(Re)classificando espaços e identidades
as reservas nativas sul-africanas na Namíbia desde dentro e à s margens (1940”“1970)
Palavras-chave:
Namíbia, Hereros, reservas nativas, políticas identitáriasResumo
A maior parte do que foi escrito sobre a experiência das comunidades hereros vivendo nas “reservas nativas” da Namíbia durante os anos 1940”“1970 ”” reconhecido como o período formativo do ativismo político nacionalista ”” trata dos embates entre as lideranças africanas do território e a administração colonial sul-africana, que começava a implementar o apartheid na região. Neste artigo, sugere-se que a oposição ao domínio europeu não caracteriza, de modo unívoco, a experiência dessas populações nesse período, já que é ditada, antes de tudo, pelos desafios concretos que elas enfrentaram para sobreviver nas áreas que lhes foram alocadas: regiões ecologicamente desfavoráveis para suas comunidades e para seus rebanhos, estes, sua principal fonte de subsistência. Além disso, afirma-se que essa luta está articulada a diferentes formas de classificar espaços e identidades e, particularmente, aos significados associados à terra, que subsidiam a ideologia e os termos da luta herero contra a opressão.
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Referências
BLEY, Helmut. 1996. Namibia under German rule. Hamburg: LIT.
BRAZ DIAS, Juliana. 2012. “Dançando ao som da poesia: gêneros de cultura popular e transformação de categorias sociais”. In: W. Trajano Filho (org.). Travessias antropológicas: estudos em contextos africanos. Brasília: ABA. pp. 297-316.
BRIDGMAN, Jon. 1981. The revolt of the Hereros. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
CASTRO, Josué. 2012. “O ‘pai’ e o ‘chefe’: notas sobre o princípio da senioridade em comunidades ovahereros na Namíbia”. In: W. Trajano Filho (org.). Travessias antropológicas: estudos em contextos africanos. Brasília: ABA. pp. 241-273.
_______. 2013. A política ovaherero: poder e conflito na Namíbia central. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de Brasília.
DREYER, Ronald. 1994. Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-1990. London & New York: Kegan Paul International.
DU PISANI, André. 1987. “Namibia: the historical legacy”. In: Gerhard Tötemeyer, Vezera Kandetu & Wolfgang Werner. Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 13-26.
EMMET, Tony. 1999. Popular resistance and the roots of nationalism in Namibia, 19151966. Basel: P. Schlettwein.
ESTERHUYSE, J. H. 1968. South West Africa 1880-1894: the establishment of German authority in South West Africa. Cape Town: C. Struik.
FEIERMAN, Steven. 1990. Peasant intellectuals: anthropology and history in Tanzania. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
FÖSTER, Larissa. 2005. “Land and landscape in Herero oral culture: cultural and social aspects of the land question in Namibia”. Analyses and Views, 1:1-20.
FRIEDMAN, John. 2005. “Making politics, making history: chiefship and the postapartheid state in Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(1):23-51.
GEWALD, Jan-Bart. 1999. Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923. Oxford: James Currey.
_______. 2000. “We thought we would be free…”: social-cultural aspects of Herero history in Namibia. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
_______. 2007. “Chief Hosea Kutako: a Herero royal and Namibian nationalist’s life against confinement 1870-1970”. In: M. Bruijn, R. Dijk & J. Gewald (eds.). Strength beyond structure: social and historical trajectories of agency in Africa. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 83-113.
GOTTSCHALK, Keith. 1987. “Reestructuring the colonial state: Pretoria’s strategy in Namibia”. In: G. Tötemeyer, V. Kandetu & W. Werner. Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 27-35.
HENRICHSEN, Dag. 1999. “Claiming space and power in pre-colonial Central Namibia: the relevance of Herero praise songs”. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB) Working Paper, 1:1-21. [Inédito].
_______. 2000. “Ozomgombe, Omavita and Ozondjembo: the process of repastoralization amongst Herero in pre-colonial 19th century Namibia”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 149-186.
_______. 2006. “Ozombambuse and Ovasolondate: everyday military life and African service personnel in German South West Africa”. In: W. Hartmann (ed.). Hues between black and white: historical photography from colonial Namibia 1860s to 1915. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 161-84.
_______. 2010. “Pastoral modernity, territoriality and colonial transformations in central Namibia, 1860s-1904”. In: P. Limb, N. Etherington & P. Midgley (eds.). Grappling with the beast: indigenous Southern African responses to colonialism, 1840-1930. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 87-114.
HENRICHSEN, Dag. & KRÜGER, Gessine. 1998. “‘We have been captives long enough. We want to be free’: land, uniforms and politics in the history of Herero in the interwar period”. In: P. Hayes et al. (eds.). Namibia under South Africa rule: mobility & containment, 1915-46. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 149-174.
HOFFMANN, Anette. 2005. “Since the Germans came it rains less”: landscape and identity in Herero communities of Namibia. Ph.D dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
KÖHLER, Oswin. 1959. A study of Otjiwarongo District (SWA). Pretoria: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. (Ethnological Publications, 44).
KÖSSLER, Reinhart. 2000. “From reserve to homeland: local identities and South African policy in Southern Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(3):447-362.
_______. 2001. “The Berseba captaincy after 1938: collective identity and conflict in a traditional community in Southern Namibia”. Africa Spectrum, 36(3):347-362.
KRÜGER, Gessine. 2008. “The golden age of the pastoralists. Namibia in the 19th century”. In: J. Zimmerer & J. Zeller (eds.). Genocide in German South-West Africa: the colonial war of 1904-1908 and its aftermath. Wales: Merlin. pp. 3-18.
LAU, Brigitte. 1986. “Conflict and power in nineteenth century Namibia”. Journal of African History, 27(1):29-39.
_______. 1987. Southern and Central Namibia under Jonker Afrikaner’s time. Windhoek: Windhoek Archives.
MAMDANI, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
McCULLERS, Molly. 2013. “‘The time of the United Nations in South West Africa is near’: local drama and global politics in apartheid-era Hereroland”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 39(2):371-389.
MIESCHER, Giorgio. 2012. “Facing barbarians: a narrative of spatial segregation in colonial Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38(4):769-786.
MURDOCK, George P. 1959. Africa: its history and their cultural history. Nova York: MacGraw-Hill.
MYERS, Jason C. 2008. Indirect rule in South Africa: tradition, modernity and the costuming of political power. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
NGAVIRUE, Zedekia. 1997. Political parties and interest groups in South West Africa (Namibia): a study of a plural society. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Publicado originalmente em1972.
POEWE, Karla. 1985. The Namibian Herero: a history of their psychological disintegration and survival. Lewiston and Queenston: Edwin Mellen. (African Studies, 1).
POOL, Gerhardus. 1991. Samuel Maharero. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
PREIN, Philipp. 1994. “Guns and Top Hats: African Resistance in German South West Africa, 1907-1915”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 20(1):99-121.
RANGER, Terence. 1993. “The invention of tradition revisited: the case of colonial Africa”. In: T. Ranger & Olufeni Vaughan (eds.). Legitimacy and the state in twentiethcentury Africa. Oxford: MacMillan.
SILVESTER, Jeremy, WALLACE, Marion & HAYES, Patricia. 1998. “‘Trees never meet’. Mobility and containment: an overview (1915-1946)”. In: P. Hayes et al. (eds.). Namibia under South Africa rule: mobility & containment, 1915-46. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 3-49.
SMITH, Andrew B. 2000. “The origins of pastoralism in Namibia”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 55-76.
STALS, Ernst. (ed.). 1991. The commissions of W. C. Palgrave, special emissary to South West Africa, 1876-1885. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society.
TRAJANO FILHO, Wilson. 2004. “A constituição de um olhar fragilizado: notas sobre o colonialismo português em África”. In: C. Carvalho & J. Pina Cabral (orgs.). A persistência da história: passado e contemporaneidade em África. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais. pp. 21-59.
VEDDER, Henrich. 1966. South West Africa in early times. (Translation and edition by C. Hall). New York: Barnes & Noble. Publicado originalmente em 1938.
WALLACE, Marion. 2011. A history of Namibia, from the beginning to 1990. London: Hurst & Company.
WERNER, Wolfgang. 1980. An exploratory investigation into the mode of production of the Herero in pre-colonial Namibia to ca. 1870. Bachelor of Social Science thesis, University of Cape Town.
_______. 1987. “Ethnicity and reformism in Namibia”. In: G. Tötemeyer, V. Kandetu & W. Werner (eds.). Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 69-81.
_______. 1993. “A brief history of land dispossession in Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19(1):135-146.
_______. 1998. “No one will become rich”: economy and society in the Herero reserves in Namibia, 1915-1946. Basel: Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland.
_______. 2000. “From communal pastures to enclosures ”” the development of land tenure in Herero reserves”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 247-270.
WILMSEN, Edwin. 1989. Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
ZIMMERER, Jürgen. 2008. “War, concentration camps and genocide in South-West Africa”. In: J. Zimmerer & J. Zeller (eds.). Genocide in German South-West Africa: the colonial war of 1904-1908 and its aftermath. Wales: Merlin. pp. 41-63.
BRAZ DIAS, Juliana. 2012. “Dançando ao som da poesia: gêneros de cultura popular e transformação de categorias sociais”. In: W. Trajano Filho (org.). Travessias antropológicas: estudos em contextos africanos. Brasília: ABA. pp. 297-316.
BRIDGMAN, Jon. 1981. The revolt of the Hereros. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.
CASTRO, Josué. 2012. “O ‘pai’ e o ‘chefe’: notas sobre o princípio da senioridade em comunidades ovahereros na Namíbia”. In: W. Trajano Filho (org.). Travessias antropológicas: estudos em contextos africanos. Brasília: ABA. pp. 241-273.
_______. 2013. A política ovaherero: poder e conflito na Namíbia central. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de Brasília.
DREYER, Ronald. 1994. Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945-1990. London & New York: Kegan Paul International.
DU PISANI, André. 1987. “Namibia: the historical legacy”. In: Gerhard Tötemeyer, Vezera Kandetu & Wolfgang Werner. Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 13-26.
EMMET, Tony. 1999. Popular resistance and the roots of nationalism in Namibia, 19151966. Basel: P. Schlettwein.
ESTERHUYSE, J. H. 1968. South West Africa 1880-1894: the establishment of German authority in South West Africa. Cape Town: C. Struik.
FEIERMAN, Steven. 1990. Peasant intellectuals: anthropology and history in Tanzania. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
FÖSTER, Larissa. 2005. “Land and landscape in Herero oral culture: cultural and social aspects of the land question in Namibia”. Analyses and Views, 1:1-20.
FRIEDMAN, John. 2005. “Making politics, making history: chiefship and the postapartheid state in Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(1):23-51.
GEWALD, Jan-Bart. 1999. Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923. Oxford: James Currey.
_______. 2000. “We thought we would be free…”: social-cultural aspects of Herero history in Namibia. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
_______. 2007. “Chief Hosea Kutako: a Herero royal and Namibian nationalist’s life against confinement 1870-1970”. In: M. Bruijn, R. Dijk & J. Gewald (eds.). Strength beyond structure: social and historical trajectories of agency in Africa. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 83-113.
GOTTSCHALK, Keith. 1987. “Reestructuring the colonial state: Pretoria’s strategy in Namibia”. In: G. Tötemeyer, V. Kandetu & W. Werner. Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 27-35.
HENRICHSEN, Dag. 1999. “Claiming space and power in pre-colonial Central Namibia: the relevance of Herero praise songs”. Basler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB) Working Paper, 1:1-21. [Inédito].
_______. 2000. “Ozomgombe, Omavita and Ozondjembo: the process of repastoralization amongst Herero in pre-colonial 19th century Namibia”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 149-186.
_______. 2006. “Ozombambuse and Ovasolondate: everyday military life and African service personnel in German South West Africa”. In: W. Hartmann (ed.). Hues between black and white: historical photography from colonial Namibia 1860s to 1915. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 161-84.
_______. 2010. “Pastoral modernity, territoriality and colonial transformations in central Namibia, 1860s-1904”. In: P. Limb, N. Etherington & P. Midgley (eds.). Grappling with the beast: indigenous Southern African responses to colonialism, 1840-1930. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 87-114.
HENRICHSEN, Dag. & KRÜGER, Gessine. 1998. “‘We have been captives long enough. We want to be free’: land, uniforms and politics in the history of Herero in the interwar period”. In: P. Hayes et al. (eds.). Namibia under South Africa rule: mobility & containment, 1915-46. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 149-174.
HOFFMANN, Anette. 2005. “Since the Germans came it rains less”: landscape and identity in Herero communities of Namibia. Ph.D dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
KÖHLER, Oswin. 1959. A study of Otjiwarongo District (SWA). Pretoria: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. (Ethnological Publications, 44).
KÖSSLER, Reinhart. 2000. “From reserve to homeland: local identities and South African policy in Southern Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(3):447-362.
_______. 2001. “The Berseba captaincy after 1938: collective identity and conflict in a traditional community in Southern Namibia”. Africa Spectrum, 36(3):347-362.
KRÜGER, Gessine. 2008. “The golden age of the pastoralists. Namibia in the 19th century”. In: J. Zimmerer & J. Zeller (eds.). Genocide in German South-West Africa: the colonial war of 1904-1908 and its aftermath. Wales: Merlin. pp. 3-18.
LAU, Brigitte. 1986. “Conflict and power in nineteenth century Namibia”. Journal of African History, 27(1):29-39.
_______. 1987. Southern and Central Namibia under Jonker Afrikaner’s time. Windhoek: Windhoek Archives.
MAMDANI, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
McCULLERS, Molly. 2013. “‘The time of the United Nations in South West Africa is near’: local drama and global politics in apartheid-era Hereroland”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 39(2):371-389.
MIESCHER, Giorgio. 2012. “Facing barbarians: a narrative of spatial segregation in colonial Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38(4):769-786.
MURDOCK, George P. 1959. Africa: its history and their cultural history. Nova York: MacGraw-Hill.
MYERS, Jason C. 2008. Indirect rule in South Africa: tradition, modernity and the costuming of political power. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
NGAVIRUE, Zedekia. 1997. Political parties and interest groups in South West Africa (Namibia): a study of a plural society. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Publicado originalmente em1972.
POEWE, Karla. 1985. The Namibian Herero: a history of their psychological disintegration and survival. Lewiston and Queenston: Edwin Mellen. (African Studies, 1).
POOL, Gerhardus. 1991. Samuel Maharero. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.
PREIN, Philipp. 1994. “Guns and Top Hats: African Resistance in German South West Africa, 1907-1915”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 20(1):99-121.
RANGER, Terence. 1993. “The invention of tradition revisited: the case of colonial Africa”. In: T. Ranger & Olufeni Vaughan (eds.). Legitimacy and the state in twentiethcentury Africa. Oxford: MacMillan.
SILVESTER, Jeremy, WALLACE, Marion & HAYES, Patricia. 1998. “‘Trees never meet’. Mobility and containment: an overview (1915-1946)”. In: P. Hayes et al. (eds.). Namibia under South Africa rule: mobility & containment, 1915-46. Windhoek: Out of Africa. pp. 3-49.
SMITH, Andrew B. 2000. “The origins of pastoralism in Namibia”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 55-76.
STALS, Ernst. (ed.). 1991. The commissions of W. C. Palgrave, special emissary to South West Africa, 1876-1885. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society.
TRAJANO FILHO, Wilson. 2004. “A constituição de um olhar fragilizado: notas sobre o colonialismo português em África”. In: C. Carvalho & J. Pina Cabral (orgs.). A persistência da história: passado e contemporaneidade em África. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais. pp. 21-59.
VEDDER, Henrich. 1966. South West Africa in early times. (Translation and edition by C. Hall). New York: Barnes & Noble. Publicado originalmente em 1938.
WALLACE, Marion. 2011. A history of Namibia, from the beginning to 1990. London: Hurst & Company.
WERNER, Wolfgang. 1980. An exploratory investigation into the mode of production of the Herero in pre-colonial Namibia to ca. 1870. Bachelor of Social Science thesis, University of Cape Town.
_______. 1987. “Ethnicity and reformism in Namibia”. In: G. Tötemeyer, V. Kandetu & W. Werner (eds.). Namibia in perspective. Windhoek: Council of Churches of Namibia. pp. 69-81.
_______. 1993. “A brief history of land dispossession in Namibia”. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19(1):135-146.
_______. 1998. “No one will become rich”: economy and society in the Herero reserves in Namibia, 1915-1946. Basel: Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland.
_______. 2000. “From communal pastures to enclosures ”” the development of land tenure in Herero reserves”. In: M. Bollig & J. Gewald (eds.). People, cattle and land: transformations of a pastoral society in Southwestern Africa. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 247-270.
WILMSEN, Edwin. 1989. Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
ZIMMERER, Jürgen. 2008. “War, concentration camps and genocide in South-West Africa”. In: J. Zimmerer & J. Zeller (eds.). Genocide in German South-West Africa: the colonial war of 1904-1908 and its aftermath. Wales: Merlin. pp. 41-63.
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2018-02-06
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Castro, Josué Tomasini. 2018. “(Re)classificando espaços E Identidades: As Reservas Nativas Sul-Africanas Na Namíbia Desde Dentro E Ã s Margens (1940”“1970)”. Anuário Antropológico 40 (2):23-50. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/anuarioantropologico/article/view/6659.
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