The Battle for Critical Internet Resources: South America vs. Amazon.com, Inc.
Palavras-chave:
ICANN, gTLD, Amazon.com, .AMAZON, Critical Internet Resources (CIR), Internet governance, property rightsResumo
Purpose ”“ To analyze the controversy about the allocation of critical Internet resources generated by ICANN's new gTLD program with a particular focus on the .AMAZON TLD.
Methodology/approach/design ”“ This article presents an exploratory case study about the .AMAZON controversy. The initial analysis of this ongoing research is based on data collected from various reports and media coverage on ICANN's new gTLD policy. The article draws from political economy theory to analyze disputes about critical Internet resources.
Findings ”“ This article discusses preliminary findings of the .AMAZON case, a contested prime example in ICANN's efforts to extend the Internet's domain name space.
Practical implications ”“ The findings may inform related controversies in the gTLD program and contribute to a differentiated understanding of CIR allocation in Internet governance, and respective policy-making.
Originality/value ”“ The value of this article is the specific discussion of the .AMAZON case in the larger context of ICANN's new gTLD program, and its analysis that describes the controversy from a property rights perspective.
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Referências
Alleman, A. (2014a). Amazon.com won't offer domain names to the public. DNW. Retrieved from http://domainnamewire.com/2012/06/14/amazon-com-wont-offer-domain-names-to-the-public/
Alleman, A. (2014b). If .amazon is killed, will Amazon bail on the new TLD program? DNW. Retrieved from http://domainnamewire.com/2013/08/02/if-amazon-is-killed-will-amazon-bail-on-the-new-tld-program/
Angeles, J., Bagley, M., Müller, K., Pinaire, J., & Vayra, F. (2010). To TLD or Not to TLD, That Is the Question. Retrieved from http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/ToTLDorNottoTLD,ThatIstheQuestion.aspx
Arthur, C. (2012, June 13). Icann, top-level domains and their expansion. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/13/icann-top-level-domains-explained
Berkens, M. (2012). The Top Policy Mistakes ICANN Made In The New gTLD Program. The Domains. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.thedomains.com/2012/07/24/the-top-policy-mistakes-icann-made-in-the-new-gtld-program/
De Carbaxal, G. (1501). Descubrimiento del Río de las Amazonas Título Relación del descubrimiento del famoso río grande que, desde su nacimiento hasta el mar, descubrió el Capitán Orellana en unión de 56 hombres Tipo de Documento Manuscrito Materia Orellana, Francisco de Amaz.
Froomkin, A. M. (2011). Almost Free: An Analysis of ICANN's “Affirmation of Commitments.” Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1744086
Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press.
Weingast, B. R., & Wittman, D. A. (Eds.) (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
Griswold, A. (2014). Amazon domain: The online retailer lost a bid for the .amazon domain amid South and Latin American protests. Slate. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2014/05/21/amazon_domain_the_online_retailer_lost_a_bid_for_the_amazon_domain_amid.html
Hoekman, B. M., & Kostecki, M. M. (2009). The Political Economy of the World Trading System. OUP, Oxford.
Holly, R. (2013). The six most contested gTLDs. GEEK. Retrieved from http://www.geek.com/news/the-six-most-hotly-contested-gtlds-1496209/
Huston, G. (2007). On the Hunt for “Critical Internet Resources.” CircleID - Internet infrastructure. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from http://www.circleid.com/posts/critical_internet_resources/
ICANN. (1999). Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. ICANN ARCHIVES. Retrieved from http://archive.icann.org/en/udrp/udrp-policy-29sept99.htm
ICANN. (2012a). gTLD Applicant Guidebook. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb
ICANN. (2012b). GAC Early Warning-Submittal Amazon-BR-PE-58086. Retrieved from https://gacweb.icann.org/download/attachments/27131927/Amazon-BR-PE-58086.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1353452622000&api=v2
ICANN. (2012c). New gTLD Application Submitted to ICANN by: Amazon EU S.ar.l. ICANN. Retrieved from https://community.icann.org/download/attachments/35520774/ICANN+New+gTLD+Application+-+AMAZON.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1343595148000
ICANN. (2012d). At a Glance By the Numbers - ICANN New gTLDs. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/statistics/applications-quick-facts-13jun12-en.pdf
ICANN. (2013a). About The GAC - GAC Website (Main). Retrieved from https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/About+The+GAC
ICANN. (2013b). Internet Domain Name Expansion Now Underway. Retrieved from http://www.icann.org/en/news/press/releases/release-23oct13-en
ICANN. (2013c). GAC Communique. Durban, South Africa.
ICANN. (2014a). GAC Communique. Singapore.
ICANN. (2014b). NGPC Meeting of 5 February 2014. Retrieved from http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/governance/reconsideration/14-4/request-annex-uojca-19feb14-en.pdf
ICANN (2015, April 3). Announcement: 03 April 2015 ”“ New Contracting Statistics Released. ICANN new gTLD Updates. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-03apr15-en
IGF. (2010). Internet Governance Forum. Managing Critical Internet Resources. Retrieved from http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/component/content/article/102-transcripts2010/643-resources
instra CORPORATION. (2014). New gTLDs Pricing. instraCorporation. Retrieved from http://www.instra.com/en/new-gtlds/pricing
Lipton, J., & Wong, M. (2012). Trademarks and freedom of expression in ICANN's new gTLD process. Monash University Law Review, 38(1), 188. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=127843371817386;res=IELHSS
Mahler, T. (2014). A gTLD right? Conceptual challenges in the expanding internet domain namespace. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 22(1), 27”“48. Retrieved from http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/27.short
Mathiason, J. (2009). Internet governance: the new frontier of global institutions. London; New York: Routledge.
Mitnick, D. (2013, July 18). Is The GAC Objection To .AMAZON An Abuse Of Power? domainSkate blog. Retrieved from https://domainskate.com/is-gac-objection-to-amazon-and-patagonia-an-abuse-of-power/
Mueller, M. (2002). Ruling the root Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Mueller, M. (2010). Networks and states: the global politics of Internet governance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Murphy, K. (2013). Amazon's dot-brand likely doomed as US withdraws geo objection. DomainIncite. Retrieved from http://domainincite.com/13637-amazons-dot-brand-likely-doomed-as-us-withdraws-geo-objection?goback=%2Egde_1840166_member_255992449
Murphy, K. (2014). Amazon's bid for .amazon is dead. DomainIncite. Retrieved from http://domainincite.com/16688-amazons-bid-for-amazon-is-dead
Nazzaro, E. (2014). “Welcome to the New Internet The Great gTLD Experiment” Edward C. Nazzaro Mr. Indonesian Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1(1), 37”“71. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/edward_c_nazzaro/2/
NTIA (2013, July). U.S. Statement on Geographic Names in Advance of ICANN Durban Meeting. National Telecommunications & Information Administration. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/usg_nextsteps_07052013_0.pdf
Park, Y.J. (2008). The political economy of country code top level domains. Dissertation. Retrieved from http://surface.syr.edu/it_etd/9
Passa, J. (2014). Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) Advice ”“ .AMAZON (and related IDNs). ICANN. Retrieved from https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/correspondence/crocker-to-dryden-07apr14-en.pdf
Raja, A. (2013). ICANN's New Generic Top-Level Domain Program and Application Results. Intellectual Property Brief, 4(2). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=ipbrief
RPP. (2013). Solicitan defender dominio ´amazon´ en internet para países amazónicos | RPP NOTICIAS. RPP Noticias. Retrieved from http://www.rpp.com.pe/2013-06-25-solicitan-defender-dominio-amazon-en-internet-para-paises-amazonicos-noticia_607669.html
Schonfeld, E. (2011). Esther Dyson On New Top-Level Domains: “There Are Huge Trademark Issues.” Tech CrunchBase. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2011/07/21/esther-dyson-top-level-domains/
Sloan, P. (2012). Amazon.com's domain power play: We want to control them all. CNET. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/news/amazon-coms-domain-power-play-we-want-to-control-them-all/
Stanford, V. (2013). WIPO panel dismisses objection to Amazon's application for “.tunes” gTLD. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 8(11), 826”“827. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpt184
Take, I. (2012). Regulating the Internet infrastructure: A comparative appraisal of the legitimacy of ICANN, ITU, and the WSIS. Regulation & Governance, 6(4), 499”“523. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01151.x
Timimi, K. (2010). Political Economy Theory. Economy Watch. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/political-economy/political-economy-theory.html
Wang, L. (2003). Protecting BGP Routes to Top-Level DNS Servers. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 14, 851 ”“ 860.
Warren, C. (2011). 9 Things You Need to Know About ICANN's New Top Level Domains. mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2011/06/20/new-gtld-faq/
Watts, J. (2013). Amazon v the Amazon: internet retailer in domain name battle. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/25/amazon-domain-name-battle-brazil
Weinberg, J. (2002). “ICANN, ‘Internet Stability,’ and New Top Level Domains.” In L. Cranor & S. Greenstein (Eds.), Communications Policy and Information Technology: Promises, Problems, Prospects 3. MIT Press.
WGIG. (2005). Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance. WGIG. Retrieved from http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.pdf
Zhu, H. (2012). A Global Network for Scholars of Internet Governance 2012 Annual Symposium. In The Impact of the New gTLD Program on the Internet Governance Regimes of Emerging Economies. Baku, Azerbaijan. Retrieved from http://giga-net.org/page/2012-annual-symposium
Alleman, A. (2014b). If .amazon is killed, will Amazon bail on the new TLD program? DNW. Retrieved from http://domainnamewire.com/2013/08/02/if-amazon-is-killed-will-amazon-bail-on-the-new-tld-program/
Angeles, J., Bagley, M., Müller, K., Pinaire, J., & Vayra, F. (2010). To TLD or Not to TLD, That Is the Question. Retrieved from http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/ToTLDorNottoTLD,ThatIstheQuestion.aspx
Arthur, C. (2012, June 13). Icann, top-level domains and their expansion. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/13/icann-top-level-domains-explained
Berkens, M. (2012). The Top Policy Mistakes ICANN Made In The New gTLD Program. The Domains. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.thedomains.com/2012/07/24/the-top-policy-mistakes-icann-made-in-the-new-gtld-program/
De Carbaxal, G. (1501). Descubrimiento del Río de las Amazonas Título Relación del descubrimiento del famoso río grande que, desde su nacimiento hasta el mar, descubrió el Capitán Orellana en unión de 56 hombres Tipo de Documento Manuscrito Materia Orellana, Francisco de Amaz.
Froomkin, A. M. (2011). Almost Free: An Analysis of ICANN's “Affirmation of Commitments.” Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1744086
Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press.
Weingast, B. R., & Wittman, D. A. (Eds.) (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
Griswold, A. (2014). Amazon domain: The online retailer lost a bid for the .amazon domain amid South and Latin American protests. Slate. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2014/05/21/amazon_domain_the_online_retailer_lost_a_bid_for_the_amazon_domain_amid.html
Hoekman, B. M., & Kostecki, M. M. (2009). The Political Economy of the World Trading System. OUP, Oxford.
Holly, R. (2013). The six most contested gTLDs. GEEK. Retrieved from http://www.geek.com/news/the-six-most-hotly-contested-gtlds-1496209/
Huston, G. (2007). On the Hunt for “Critical Internet Resources.” CircleID - Internet infrastructure. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from http://www.circleid.com/posts/critical_internet_resources/
ICANN. (1999). Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. ICANN ARCHIVES. Retrieved from http://archive.icann.org/en/udrp/udrp-policy-29sept99.htm
ICANN. (2012a). gTLD Applicant Guidebook. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/applicants/agb
ICANN. (2012b). GAC Early Warning-Submittal Amazon-BR-PE-58086. Retrieved from https://gacweb.icann.org/download/attachments/27131927/Amazon-BR-PE-58086.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1353452622000&api=v2
ICANN. (2012c). New gTLD Application Submitted to ICANN by: Amazon EU S.ar.l. ICANN. Retrieved from https://community.icann.org/download/attachments/35520774/ICANN+New+gTLD+Application+-+AMAZON.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1343595148000
ICANN. (2012d). At a Glance By the Numbers - ICANN New gTLDs. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/statistics/applications-quick-facts-13jun12-en.pdf
ICANN. (2013a). About The GAC - GAC Website (Main). Retrieved from https://gacweb.icann.org/display/gacweb/About+The+GAC
ICANN. (2013b). Internet Domain Name Expansion Now Underway. Retrieved from http://www.icann.org/en/news/press/releases/release-23oct13-en
ICANN. (2013c). GAC Communique. Durban, South Africa.
ICANN. (2014a). GAC Communique. Singapore.
ICANN. (2014b). NGPC Meeting of 5 February 2014. Retrieved from http://www.icann.org/en/groups/board/governance/reconsideration/14-4/request-annex-uojca-19feb14-en.pdf
ICANN (2015, April 3). Announcement: 03 April 2015 ”“ New Contracting Statistics Released. ICANN new gTLD Updates. Retrieved from http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/announcements-and-media/announcement-03apr15-en
IGF. (2010). Internet Governance Forum. Managing Critical Internet Resources. Retrieved from http://www.intgovforum.org/cms/component/content/article/102-transcripts2010/643-resources
instra CORPORATION. (2014). New gTLDs Pricing. instraCorporation. Retrieved from http://www.instra.com/en/new-gtlds/pricing
Lipton, J., & Wong, M. (2012). Trademarks and freedom of expression in ICANN's new gTLD process. Monash University Law Review, 38(1), 188. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=127843371817386;res=IELHSS
Mahler, T. (2014). A gTLD right? Conceptual challenges in the expanding internet domain namespace. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 22(1), 27”“48. Retrieved from http://ijlit.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/27.short
Mathiason, J. (2009). Internet governance: the new frontier of global institutions. London; New York: Routledge.
Mitnick, D. (2013, July 18). Is The GAC Objection To .AMAZON An Abuse Of Power? domainSkate blog. Retrieved from https://domainskate.com/is-gac-objection-to-amazon-and-patagonia-an-abuse-of-power/
Mueller, M. (2002). Ruling the root Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Mueller, M. (2010). Networks and states: the global politics of Internet governance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Murphy, K. (2013). Amazon's dot-brand likely doomed as US withdraws geo objection. DomainIncite. Retrieved from http://domainincite.com/13637-amazons-dot-brand-likely-doomed-as-us-withdraws-geo-objection?goback=%2Egde_1840166_member_255992449
Murphy, K. (2014). Amazon's bid for .amazon is dead. DomainIncite. Retrieved from http://domainincite.com/16688-amazons-bid-for-amazon-is-dead
Nazzaro, E. (2014). “Welcome to the New Internet The Great gTLD Experiment” Edward C. Nazzaro Mr. Indonesian Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1(1), 37”“71. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/edward_c_nazzaro/2/
NTIA (2013, July). U.S. Statement on Geographic Names in Advance of ICANN Durban Meeting. National Telecommunications & Information Administration. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/usg_nextsteps_07052013_0.pdf
Park, Y.J. (2008). The political economy of country code top level domains. Dissertation. Retrieved from http://surface.syr.edu/it_etd/9
Passa, J. (2014). Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) Advice ”“ .AMAZON (and related IDNs). ICANN. Retrieved from https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/correspondence/crocker-to-dryden-07apr14-en.pdf
Raja, A. (2013). ICANN's New Generic Top-Level Domain Program and Application Results. Intellectual Property Brief, 4(2). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=ipbrief
RPP. (2013). Solicitan defender dominio ´amazon´ en internet para países amazónicos | RPP NOTICIAS. RPP Noticias. Retrieved from http://www.rpp.com.pe/2013-06-25-solicitan-defender-dominio-amazon-en-internet-para-paises-amazonicos-noticia_607669.html
Schonfeld, E. (2011). Esther Dyson On New Top-Level Domains: “There Are Huge Trademark Issues.” Tech CrunchBase. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2011/07/21/esther-dyson-top-level-domains/
Sloan, P. (2012). Amazon.com's domain power play: We want to control them all. CNET. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/news/amazon-coms-domain-power-play-we-want-to-control-them-all/
Stanford, V. (2013). WIPO panel dismisses objection to Amazon's application for “.tunes” gTLD. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 8(11), 826”“827. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpt184
Take, I. (2012). Regulating the Internet infrastructure: A comparative appraisal of the legitimacy of ICANN, ITU, and the WSIS. Regulation & Governance, 6(4), 499”“523. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01151.x
Timimi, K. (2010). Political Economy Theory. Economy Watch. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/political-economy/political-economy-theory.html
Wang, L. (2003). Protecting BGP Routes to Top-Level DNS Servers. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 14, 851 ”“ 860.
Warren, C. (2011). 9 Things You Need to Know About ICANN's New Top Level Domains. mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2011/06/20/new-gtld-faq/
Watts, J. (2013). Amazon v the Amazon: internet retailer in domain name battle. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/25/amazon-domain-name-battle-brazil
Weinberg, J. (2002). “ICANN, ‘Internet Stability,’ and New Top Level Domains.” In L. Cranor & S. Greenstein (Eds.), Communications Policy and Information Technology: Promises, Problems, Prospects 3. MIT Press.
WGIG. (2005). Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance. WGIG. Retrieved from http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.pdf
Zhu, H. (2012). A Global Network for Scholars of Internet Governance 2012 Annual Symposium. In The Impact of the New gTLD Program on the Internet Governance Regimes of Emerging Economies. Baku, Azerbaijan. Retrieved from http://giga-net.org/page/2012-annual-symposium
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2015-05-18
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VARGAS-LEON, Patricia; KUEHN, Andreas. The Battle for Critical Internet Resources: South America vs. Amazon.com, Inc. Journal of Law and Regulation, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 1, p. 1–22, 2015. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/rdsr/article/view/19314. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2024.
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