Descobrindo conexões ao longo do rio no Baixo Amazonas, Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26512/anuarioantropologico.v42i1.2017/6202Palavras-chave:
Amazônia, aprendizagem, habilidades, história, antropologiaResumo
Este artigo trata da aprendizagem de habilidades entre pessoas que vivem ao longo dos rios da Amazônia no estado do Pará, Brasil. Aborda as relações regionais de aprendizagem e seus contextos de forma histórica e concentra-se nas atividades de pesca e cura xamânica. A questão que anima este artigo é esta: dadas as rupturas da história da Amazônia, como as habilidades foram transmitidas de uma geração para outra? Minha resposta explora o papel do rio nas habilidades de aprendizagem e na formação de vidas e na maneira como alguns amazônicos do século XVIII improvisaram o conhecimento e os recursos materiais da época e como alguns de seus descendentes construíram esse legado cerca de 250 anos depois. Compreender esses caminhos de aprendizagem é saber como relações de diferentes escalas são construídas através de laços pessoais, acesso a recursos e tecnologia. O rio fornece a estrutura para essas escalas.
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Referências
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BETTENDORFF, João Felipe. 1990. Crônica dos padres da Companhia de Jesus no estado do Maranhão. Belém: Cejup.
BIRD-DAVID, Nurit. 1990. “The giving environment: another perspective on the economic system of gatherer-hunters”. Current Anthropology, 31(2):189-196.
BOLANOS, Omaira. 2010. Reconstructing indigenous ethnicities: the Arapium and Jaraqui peoples of the Lower Amazon, Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 45(3):63-86.
CAMINHA, Pero Vaz de. 2004. “First letter from Brazil by Pero Vaz de Caminha, 1500”. In: Kenneth Mills, William Taylor & Sandra Lauderdale Graham (eds.). Colonial Latin America: a documentary history. Lanham, MD: Scholarly Resources. pp. 43-58.
CARVAJAL, Gaspar de. 1988. “Discovery of the Orellana River”. In: José Toribio Medina (ed.). The discovery of the Amazon. New York: Dover. pp. 167-235.
CARVALHO JUNIOR, Almir Diniz de. 2005. Índios cristãos: a conversão dos gentios na Amazônia portuguesa (1653”“1769). Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
______. 2013. “Índios no cotidiano das colônias do norte (séculos XVII e XVIII)”. Revista de História, 168:69-99.
CASTRO, Fábio de. 2002. “From myths to rules: the evolution of the local management in the Lower Amazonian Floodplain”. Environment and History, 8(2):197-216.
______. 2009. “Patterns of resource use by caboclo communities in the Middle-Lower Amazon”. In: Cristina Adams, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves & Mark Harris (eds.). Amazon peasant societies in a changing environment: political ecology, invisibility and modernity. New York: Springer. pp. 157-177.
CONNERTON, Paul. 1989. How societies remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
______. 2011. The spirit of mourning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DANIEL, João. 2004. Tesouro descoberto no máximo Rio Amazonas. 2 v. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto.
FERGUSON, Brian & WHITEHEAD, Neil (eds.). 2000. War in the tribal zone: expanding states and indigenous warfare. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
GUZMAN, Décio de Alencar. 2009. “Mixed Indians, Caboclos and Curibocas: historical analysis of a process of miscegenation; Rio Negro (Brazil), 18th and 19th centuries”. In: Cristina Adams, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves & Mark Harris (eds.). Amazon peasant societies in a changing environment: political ecology, invisibility and modernity. New York: Springer. pp. 55-68.
HALLAM, Elizabeth & INGOLD, Tim. 2007. “Creativity and cultural improvisation: an introduction”. In: ______. (eds.). Creativity and cultural improvisation. Oxford: Berg. pp. 1-24.
HARRIS, Mark. 1997. “What it means to be a caboclo”. Critique of Anthropology, 18(1):83-95.
______. 2000. Life on the Amazon: the anthropology of a Brazilian peasant village. Oxford: British Academy/Oxford University Press.
______. 2005. “Riding a wave: embodied skills and colonial history on the floodplain of the Amazon”. Ethnos, 70(2):197-219.
______. 2008. “O lobisomem entre índios e brancos”. Revista do Instituto dos Estudos Brasileiros, 47(setembro):29-55.
______. 2010. Rebellion on the Amazon: the Cabanagem, race and popular culture, 1798”“ 1840. New York: Cambridge University Press.
HEMMING, John. 1987. Amazon frontier: the defeat of the Brazilian Indians. London: Macmillan.
HOLLAND, Dorothy & SKINNER, Debra. 2001. Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
HUGH-JONES, Stephen. 1996. Shamans, prophets, priests and pastors. In: Nicholas Thomas & Caroline Humphrey (eds.). Shamanism, history, and the state. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 32-75.
INGOLD, Tim. 2000. The perception of the environment: essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill. London: Routledge.
KEANE, Webb. 2003. “Semiotics and the social analysis of material things”. Language & Communication, 23:409-425.
______. 2008. “The evidence of the senses and the materiality of religion”. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 14(1):S110-S127.
LAVE, Jean & WENGER, Etienne. 1991. Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1974. Structural anthropology II. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
MAXWELL, Kenneth. 2001. “The spark: pombal, the Amazon and the Jesuits”. Portuguese Studies, 17(1):168-183.
______. 2004. Conflicts and conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750”“1808. London: Routledge.
MEDAETS, Chantal. No prelo. “Despite adults: learning experiences on the Tapajós riverbanks”. Ethos, número especial “Children and Work”, coordenado por David Lancy.
MORAN, Emilio. 1974. “The adaptive system of the Amazonian Caboclo”. In: Charles Wagley (ed.). Man in the Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 136-159.
MORELLI, Camilla. 2013. The river echoes with laughter: how children’s ways-of-knowing transform the world and future horizons of Matses people. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Manchester.
NUGENT, Stephen. 1993. Amazonian Caboclo society: an essay on invisibility and peasant economy. Oxford: Berg.
PACE, Richard. 1997. “The Amazon Caboclo, what’s in a name?” The Luso-Brazilian Review, 34(2):81-89.
PARKER, Eugene. 1985. “Cabocloization: the transformation of the Amerindian in Amazonia 1615”“1800”. In: ______ (ed.). The Amazon caboclo: historical and contemporary perspectives. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. Studies in Third World Societies 32. pp. 1-50.
RAFFLES, Hugh. 2002. “Intimate knowledge”. International Social Science Journal, 54(173):325-335.
RAMOS, Alcida Rita. 2003. ‘The special (or specious?) Brazilian Indians”. Citizenship Studies, 7(4):401-420.
ROLLER, Heather. 2010. “Colonial collecting expeditions and the pursuit of opportunities in the Amazonian Sertão, c. 1750”“1800”. The Americas, 66(4):435-467.
______. 2012. “River guides, geographical informants, and colonial field agents in the Portuguese Amazon”. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, 21(1):101-126.
______. 2014. Amazonian routes: indigenous mobility and colonial communities in Northern Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
ROSS, Eric. 1978. “The evolution of the Amazonian peasantry”. Journal of Latin American Studies, 10(2):196-218.
SCHWARTZ, Stuart & SALOMON, Frank. 1996. “New peoples and new kinds of people: adaptation, readjustment, and ethnogenesis in South American indigenous societies (Colonial Era)”. In: Frank Salomon & Stuart B. Schwartz (eds.). The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. v. 3, pt. 2: South America. pp. 443-501.
SLATER, Candace. 1993. The dance of the dolphin: transformation and disenchantment. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
SOMMER, Barbara. 2000. Negotiated settlements: native Amazonians and Portuguese policy in Pará, Brazil, 1758”“1798. Tese de doutorado, Universidade do Novo México.
______. 2003. “Cupid on the Amazon: sexual witchcraft and society in Late Colonial Pará, Brazil”. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, 12(4):415-446.
______. 2012. “Why Joanna Baptista sold herself into slavery: Indian women in Portuguese Amazonia, 1755”“1798”. Slavery and Abolition, 34(1):77-97.
SOUSA, André Fernandes de. 1848. “Noticias geographicas da Capitania do Rio Negro no Grande Rio Amazonas”. Revista do Instituto Histórico Geográphico Brasileiro, 10:411-503.
SOUZA, Laura de Mello e. 2003. The devil and the land of the holy cross: witchcraft, slavery, and popular religion in colonial Brazil. Diane Grosklaus Whitty, trans. Austin: University of Texas.
STOLL, Emilie. 2014. Rivalités riveraines: territoires, stratégies familiales, et sorcellerie en Amazonie brésilienne. Tese de doutorado, École Pratique des Hautes Études e Universidade Federal do Pará.
SWEET, David. 1982. “Francisca: Indian slave”. In: David G. Sweet & Gary Nash (eds.). Struggle and survival in Colonial America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 274-291.
SWEET, David G. & NASH, Gary (eds.). 1982. Struggle and survival in Colonial America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
SWEET, James. 2011. Domingos Alvares: African healing, and the intellectual history of the Atlantic World. University of North Carolina Press.
TAUSSIG, Michael. 1987. Shamanism, colonialism, and the wild man: a study in terror and healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
TOREN, Christina. 1999. Mind, materiality and history: explorations in Fijian ethnography. London: Routledge.
WAGLEY, Charles. 1967. “The folk culture of the Brazilian Amazon”. In: Sol Tax (ed.). Acculturation in the Americas. New York: Cooper Square. pp. 224-230.
WENGER, Etienne. 1998. Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WHITEHEAD, Neil. 1993. “Ethnic transformation and historical discontinuity in native Amazonia and Guyana, 1500”“1900”. L’Homme, 33(126):285-305.
WINKLERPRINS, Anoinette. 2002. “Seasonal floodplain-upland migration along the Lower Amazon River”. The Geographical Review, 92(3):415-431.
______. “Jute cultivation in the Lower Amazon, 1940”“1990: an ethnographic account from Santarém, Pará, Brazil”. Journal of Historical Geography, 32:818-838.
BATES, Henry Walter. 1863. The naturalist on the river Amazons. 2 v. London: John Murray.
BETTENDORFF, João Felipe. 1990. Crônica dos padres da Companhia de Jesus no estado do Maranhão. Belém: Cejup.
BIRD-DAVID, Nurit. 1990. “The giving environment: another perspective on the economic system of gatherer-hunters”. Current Anthropology, 31(2):189-196.
BOLANOS, Omaira. 2010. Reconstructing indigenous ethnicities: the Arapium and Jaraqui peoples of the Lower Amazon, Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 45(3):63-86.
CAMINHA, Pero Vaz de. 2004. “First letter from Brazil by Pero Vaz de Caminha, 1500”. In: Kenneth Mills, William Taylor & Sandra Lauderdale Graham (eds.). Colonial Latin America: a documentary history. Lanham, MD: Scholarly Resources. pp. 43-58.
CARVAJAL, Gaspar de. 1988. “Discovery of the Orellana River”. In: José Toribio Medina (ed.). The discovery of the Amazon. New York: Dover. pp. 167-235.
CARVALHO JUNIOR, Almir Diniz de. 2005. Índios cristãos: a conversão dos gentios na Amazônia portuguesa (1653”“1769). Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
______. 2013. “Índios no cotidiano das colônias do norte (séculos XVII e XVIII)”. Revista de História, 168:69-99.
CASTRO, Fábio de. 2002. “From myths to rules: the evolution of the local management in the Lower Amazonian Floodplain”. Environment and History, 8(2):197-216.
______. 2009. “Patterns of resource use by caboclo communities in the Middle-Lower Amazon”. In: Cristina Adams, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves & Mark Harris (eds.). Amazon peasant societies in a changing environment: political ecology, invisibility and modernity. New York: Springer. pp. 157-177.
CONNERTON, Paul. 1989. How societies remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
______. 2011. The spirit of mourning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DANIEL, João. 2004. Tesouro descoberto no máximo Rio Amazonas. 2 v. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto.
FERGUSON, Brian & WHITEHEAD, Neil (eds.). 2000. War in the tribal zone: expanding states and indigenous warfare. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
GUZMAN, Décio de Alencar. 2009. “Mixed Indians, Caboclos and Curibocas: historical analysis of a process of miscegenation; Rio Negro (Brazil), 18th and 19th centuries”. In: Cristina Adams, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves & Mark Harris (eds.). Amazon peasant societies in a changing environment: political ecology, invisibility and modernity. New York: Springer. pp. 55-68.
HALLAM, Elizabeth & INGOLD, Tim. 2007. “Creativity and cultural improvisation: an introduction”. In: ______. (eds.). Creativity and cultural improvisation. Oxford: Berg. pp. 1-24.
HARRIS, Mark. 1997. “What it means to be a caboclo”. Critique of Anthropology, 18(1):83-95.
______. 2000. Life on the Amazon: the anthropology of a Brazilian peasant village. Oxford: British Academy/Oxford University Press.
______. 2005. “Riding a wave: embodied skills and colonial history on the floodplain of the Amazon”. Ethnos, 70(2):197-219.
______. 2008. “O lobisomem entre índios e brancos”. Revista do Instituto dos Estudos Brasileiros, 47(setembro):29-55.
______. 2010. Rebellion on the Amazon: the Cabanagem, race and popular culture, 1798”“ 1840. New York: Cambridge University Press.
HEMMING, John. 1987. Amazon frontier: the defeat of the Brazilian Indians. London: Macmillan.
HOLLAND, Dorothy & SKINNER, Debra. 2001. Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
HUGH-JONES, Stephen. 1996. Shamans, prophets, priests and pastors. In: Nicholas Thomas & Caroline Humphrey (eds.). Shamanism, history, and the state. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 32-75.
INGOLD, Tim. 2000. The perception of the environment: essays in livelihood, dwelling and skill. London: Routledge.
KEANE, Webb. 2003. “Semiotics and the social analysis of material things”. Language & Communication, 23:409-425.
______. 2008. “The evidence of the senses and the materiality of religion”. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 14(1):S110-S127.
LAVE, Jean & WENGER, Etienne. 1991. Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. 1974. Structural anthropology II. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
MAXWELL, Kenneth. 2001. “The spark: pombal, the Amazon and the Jesuits”. Portuguese Studies, 17(1):168-183.
______. 2004. Conflicts and conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750”“1808. London: Routledge.
MEDAETS, Chantal. No prelo. “Despite adults: learning experiences on the Tapajós riverbanks”. Ethos, número especial “Children and Work”, coordenado por David Lancy.
MORAN, Emilio. 1974. “The adaptive system of the Amazonian Caboclo”. In: Charles Wagley (ed.). Man in the Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 136-159.
MORELLI, Camilla. 2013. The river echoes with laughter: how children’s ways-of-knowing transform the world and future horizons of Matses people. Tese de doutorado, Universidade de Manchester.
NUGENT, Stephen. 1993. Amazonian Caboclo society: an essay on invisibility and peasant economy. Oxford: Berg.
PACE, Richard. 1997. “The Amazon Caboclo, what’s in a name?” The Luso-Brazilian Review, 34(2):81-89.
PARKER, Eugene. 1985. “Cabocloization: the transformation of the Amerindian in Amazonia 1615”“1800”. In: ______ (ed.). The Amazon caboclo: historical and contemporary perspectives. Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. Studies in Third World Societies 32. pp. 1-50.
RAFFLES, Hugh. 2002. “Intimate knowledge”. International Social Science Journal, 54(173):325-335.
RAMOS, Alcida Rita. 2003. ‘The special (or specious?) Brazilian Indians”. Citizenship Studies, 7(4):401-420.
ROLLER, Heather. 2010. “Colonial collecting expeditions and the pursuit of opportunities in the Amazonian Sertão, c. 1750”“1800”. The Americas, 66(4):435-467.
______. 2012. “River guides, geographical informants, and colonial field agents in the Portuguese Amazon”. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, 21(1):101-126.
______. 2014. Amazonian routes: indigenous mobility and colonial communities in Northern Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
ROSS, Eric. 1978. “The evolution of the Amazonian peasantry”. Journal of Latin American Studies, 10(2):196-218.
SCHWARTZ, Stuart & SALOMON, Frank. 1996. “New peoples and new kinds of people: adaptation, readjustment, and ethnogenesis in South American indigenous societies (Colonial Era)”. In: Frank Salomon & Stuart B. Schwartz (eds.). The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. v. 3, pt. 2: South America. pp. 443-501.
SLATER, Candace. 1993. The dance of the dolphin: transformation and disenchantment. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
SOMMER, Barbara. 2000. Negotiated settlements: native Amazonians and Portuguese policy in Pará, Brazil, 1758”“1798. Tese de doutorado, Universidade do Novo México.
______. 2003. “Cupid on the Amazon: sexual witchcraft and society in Late Colonial Pará, Brazil”. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, 12(4):415-446.
______. 2012. “Why Joanna Baptista sold herself into slavery: Indian women in Portuguese Amazonia, 1755”“1798”. Slavery and Abolition, 34(1):77-97.
SOUSA, André Fernandes de. 1848. “Noticias geographicas da Capitania do Rio Negro no Grande Rio Amazonas”. Revista do Instituto Histórico Geográphico Brasileiro, 10:411-503.
SOUZA, Laura de Mello e. 2003. The devil and the land of the holy cross: witchcraft, slavery, and popular religion in colonial Brazil. Diane Grosklaus Whitty, trans. Austin: University of Texas.
STOLL, Emilie. 2014. Rivalités riveraines: territoires, stratégies familiales, et sorcellerie en Amazonie brésilienne. Tese de doutorado, École Pratique des Hautes Études e Universidade Federal do Pará.
SWEET, David. 1982. “Francisca: Indian slave”. In: David G. Sweet & Gary Nash (eds.). Struggle and survival in Colonial America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 274-291.
SWEET, David G. & NASH, Gary (eds.). 1982. Struggle and survival in Colonial America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
SWEET, James. 2011. Domingos Alvares: African healing, and the intellectual history of the Atlantic World. University of North Carolina Press.
TAUSSIG, Michael. 1987. Shamanism, colonialism, and the wild man: a study in terror and healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
TOREN, Christina. 1999. Mind, materiality and history: explorations in Fijian ethnography. London: Routledge.
WAGLEY, Charles. 1967. “The folk culture of the Brazilian Amazon”. In: Sol Tax (ed.). Acculturation in the Americas. New York: Cooper Square. pp. 224-230.
WENGER, Etienne. 1998. Communities of practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WHITEHEAD, Neil. 1993. “Ethnic transformation and historical discontinuity in native Amazonia and Guyana, 1500”“1900”. L’Homme, 33(126):285-305.
WINKLERPRINS, Anoinette. 2002. “Seasonal floodplain-upland migration along the Lower Amazon River”. The Geographical Review, 92(3):415-431.
______. “Jute cultivation in the Lower Amazon, 1940”“1990: an ethnographic account from Santarém, Pará, Brazil”. Journal of Historical Geography, 32:818-838.
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2018-01-18
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Harris, Mark. 2018. “Descobrindo Conexões Ao Longo Do Rio No Baixo Amazonas, Brasil”. Anuário Antropológico 42 (1):111-35. https://doi.org/10.26512/anuarioantropologico.v42i1.2017/6202.
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