A fotografia como instrumento etnográfico
Palavras-chave:
Antropologia, FotografiaResumo
O uso de narrativas visuais era ciências sociais é um assunto polêmico. A polêmica se encontra na ambigüidade da imagem e, portanto, na relutância de pesquisadores em aceitar o uso de códigos visuais como um método de pesquisa viável ou como uma nova possibilidade de estruturar narrativas. Em grande parte ignorando a análise de imagens, cientistas sociais têm negligenciado um material importante para a interpretação da experiência humana. Isto é surpreendente, se considerarmos que a fotografia como um documento interpretativo em muito se assemelha ao trabalho das ciências sociais com o seu empenho em criar representações de realidades. Por criarem representações válidas, os referenciais da fotografia e das ciências sociais derivam do contexto cultural nos quais estas disciplinas estão inseridas e dos paradigmas básicos através dos quais elas interpretam o real1.
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Referências
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BAUDELAIRE, C. 1980. "The Modem Public and Photography." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 83-89.
BAZIN, André. 1980. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 237-244.
BERGER, I. & J. MOHR. 1982. Another Way of Telling. New York: Pantheon Books.
BITTENCOURT, L. A. 1993. Spinning Lives. Tese de Doutorado. Ithaca: Cornell University (no prelo).
BURGIN, V. 1982. Thinking Photography. London: MacMillan Education.
CALDAROLA, V.J. 1988. Imaging Process as Ethnographic Inquiry. Visual Anthropology 1(4): 433-451.
CHEATWOOD, D. & C. STASZ. 1982. "Visual Sociology." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 261-269.
COLLIER, J. 1982a. "Evaluating Visual Data." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 161-&9.
______ . 1982b. "Visual Anthropology." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 271-281.
______ . 1986. Visual Anthropology. Ed. rev. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
______ . 1987. Visual Anthropology’s Contribution to the Field of Anthropology. Visual Anthropology 1 (1): 37-46.
COLLIER, J. & M. COLLIER. 1987. Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
DANFORTH L. M. & A. TSIARAS. 1982. Death Rituals o f Rural Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ECO, Umberto. 1982. "Critique of the Image." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 84-109.
GARDNER, R. & K. HEIDER. 1968. Gardens o f War. New York: Random House.
GEARY, C. M. 1990. Impressions of the African Past: Interpreting Ethnographic Photographs from Cameroon. Visual Anthropology 3 (2/3): 289-315.
GEERTZ, C. 1973. The Interpretation o f Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
HARPER, D. 1987. The Visual Ethnographic Narrative. Visual Anthropology 1 (1): 1-19.
HEIDEGGER, M. 1971. Poetry, Language and Thought. New York: Harper and Row.
HOLMES, O. 1980. "The Stereoscope and the Stereograph." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 71-82.
KAPLAN, F.S. 1990. Some Uses of Photographs in Recovering Cultural History at the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria. Visual Anthropology 3 (2/3): 317-341.
KRACAUER, S. 1980. "Photography." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 245-268.
MALINOWSKI, B. 1978. Coral Gardens and their Magic. New York: Dover Publication.
______ . 1984. Os Argonautas do Pacífico Ocidental. Trad. Anton P. Carr e Ligia Mendonça. São Paulo: Abril Cultural.
MEAD, M. & G. BATESON. 1942. Balinese Character. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
______ . 1978. Coral Gardens and their Magic. New York: Dover Publications. MARCUS, G.E. & M.J.J. FISHER. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
PINNEY, Christopher. 1992. "The Parallel Histories of Anthropology and Photography''. In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards ed.). New Haven Yale University Press, pp. 74-95.
SEKULA, A. 1982. "On the Invention of Photographic Meaning." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 84-109.
SONTAG, Susan. 1973. On Photography. New York: Anchor Books.
SPENCER, F. 1992. "Some Notes on the Attempt to Anthropometry during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century". In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards, ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 99-107.
TAGG, John. 1982. "The Currency of Photography." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 110-141.
______ . 1988. The Burden o f Representation: Essays on Photography and Histories. Amherst: The University of Massachusets Press.
WAGNER, Jon. 1982. Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
WRIGHT, Terence. 1992. "Photography: Theories of Realism and Convention". In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards, ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 18-31.
______ . 1980. Camera Lucida. Trad. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang.
BAUDELAIRE, C. 1980. "The Modem Public and Photography." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 83-89.
BAZIN, André. 1980. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 237-244.
BERGER, I. & J. MOHR. 1982. Another Way of Telling. New York: Pantheon Books.
BITTENCOURT, L. A. 1993. Spinning Lives. Tese de Doutorado. Ithaca: Cornell University (no prelo).
BURGIN, V. 1982. Thinking Photography. London: MacMillan Education.
CALDAROLA, V.J. 1988. Imaging Process as Ethnographic Inquiry. Visual Anthropology 1(4): 433-451.
CHEATWOOD, D. & C. STASZ. 1982. "Visual Sociology." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 261-269.
COLLIER, J. 1982a. "Evaluating Visual Data." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 161-&9.
______ . 1982b. "Visual Anthropology." In Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences (Jon Wagner, ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp. 271-281.
______ . 1986. Visual Anthropology. Ed. rev. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
______ . 1987. Visual Anthropology’s Contribution to the Field of Anthropology. Visual Anthropology 1 (1): 37-46.
COLLIER, J. & M. COLLIER. 1987. Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
DANFORTH L. M. & A. TSIARAS. 1982. Death Rituals o f Rural Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ECO, Umberto. 1982. "Critique of the Image." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 84-109.
GARDNER, R. & K. HEIDER. 1968. Gardens o f War. New York: Random House.
GEARY, C. M. 1990. Impressions of the African Past: Interpreting Ethnographic Photographs from Cameroon. Visual Anthropology 3 (2/3): 289-315.
GEERTZ, C. 1973. The Interpretation o f Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
HARPER, D. 1987. The Visual Ethnographic Narrative. Visual Anthropology 1 (1): 1-19.
HEIDEGGER, M. 1971. Poetry, Language and Thought. New York: Harper and Row.
HOLMES, O. 1980. "The Stereoscope and the Stereograph." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 71-82.
KAPLAN, F.S. 1990. Some Uses of Photographs in Recovering Cultural History at the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria. Visual Anthropology 3 (2/3): 317-341.
KRACAUER, S. 1980. "Photography." In Classic Essays on Photography (Alan Trachtenberg, ed.). New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, pp. 245-268.
MALINOWSKI, B. 1978. Coral Gardens and their Magic. New York: Dover Publication.
______ . 1984. Os Argonautas do Pacífico Ocidental. Trad. Anton P. Carr e Ligia Mendonça. São Paulo: Abril Cultural.
MEAD, M. & G. BATESON. 1942. Balinese Character. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
______ . 1978. Coral Gardens and their Magic. New York: Dover Publications. MARCUS, G.E. & M.J.J. FISHER. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
PINNEY, Christopher. 1992. "The Parallel Histories of Anthropology and Photography''. In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards ed.). New Haven Yale University Press, pp. 74-95.
SEKULA, A. 1982. "On the Invention of Photographic Meaning." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 84-109.
SONTAG, Susan. 1973. On Photography. New York: Anchor Books.
SPENCER, F. 1992. "Some Notes on the Attempt to Anthropometry during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century". In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards, ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 99-107.
TAGG, John. 1982. "The Currency of Photography." In Thinking Photography (Victor Burgin, ed.). London: Macmillan Education, pp. 110-141.
______ . 1988. The Burden o f Representation: Essays on Photography and Histories. Amherst: The University of Massachusets Press.
WAGNER, Jon. 1982. Images o f Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
WRIGHT, Terence. 1992. "Photography: Theories of Realism and Convention". In Anthropology and Photography (Elizabeth Edwards, ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 18-31.
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2018-01-31
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Bittencourt, Luciana. 2018. “A Fotografia Como Instrumento etnográfico”. Anuário Antropológico 17 (1):225-41. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6536.
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