-310.
------ 2003. Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett. Routledge Biographical Dictionary o f Anthropology
(Vered Amit, ed.), London and New York: Routledge. [forthcoming]
138
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MYTH
BROWN, Jesse H. 1964. The Contribution o f William Robertson Smith to Old Testament
Scholarship, with Special Emphasis on Higher Criticism. PhD Dissertation, Graduate
Program in Religion. Durham: Duke University.
BRYCE, James. 1903. “William Robertson Smith”. In Studies in Contemporary Biography.
London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 311-326.
BURKERT, Walter. 1980. Griechische Mythologie und die Geistesgeschichte der Modeme.
Les Etudes classiques aux XIXe et XX siécles, Entrétiens sur l'antiquité classique 26:
159-199.
____ 1985. Greek Religion. Trans, by John Raffan. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University
Press.
CAMPBELL, Joseph. 1959-1970. The Masks o f God. 4 Vols. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
CASSIRER, Ernst. 1922. Der Begriffsform im mythischen Denken. Studien der Bibliotek
Warburg, 1. Hamburg.
____ 1942. The Influence of Language upon the Development of Scientific Thought. The
Journal o f Philosophy 39: 309-327.
___ 1946. Structuralism in Modem Linguistics. Word 1: 99-120.
____ 1953 [1925]. Language and Myth. Translated by Susanne K. Langer. New York: Dover
Publications.
____ 1953-1957 [1923-1929]. Philosophy o f Symbolic Forms. 3 Vols. Trans, by Ralph
Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press.
CHANTRAINE, Pierre. 1968-1980. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, histoire
des mots. 4 Vols. Paris: Klincksieck.
COHEN, Percy S. 1969. Theories of Myth. Man N. S. 4(3): 337-353.
COOK, Stanley A. 1902. Israel and Totemism. The Jewish Quarterly Review 14: 413-448.
DAY, John (ed.). 1995. The Religion o f the Semites: Lectures on the Religion o f the Semites
(Second and Third Series) by William Robertson Smith. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
DETIENNE, Marcel. 1990. Épistémologie des mythes. EU 15: 1048-1053.
DURKHEIM, Émile. 1968 [1912]. Elementary Forms o f Religious Life. Translated by Joseph
Ward Swain. New York: Free Press.
ELIADE, Mircea. 1974 [1949]. Patterns in Comparative Religion. Trans, by Rosemary Sheed.
New York: Meridian.
___(ed.). 1987. Encyclopedia o f Religion. 16 Vols. New York: Macmillan.
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139
ALEKSANDAR BOSKOVIC
FEYERABEND, Paul. 1981. Problems o f Empiricism. Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FONTENROSE, Joseph. 1966. The Ritual Theory o f Myth. Folklore Studies, 18. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University o f California Press.
FRAZER, James G. 1996 [1922], The Golden Bough. Abridged edition, with an Introduction
by George W. Stocking, Jr. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1971 (editor). Myth, Symbol and Culture. New York: W.W. Norton.
___ 1973. “The Cerebral Savage: On the Work of Claude Lévi-Strauss”. In The Interpretation
o f Cultures. New York: Basic Books, pp. 345-359.
___ _ 1988. “The World in a Text: How to Read ‘Tristes Tropiques’”. In Works and Lives: The
Anthropologist's as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 25-48.
GLOVER, Willis B. 1954. Evangelical Nonconformists and Higher Criticism in the Nineteenth
Century Scotland. London: Independent Press.
GREIMAS, A. J. 1971 [1966]. “Elementos para uma Teoria da Interpretação da Narrativa
Mítica”. Trad, de Maria Zélia Barbosa Pinto. In Análise Estrutural da Narrativa (seleção
de ensaios da revista “Communications”). Petropolis: Editora Vozes. pp. 59-108.
HARRELSON, Walter. 1987. Myth and Ritual School. ER 10: 282-285.
HERODOTUS. 1972. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt. Revised, with an
introduction and notes by A. R. Bum. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
HOCART, A. M. 1936. Myth and Ritual. Man 36: 230.
HOMER. 1919. The Odyssey. With an English translation by A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. LCL.
London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
____ 1924-1925. The Iliad. With an English translation by A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. LCL.
London: William Heinemann, Ltd..
JOHNSTONE, William (ed.). 1995. William Robertson Smith: Essays in Reassessment. Journal
for the Study of Old Testament Supplement Series, 189. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press.
JONES, Robert Alun. 1984. “Robertson Smith and James Frazer on Religion: Two Traditions
in British Social Anthropology”. In Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social
Anthropology (George W. Stocking, Jr., ed.). Madison: University o f Wisconsin Press,
pp. 31-58.
KIRK, G. S. 1970. Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
___ 1974. The Nature o f Greek Myths. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
140
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MYTH
KLUCKHOHN, Clyde. 1942 [1939]. Myths and Rituals: A General Theory. Harvard Theological
Review 35(1): 45-79.
KROIS, John Michael. 1987. Cassirer: Symbolic Forms and History. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
LANG, Andrew. 1884. Mythology. EB9 17: 135-158.
___ 1885. Custom and Myth. New York: Harper & Brothers.
___ 1887. Myth, Ritual, and Religion. 2 Vols. London: Longman’s, Green, and Co.
___ 1901. Magic and Religion. London: Longman’s, Green and Co.
___ 1911. Mythology. Eb " 19: 128-144.
LANGER, Susanne K. 1971 [1942], Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism o f
Reason, Rite, and Art. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.
LEACH, Edmund (ed.). 1967. The Structural Study o f Myth and Totemism. London: Tavistock
Publications.
___ 1969. Genesis as Myth and other Essays. London: Jonathan Cape.
____ 1970 [1954], Political Systems o f Highland Burma: A Study o f Kachin Social Structure.
London: The Athlone Press, University of London.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1963 [1955]. “The Structural Study of Myth”. In Structural Anthropology.
Trans, by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic
Books, pp. 206-231.
___ 1964-1971. Mythologiques 4 Vols. Paris: Plon.
___ 1978. Myth and Meaning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
____ 1987 [1984], Anthropology and Myth. Lectures 1951-1982. Trans, by Roy Willis.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
LINCOLN, Bruce. 1999. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
LITTLE, Keith. 1952. See Mea Idei 1952.
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and Company, Inc.
___ 1961 [1922]. Argonauts o f the Western Pacific. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
MANDELBAUM, David G. 1987. Myths and Mythmaker: Some Anthropological Appraisals of
the Mythological Studies of Lévi-Strauss. Ethnology 26(1): 31-36.
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Mechanical Reproduction. The Journal o f Religion 65(3): 307-325.
141
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notes and an introductory preface on solar mythology, by A. Smythe Palmer, D.D.
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PhD Diss. Department of Humanities. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
____ 1973. The Theological Development of the Young William Robertson Smith. The Evangelical
Quarterly XLV(2): 81-99.
NÕTH, Winfried. 1990. Handbook o f Semiotics. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University
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Studies in Cultural Meaning (Goran Aijmer, ed.). Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis
Gothoburgensis. pp. 1-22.
ALEXANDER, H. B. 1924. Worship (Primitive). ERE 12: 752-757.
ATKINSON, Paul. 1992. Understanding Ethnographic Texts. Newbury Park: Sage.
BAILEY, Warner McReynolds. 1970. Theology and Criticism in William Robertson Smith.
PhD Dissertation. New Haven: Yale University.
BARTHES, Roland. 1988 [1985]. The Semiotic Challenge. Translated by Richard Howard.
New York: Hill and Wang.
BEIDELMAN, T. O. 1974. W. Robertson Smith and the Sociological Study o f Religion. Chicago:
University o f Chicago Press.
___ 1987. Smith, W. Robertson. ER 13: 366-367.
BLACK, John Sutherland & George CHRYSTAL. 1912a. The Life o f William Robertson
Smith. London: Adam and Charles Black.
----- (eds.). 1912b. Lectures & Essays o f William Robertson Smith. London: Adam and Charles
Black.
BOAS, Franz. 1916. Tsimshian Mythology, by Franz Boas, based on texts recorded by Henry
W. Tate. In Thirty-first Annual Report o f the Bureau o f American Ethnology to the
Secretary o f the Smithsonian Institution, 1909-1910. Washington: Government Printing
Office, pp. 29-1037.
BOON, James A. 1987. Anthropology, Ethnology, and Religion. ER 1: 308-316.
BOSKOVIC, Aleksandar. 1988. Razumeti mit. [To understand a myth.] Polja n°. 355: 409-
410.
-----. 1989. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84: 203-212.
-----. 1995a. Great Goddesses of the Aztecs: Their Meaning and Functions. Indiana 12: 9-13.
-------. 1995b. “William Robertson Smith and the Anthropological Study o f Myth” . In
JOHNSTONE 1995: 303-310.
------ 2003. Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett. Routledge Biographical Dictionary o f Anthropology
(Vered Amit, ed.), London and New York: Routledge. [forthcoming]
138
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MYTH
BROWN, Jesse H. 1964. The Contribution o f William Robertson Smith to Old Testament
Scholarship, with Special Emphasis on Higher Criticism. PhD Dissertation, Graduate
Program in Religion. Durham: Duke University.
BRYCE, James. 1903. “William Robertson Smith”. In Studies in Contemporary Biography.
London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 311-326.
BURKERT, Walter. 1980. Griechische Mythologie und die Geistesgeschichte der Modeme.
Les Etudes classiques aux XIXe et XX siécles, Entrétiens sur l'antiquité classique 26:
159-199.
____ 1985. Greek Religion. Trans, by John Raffan. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University
Press.
CAMPBELL, Joseph. 1959-1970. The Masks o f God. 4 Vols. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
CASSIRER, Ernst. 1922. Der Begriffsform im mythischen Denken. Studien der Bibliotek
Warburg, 1. Hamburg.
____ 1942. The Influence of Language upon the Development of Scientific Thought. The
Journal o f Philosophy 39: 309-327.
___ 1946. Structuralism in Modem Linguistics. Word 1: 99-120.
____ 1953 [1925]. Language and Myth. Translated by Susanne K. Langer. New York: Dover
Publications.
____ 1953-1957 [1923-1929]. Philosophy o f Symbolic Forms. 3 Vols. Trans, by Ralph
Manheim. New Haven: Yale University Press.
CHANTRAINE, Pierre. 1968-1980. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, histoire
des mots. 4 Vols. Paris: Klincksieck.
COHEN, Percy S. 1969. Theories of Myth. Man N. S. 4(3): 337-353.
COOK, Stanley A. 1902. Israel and Totemism. The Jewish Quarterly Review 14: 413-448.
DAY, John (ed.). 1995. The Religion o f the Semites: Lectures on the Religion o f the Semites
(Second and Third Series) by William Robertson Smith. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
DETIENNE, Marcel. 1990. Épistémologie des mythes. EU 15: 1048-1053.
DURKHEIM, Émile. 1968 [1912]. Elementary Forms o f Religious Life. Translated by Joseph
Ward Swain. New York: Free Press.
ELIADE, Mircea. 1974 [1949]. Patterns in Comparative Religion. Trans, by Rosemary Sheed.
New York: Meridian.
___(ed.). 1987. Encyclopedia o f Religion. 16 Vols. New York: Macmillan.
FALLAIZE, E. N. 1924. Prayer (Introductory and Primitive). ERE 10: 154-158.
139
ALEKSANDAR BOSKOVIC
FEYERABEND, Paul. 1981. Problems o f Empiricism. Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FONTENROSE, Joseph. 1966. The Ritual Theory o f Myth. Folklore Studies, 18. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University o f California Press.
FRAZER, James G. 1996 [1922], The Golden Bough. Abridged edition, with an Introduction
by George W. Stocking, Jr. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
GEERTZ, Clifford. 1971 (editor). Myth, Symbol and Culture. New York: W.W. Norton.
___ 1973. “The Cerebral Savage: On the Work of Claude Lévi-Strauss”. In The Interpretation
o f Cultures. New York: Basic Books, pp. 345-359.
___ _ 1988. “The World in a Text: How to Read ‘Tristes Tropiques’”. In Works and Lives: The
Anthropologist's as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 25-48.
GLOVER, Willis B. 1954. Evangelical Nonconformists and Higher Criticism in the Nineteenth
Century Scotland. London: Independent Press.
GREIMAS, A. J. 1971 [1966]. “Elementos para uma Teoria da Interpretação da Narrativa
Mítica”. Trad, de Maria Zélia Barbosa Pinto. In Análise Estrutural da Narrativa (seleção
de ensaios da revista “Communications”). Petropolis: Editora Vozes. pp. 59-108.
HARRELSON, Walter. 1987. Myth and Ritual School. ER 10: 282-285.
HERODOTUS. 1972. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt. Revised, with an
introduction and notes by A. R. Bum. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
HOCART, A. M. 1936. Myth and Ritual. Man 36: 230.
HOMER. 1919. The Odyssey. With an English translation by A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. LCL.
London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
____ 1924-1925. The Iliad. With an English translation by A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. LCL.
London: William Heinemann, Ltd..
JOHNSTONE, William (ed.). 1995. William Robertson Smith: Essays in Reassessment. Journal
for the Study of Old Testament Supplement Series, 189. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press.
JONES, Robert Alun. 1984. “Robertson Smith and James Frazer on Religion: Two Traditions
in British Social Anthropology”. In Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social
Anthropology (George W. Stocking, Jr., ed.). Madison: University o f Wisconsin Press,
pp. 31-58.
KIRK, G. S. 1970. Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
___ 1974. The Nature o f Greek Myths. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
140
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MYTH
KLUCKHOHN, Clyde. 1942 [1939]. Myths and Rituals: A General Theory. Harvard Theological
Review 35(1): 45-79.
KROIS, John Michael. 1987. Cassirer: Symbolic Forms and History. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
LANG, Andrew. 1884. Mythology. EB9 17: 135-158.
___ 1885. Custom and Myth. New York: Harper & Brothers.
___ 1887. Myth, Ritual, and Religion. 2 Vols. London: Longman’s, Green, and Co.
___ 1901. Magic and Religion. London: Longman’s, Green and Co.
___ 1911. Mythology. Eb " 19: 128-144.
LANGER, Susanne K. 1971 [1942], Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism o f
Reason, Rite, and Art. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.
LEACH, Edmund (ed.). 1967. The Structural Study o f Myth and Totemism. London: Tavistock
Publications.
___ 1969. Genesis as Myth and other Essays. London: Jonathan Cape.
____ 1970 [1954], Political Systems o f Highland Burma: A Study o f Kachin Social Structure.
London: The Athlone Press, University of London.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1963 [1955]. “The Structural Study of Myth”. In Structural Anthropology.
Trans, by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic
Books, pp. 206-231.
___ 1964-1971. Mythologiques 4 Vols. Paris: Plon.
___ 1978. Myth and Meaning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
____ 1987 [1984], Anthropology and Myth. Lectures 1951-1982. Trans, by Roy Willis.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
LINCOLN, Bruce. 1999. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
LITTLE, Keith. 1952. See Mea Idei 1952.
MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw. 1926. Myth in Primitive Psychology. New York: W. W. Norton
and Company, Inc.
___ 1961 [1922]. Argonauts o f the Western Pacific. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
MANDELBAUM, David G. 1987. Myths and Mythmaker: Some Anthropological Appraisals of
the Mythological Studies of Lévi-Strauss. Ethnology 26(1): 31-36.
MASUZAWA, Tomoko. 1989. Original Lost: An Image of Myth and Ritual in the Age of
Mechanical Reproduction. The Journal o f Religion 65(3): 307-325.
141
ALEKSANDAR BOSKOVIC
MAUSS, Marcel. 1950. Sociologie et anthropologie. 2 Vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France.
MEA IDEI [Translated by Keith Little]. 1952. My Father, the Crocodile: A Papuan Legend.
Bulletin o f the University Museum (Philadelphia) 17(1): 39-47.
MÜLLER, [Friedrich] Max. 1909 [1856]. Comparative Mythology. Edited, with additional
notes and an introductory preface on solar mythology, by A. Smythe Palmer, D.D.
London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd.
NELSON, Donald R. 1969. The Life and Thought o f William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894.
PhD Diss. Department of Humanities. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
____ 1973. The Theological Development of the Young William Robertson Smith. The Evangelical
Quarterly XLV(2): 81-99.
NÕTH, Winfried. 1990. Handbook o f Semiotics. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University
Press.
O’FLAHERTY, Wendy Doniger (trans. and ed.). 1975. Hindu Myths. Harmondsworth:
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Boskovic, Aleksandar. 2018. “Anthropological Perspectives on Myth”. Anuário Antropológico 25 (1):103-44. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6767.
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