A "Prova experimental das Correntes Moleculares de Ampère" de A. Einstein e W. J. de Haas.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26512/2446-564X2017e13360Palavras-chave:
Corrente Molecular, A.-M. Ampère, Efeito Einstein – de Haas, Spin eletrônico, História da CiênciaResumo
Apresentamos uma contextualização crítica e a tradução do inglês para o português do artigo ``Prova experimental da existência das correntes moleculares de Ampère'' escrito por A. Einstein e W. de Haas. Este trabalho experimental desenvolvido pelo fundador da relatividade geral teve um papel importante na história da ciência, sendo o estopim para a construção do conceito de spin eletrônico. Por detrás deste recorte histórico pode-se ver um exemplo da relação epistemológica entre experimento, teoria e comunidade científica.
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Referências
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Experimenteller nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 17:152–170, 1915.
André Koch Torres Assis e João Paulo Martins de Castro Chaib. Eletrodinâmica de Ampère. Editora da Unicamp, Campinas, 2011.
Albert Einstein. Experimenteller nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Die Naturwissenschaften, 3:237–238, 1915.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestaan der moleculaire stromen van Ampère. Natuurkunding Afdeeling, Verslagen van de Gewone Vergaderingen, 23:1449–1464, 1915.
Albert Einstein. Ein einfaches experiment zum nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 18:173–177, 1916.
Albert Van Helden. Biographies: Wander Johannes de Haas. Em: A History of Science in the Netherlands [73], pp. 454–456.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère’s molecular currents. KNAW, Proceedings, 18 I:696–711, 1915. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012546.pdf, 21 set. 2014. Tradução para a língua inglesa do artigo “Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestaan der moleculaire stromen van Ampère”.
Albert Einstein. Conclusions drawn from the phenomena of capillarity, chapter 1. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1901. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. A new determination of molecular dimensions, chapter 15, pages 104–122. Volume 2 of
Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On a heuristic point of view concerning the production and transformation of light, chapter 14, pp. 86–103. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the movement of small particles suspended in stationary liquids required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat, chapter 16, pages 123–134. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies, chapter 23, pages 140-171. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the limit of validity of the law of thermodynamic equilibrium and on the possibility of a new determination of the elementary quanta. Em: Stachel [72], chapter 39, pp. 225–228. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Alice Calaprice e Trevor Lipscombe. Albert Einstein. Greenwood Press, Westport, 2005.
Albert Einstein. To Hendrik A. Lorentz. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 59–63. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Michele Besso, pp. 68–69. Volume 8 of Schulmann et al. [75], 1915. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Heinrich Zangger. Em: Schulmann et al. [75]. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Viktor Ya. Frenkel. On the history of Einstein-de Haas effect. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 1979.
C. J. Gorter. Levensbericht W.J. de Haas, 1959–1960.
J. A. Prins. De Haas, Wander Johannes. Em: Charles C. Gillispie, editor, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 5, p. 600. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1972.
Unknow. International solvay institutes, 2015.
Wander Johannes De Haas e H. Kamerlingh Onnes. Isotherms of diatomic substances and of their binary mixtures. xii. the compressibility of hydrogen vapour at, and below the boiling point. KNAW, Proceedings, 15 I:405–417, 1912. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012986.pdf, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Wander Johannes de Haas. The effect of temperature and transverse magnetisation on the continuous-current resistance of crystallized antimony. KNAW, Proceedings, 16 II:1110–1123, 1914. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012879.pdf, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Wander Johannes de Haas. Further experiments on the moment of momentum existing in a magnet. KNAW, Proceedings, 18 II:1281–1299, 1916.
Wander Johannes De Haas e G. L. De Haas-Lorentz. An experiment of Maxwell and Ampère’s molecular currents. KNAW, Proceedings, 19 I:248–255, 1917.
Wander Johannes de Haas. On the diffraction phenomenon caused by a great number of irregularly distributed apertures or opaque particles. KNAW, Proceedings, 20 II:1278–1288, 1918.
Wander Johannes De Haas, G. J. Sizoo, e H. Kamerlingh Onnes. On the magnetic disturbance of the supraconductivity with mercury i. KNAW, Proceedings, 29:233–249, 1926.
Wander Johannes de Haas, E. van Aubel, e J. Voogd. New super-conductors. KNAW, Proceedings, 32:218–225, 1929.
Wander Johannes De Haas, Hans A. Kramers, e J. Becquerel. Experimental verification of the theory of the paramagnetic rotatory polarisation in the crystals of xenotime. KNAW, Proceedings, 32:1206–1211, 1929.
Wander Johannes de Haas e P. M. van Alphen. The testing of monocrystalline wires. KNAW, Proceedings, 33:128–129, 1930.
Schubnikow L. e Wander Johannes de Haas. Magnetische widerstandsvergrösserung in einkristallen von wismut bei tiefen temperaturen. KNAW, Proceedings, 33:130–133, 1930.
A. M. Ampère. Mémoire présenté à l’académie royale des sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, ou se trouve compris résumé de ce qui a été lu à la même académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 15:59–76, 1820. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/, acessado em set. 2015.
James Clerk Maxwell. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, volume 2. Oxford, London, 1881.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. The theory of magnetization by rotation. Science, 42:459–460, 1915.
Richard Chace Tolman e Thomas Dale Stewart. The electromotive force produced by the acceleration of metals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2:189–192, Mar 1916.
Richard Chace Tolman e Thomas Dale Stewart. The mass of the electric carrier in copper, silver and aluminium. Physical Review, IX:164–167, 1917.
Joseph John Thomson. Cathode rays. Philosophical Magazine, 14:293–316, 1897.
Peter Galison. Theoretical predispositions in experimental physics: Einstein and the gyromagnetic experiments, 1915-1925. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 12(2):285–323, 1982.
H.A. Lorentz. The Theory of Electrons and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heart. Mathematischen Wissenschaften. Teubner/G.E. Stechert, Leipzig/New York, 2 edition, 1916.
Albert Einstein. Zur elektrodynamik bewegter körper. Annalen der physik, 322(10):891–921, 1905.
Walter Kaufmann. Über die konstitution des elektrons. Annalen der Physik, 324(3):487–553, 1906.
Owen Willians Richardson. A mechanical effect accompanying magnetization. Physical Review, 1908.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. The magnetization of iron, nickel, and cobalt by rotation and the nature of the magnetic molecule. Physical Review, pp. 178–181, 1917.
A. Schuster. A critical examination of the possible causes of terrestrial magnetism. Physical Society of London, Proceedings, 24:121–137, 1912.
J. P. M. C. Chaib e A. K. T. Assis. Ampère e a origem do magnetismo terrestre. Em: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ensino e História em Ciênciasda da Terra, editor, I Simpósio de pesquisa em ensino e história em ciências da Terra, pp. 315–320, Campinas, 2007. IGE-Unicamp.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. On magnetization by angular acceleration. Science, 30, 1909.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Comment on our paper. Em: Kox et al. [74].
Editor-News. Experimental demonstration of an ampere molecular current in a nearly perfect conductor. Nature, 93, 1914.
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Investigations into the properties of substances at low temperatures, which have led, amongst other things, to the preparation of liquid helium, 1913.
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Further experiments with liquid helium. j. the imitation of an ampère molecular current or a permanent magnet by means of a supra-conductor. (cont.). KNAW, Proceedings, 17:278–283, 1914.
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. From Hendrik A. Lorentz. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 218–221. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
André Koch Torres Assis e João Paulo Martins de Castro Chaib. Ampère’s Electrodynamics. Apeiron, C. Roy Keys Incorporated, Montreal, 2015. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf, acesso em 01 fev. 2016.
Joseph John Thomson. Carriers of negative eletricity, 1906.
N. Bohr. On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1913.
Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, e David B. Newell. Codata recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010. Rev. Mod. Phys., 84:1527–1605, Nov 2012. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1527, acessado em 29 ago. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Fritz Weishut. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 89–90. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Geertruida de Haas. Em: Schulmann et al. [75]. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
John Quincy Stewart. On the moment of momentum accompanying magnetic moment in iron and nickel. Physical Review, 1918.
Emil Beck. Zum experimentellen nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Annalen der Physik, 1919.
Gustaf Arvidsson. Eine untersuchung über die ampèreschen molekularströme nach der methode von A. Einstein and W. J. de haas. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1920.
Albert Einstein. To Paul Ehrenfest. Em: Diana Kormos Buchwald, Robert Schulmann, József Illy, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Tilman Sauer, editors, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, volume 9, pp. 9–10. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1919. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/
vol9-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Gomes, G. G. and Pietrocola, M. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fısica 33(2), 2604 (2011).
Hans C Ohanian. Einstein’s mistakes. WW Norton & Company, New York, London, 2009.
Thomas S. Kuhn. The function of measurement in modern physical science. Isis, 52(2):161–193, 1961.
A. Pais. Einstein and the quantum theory. Rev. Mod. Phys., 51:863–914, Oct 1979.
A. K. T. Assis, K. H. Wiederkehr, e G. Wolfschmidt. O Modelo Planetário de Weber para o Átomo. Apeiron, Montreal, 2014. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Modelo-Planetario-de-Weber.pdf, acesso em 01 fev. 2016.
Robert A. Millikan. The electron and the light-quant from the experimental point of view, 1924.
Douglas Harper. “wich”. Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010.
Herch Moysés Nussenzveig. Curso de Física Básica, volume 3. Edgard Blücher, São Paulo, 1997.
Francis Perrin. Weiss, pierre. Em: Charles C. Gillispie, editor, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pp. 243–247. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1976.
Enciclopædia Britannica. Ballistic galvanometer, 2015. http://global.britannica.com/technology/ballistic-galvanometer, acessado em 27 set. 2015.
John Stachel, editor. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, volume 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1987. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Klass Van Berkel, Albert Van Helden, e Lodewijk Palm. A History of Science in the Netherlands: survey, themes and reference. Brill, Leiden, Boston, Köln, 1999.
A. J. Kox, Martin J. Klein, e Robert Schulmann, editors. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: The Berlin years: Writings, 1914–1917, volume 6. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol6-trans acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Robert Schulmann, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, e József Illy, editors. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: The Berlin years: Correspondence, 1914–1918, volume 8. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Experimenteller nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 17:152–170, 1915.
André Koch Torres Assis e João Paulo Martins de Castro Chaib. Eletrodinâmica de Ampère. Editora da Unicamp, Campinas, 2011.
Albert Einstein. Experimenteller nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Die Naturwissenschaften, 3:237–238, 1915.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestaan der moleculaire stromen van Ampère. Natuurkunding Afdeeling, Verslagen van de Gewone Vergaderingen, 23:1449–1464, 1915.
Albert Einstein. Ein einfaches experiment zum nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 18:173–177, 1916.
Albert Van Helden. Biographies: Wander Johannes de Haas. Em: A History of Science in the Netherlands [73], pp. 454–456.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère’s molecular currents. KNAW, Proceedings, 18 I:696–711, 1915. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012546.pdf, 21 set. 2014. Tradução para a língua inglesa do artigo “Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestaan der moleculaire stromen van Ampère”.
Albert Einstein. Conclusions drawn from the phenomena of capillarity, chapter 1. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1901. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. A new determination of molecular dimensions, chapter 15, pages 104–122. Volume 2 of
Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On a heuristic point of view concerning the production and transformation of light, chapter 14, pp. 86–103. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the movement of small particles suspended in stationary liquids required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat, chapter 16, pages 123–134. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies, chapter 23, pages 140-171. Volume 2 of Stachel [72], 1905. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. On the limit of validity of the law of thermodynamic equilibrium and on the possibility of a new determination of the elementary quanta. Em: Stachel [72], chapter 39, pp. 225–228. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Alice Calaprice e Trevor Lipscombe. Albert Einstein. Greenwood Press, Westport, 2005.
Albert Einstein. To Hendrik A. Lorentz. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 59–63. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Michele Besso, pp. 68–69. Volume 8 of Schulmann et al. [75], 1915. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Heinrich Zangger. Em: Schulmann et al. [75]. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Viktor Ya. Frenkel. On the history of Einstein-de Haas effect. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 1979.
C. J. Gorter. Levensbericht W.J. de Haas, 1959–1960.
J. A. Prins. De Haas, Wander Johannes. Em: Charles C. Gillispie, editor, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 5, p. 600. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1972.
Unknow. International solvay institutes, 2015.
Wander Johannes De Haas e H. Kamerlingh Onnes. Isotherms of diatomic substances and of their binary mixtures. xii. the compressibility of hydrogen vapour at, and below the boiling point. KNAW, Proceedings, 15 I:405–417, 1912. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012986.pdf, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Wander Johannes de Haas. The effect of temperature and transverse magnetisation on the continuous-current resistance of crystallized antimony. KNAW, Proceedings, 16 II:1110–1123, 1914. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012879.pdf, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Wander Johannes de Haas. Further experiments on the moment of momentum existing in a magnet. KNAW, Proceedings, 18 II:1281–1299, 1916.
Wander Johannes De Haas e G. L. De Haas-Lorentz. An experiment of Maxwell and Ampère’s molecular currents. KNAW, Proceedings, 19 I:248–255, 1917.
Wander Johannes de Haas. On the diffraction phenomenon caused by a great number of irregularly distributed apertures or opaque particles. KNAW, Proceedings, 20 II:1278–1288, 1918.
Wander Johannes De Haas, G. J. Sizoo, e H. Kamerlingh Onnes. On the magnetic disturbance of the supraconductivity with mercury i. KNAW, Proceedings, 29:233–249, 1926.
Wander Johannes de Haas, E. van Aubel, e J. Voogd. New super-conductors. KNAW, Proceedings, 32:218–225, 1929.
Wander Johannes De Haas, Hans A. Kramers, e J. Becquerel. Experimental verification of the theory of the paramagnetic rotatory polarisation in the crystals of xenotime. KNAW, Proceedings, 32:1206–1211, 1929.
Wander Johannes de Haas e P. M. van Alphen. The testing of monocrystalline wires. KNAW, Proceedings, 33:128–129, 1930.
Schubnikow L. e Wander Johannes de Haas. Magnetische widerstandsvergrösserung in einkristallen von wismut bei tiefen temperaturen. KNAW, Proceedings, 33:130–133, 1930.
A. M. Ampère. Mémoire présenté à l’académie royale des sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, ou se trouve compris résumé de ce qui a été lu à la même académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 15:59–76, 1820. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/, acessado em set. 2015.
James Clerk Maxwell. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, volume 2. Oxford, London, 1881.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. The theory of magnetization by rotation. Science, 42:459–460, 1915.
Richard Chace Tolman e Thomas Dale Stewart. The electromotive force produced by the acceleration of metals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2:189–192, Mar 1916.
Richard Chace Tolman e Thomas Dale Stewart. The mass of the electric carrier in copper, silver and aluminium. Physical Review, IX:164–167, 1917.
Joseph John Thomson. Cathode rays. Philosophical Magazine, 14:293–316, 1897.
Peter Galison. Theoretical predispositions in experimental physics: Einstein and the gyromagnetic experiments, 1915-1925. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 12(2):285–323, 1982.
H.A. Lorentz. The Theory of Electrons and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heart. Mathematischen Wissenschaften. Teubner/G.E. Stechert, Leipzig/New York, 2 edition, 1916.
Albert Einstein. Zur elektrodynamik bewegter körper. Annalen der physik, 322(10):891–921, 1905.
Walter Kaufmann. Über die konstitution des elektrons. Annalen der Physik, 324(3):487–553, 1906.
Owen Willians Richardson. A mechanical effect accompanying magnetization. Physical Review, 1908.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. The magnetization of iron, nickel, and cobalt by rotation and the nature of the magnetic molecule. Physical Review, pp. 178–181, 1917.
A. Schuster. A critical examination of the possible causes of terrestrial magnetism. Physical Society of London, Proceedings, 24:121–137, 1912.
J. P. M. C. Chaib e A. K. T. Assis. Ampère e a origem do magnetismo terrestre. Em: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ensino e História em Ciênciasda da Terra, editor, I Simpósio de pesquisa em ensino e história em ciências da Terra, pp. 315–320, Campinas, 2007. IGE-Unicamp.
Samuel Jackson Barnett. On magnetization by angular acceleration. Science, 30, 1909.
Albert Einstein e Wander Johannes De Haas. Comment on our paper. Em: Kox et al. [74].
Editor-News. Experimental demonstration of an ampere molecular current in a nearly perfect conductor. Nature, 93, 1914.
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Investigations into the properties of substances at low temperatures, which have led, amongst other things, to the preparation of liquid helium, 1913.
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Further experiments with liquid helium. j. the imitation of an ampère molecular current or a permanent magnet by means of a supra-conductor. (cont.). KNAW, Proceedings, 17:278–283, 1914.
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. From Hendrik A. Lorentz. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 218–221. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
André Koch Torres Assis e João Paulo Martins de Castro Chaib. Ampère’s Electrodynamics. Apeiron, C. Roy Keys Incorporated, Montreal, 2015. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf, acesso em 01 fev. 2016.
Joseph John Thomson. Carriers of negative eletricity, 1906.
N. Bohr. On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1913.
Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, e David B. Newell. Codata recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010. Rev. Mod. Phys., 84:1527–1605, Nov 2012. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1527, acessado em 29 ago. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Fritz Weishut. Em: Schulmann et al. [75], pp. 89–90. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Albert Einstein. To Geertruida de Haas. Em: Schulmann et al. [75]. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
John Quincy Stewart. On the moment of momentum accompanying magnetic moment in iron and nickel. Physical Review, 1918.
Emil Beck. Zum experimentellen nachweis der ampèreschen molekularströme. Annalen der Physik, 1919.
Gustaf Arvidsson. Eine untersuchung über die ampèreschen molekularströme nach der methode von A. Einstein and W. J. de haas. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1920.
Albert Einstein. To Paul Ehrenfest. Em: Diana Kormos Buchwald, Robert Schulmann, József Illy, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Tilman Sauer, editors, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, volume 9, pp. 9–10. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1919. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/
vol9-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Gomes, G. G. and Pietrocola, M. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fısica 33(2), 2604 (2011).
Hans C Ohanian. Einstein’s mistakes. WW Norton & Company, New York, London, 2009.
Thomas S. Kuhn. The function of measurement in modern physical science. Isis, 52(2):161–193, 1961.
A. Pais. Einstein and the quantum theory. Rev. Mod. Phys., 51:863–914, Oct 1979.
A. K. T. Assis, K. H. Wiederkehr, e G. Wolfschmidt. O Modelo Planetário de Weber para o Átomo. Apeiron, Montreal, 2014. http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Modelo-Planetario-de-Weber.pdf, acesso em 01 fev. 2016.
Robert A. Millikan. The electron and the light-quant from the experimental point of view, 1924.
Douglas Harper. “wich”. Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010.
Herch Moysés Nussenzveig. Curso de Física Básica, volume 3. Edgard Blücher, São Paulo, 1997.
Francis Perrin. Weiss, pierre. Em: Charles C. Gillispie, editor, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pp. 243–247. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1976.
Enciclopædia Britannica. Ballistic galvanometer, 2015. http://global.britannica.com/technology/ballistic-galvanometer, acessado em 27 set. 2015.
John Stachel, editor. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, volume 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1987. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Klass Van Berkel, Albert Van Helden, e Lodewijk Palm. A History of Science in the Netherlands: survey, themes and reference. Brill, Leiden, Boston, Köln, 1999.
A. J. Kox, Martin J. Klein, e Robert Schulmann, editors. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: The Berlin years: Writings, 1914–1917, volume 6. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol6-trans acessado em 31 out. 2015.
Robert Schulmann, A. J. Kox, Michel Janssen, e József Illy, editors. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: The Berlin years: Correspondence, 1914–1918, volume 8. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998. http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol8-trans, acessado em 31 out. 2015.
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