Som, reprodução, misticismo
Thomas Edison e a mitologia do fonógrafo
Palavras-chave:
Fonógrafo, Edison, Mito, Som, TecnologiaResumo
Este artigo examina textos sobre o fonógrafo desde o momento de sua invenção, em 1877, até aproximadamente 1890, período no qual a sua existência era amplamente conhecida mas antes de tornar-se um acessório na vida pública. Durante estes anos de escassez pública, vários autores e em particular Thomas Edison, especularam sobre as várias transformações utópicas que o fonógrafo poderia ter sobre a sociedade. Estes textos foram frequentemente apresentados como discurso científico, mas, ao mesmo tempo, incluíam referências frequentes à mitologia clássica e ao misticismo. Discuto que estas referências ao mito e ao misticismo são mais do que floreios retóricos superficiais, e que, em um nível mais profundo, estes textos funcionam como mitopoeses, um tipo de mitologia fabricada com uma estrutura temática clara e consistente. Descrevo esta estrutura e demonstro como autores a desenvolveram para apoiar uma agenda cultural utópica. Por meio de outro corpo de textos contemporâneos também identifico padrões complementares de ansiedade cultural os quais, enquanto aparentemente escritos em oposição aos textos “utópicos,” se apoiam sobre o mesmo engajamento com o mito e misticismo e incorporam muitos dos mesmos temas.
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Referências
“A Wonderful Invention.” Scientific American. 17 Nov., 1877: 304.
Abrams, M H and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.
Adorno, Theodor W. “The Form of the Phonograph Record.” In Essays on Music, Translated by Thomas Y. Levin, 277-282. Berkley: University of California Press, 2002.
“An Electrical Outrage.” New York Times. 28 Nov., 1877: 4.
Andrews, Tamra. Dictionary of Nature Myths : Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Armagnac, Alden P. “Edison, at 79, Active While World Catches Up.” Popular Science, Volume 110, n.1 (Jan., 1927): 25.
Baldwin, Neil. Inventing the Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Bodvarsson, Ö B and H van den Berg. The Economics of Immigration: Theory and Policy. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
Burnett, Judith, Peter Senker and Kathy Walker. The Myths of Technology: Innovation and Inequality. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.
Carlson, W. Bernard. “The Telephone as Political Instrument.” In Technologies of Power : essays in honor of Thomas Parke Hughes and Agatha Chipley Hughes. Michael Thad Allen and Thomas Parke Hughes. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
Collins, Theresa M. & Gitelman, Lisa. Thomas Edison and Modern America: An Introduction with Documents. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo Press, 1979.
Coupe, Laurence. Myth. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2009.
de Lautour, Christopher R. Conversation with author. 25 Dec., 2012.
Desmond, Shaw. “Edison's Views Upon Vital Human Problems.” Strand Magazine, Jul.-Dec. 1922: 156-162.
Doniger, Wendy, ed. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1999.
Doty, William G. Myth: A Handbook. Wesport: Greenwood, 2004.
Dupriez, Bernard Marie and A W Halsall. A Dictionary of Literary Devices : Gradus, A-Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Phonograph and Its Future.” The North American Review, Vol. 126, n.262 (May-Jun., 1878): 527-536.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Success of the Electric Light.” The North American Review, Vol. 131, n.287 (Oct., 1880): 295-300.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Dangers of Electric Lighting.” The North American Review, Vol. 149, n.396, (Nov., 1889): 625-634.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Perfected Phonograph.” The North American Review, Vol. 146, n.379 (Jun., 1888): 641-650.
“Edison Now Admits the Soul May Exist.” New York Times, Oct. 15, 1926.
Eliade, Mircea. The Forge and the Crucible. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Feaster, Patrick. “Framing the Mechanical Voice.” Folklore Forum 32 (2001): 57-102.
Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1990.
Forbes, Bertie C. “Edison Working on How to Communicate with the Next World.” The American Magazine, Sep., 1920: 30+.
“French Fancy Busy on Spirit Machine.” New York Times, 7 Oct., 1920: 11.
Frye, Northrop and Jay Macpherson. Biblical and Classical Myths : The Mythological Framework of Western Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
Guberman, Daniel. “Post Fidelity: A New Age of Music Consumption and Technological Innovation.” Journal of Popular Music Studies, Vol. 23, n.4 (2011): 431-454.
Hatina, Thomas R. Biblical Interpretation in Early Christian Gospels: Vol. 2, Gospel of Matthew. London, New York: T & T Clark, 2008.
Healy, David. US Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
Heidler, David S and Jeanne T Heidler. Manifest Destiny. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Herlocher, Dawn. 200 Years of Dolls: Identification and Price Guide. Iola: KP Books, 2005.
Hue, Marie Hélène. Monstrous Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kittler, Freidrich. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Standford University Press, 1999.
Knight, David M and Matthew D Eddy. Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science 1700-1900. Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
Kreilkamp, Ivan. Voice and the Victorian Storyteller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Landon, Brooks. Science Fiction After 1900: From the Steam Man to the Stars. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Lastra, James. Sound Technology and the American Cinema: Perception, Representation, Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Marshall, Edward. “ ‘No Immortality of the Soul’ Says Thomas A. Edison.” New York Times, 2 Oct. 1910: 1, 15.
Martinelli, Patricia A and Charles A Stansfield. Haunted New Jersey: Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Garden State. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2004.
Milner, Greg. Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Kindle Edition. Faber & Faber, 2010.
Miller, Randall M. and Theodore J. Zeman, Francis J. Sicius, Jolyon P. Girard. Daily Life Through American History in Primary Documents. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2012.
“Miseries of the Phonograph.” San Francisco Post. 1 April 1878.
Montgomery, Scott. The Scientific Voice. New York: Guilford, 1996.
Moran, Richard. Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.
Morton, David. Off the Record: The Technology and Culture of Sound Recording in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
Musser, Charles. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. New York: Charles Scibner's Sons, 1990.
“Not a Thinking Machine.” Nature. 10 Oct, 1878: 630.
“Phones of the Future.” New York Times, 9 Jun., 1878: 6.
“Phonomine, Autophone, and Kosmophone.” New York Times, 11 Jun., 1878: 5.
“Practical Uses of the Phonograph.” New York Times, 28 Apr., 1878.
Pyle, Forest. “Making Cyborgs, Making Humans.” In The Cybercultures Reader, David Bell and Barbara M Kennedy, ed. London: Routledge, 2000. 124-137.
Rosenberg, John D. Genius of John Ruskin: Selections from His Writings. 2nd Edition. University Press of Virginia, 2000.
Rothenbuhler, Eric W and John Durham Peters. “Defining Phonography: An Experiment in Theory.” The Musical Quarterly Vol. 81, n.2 (1997): 242-264.
Rothman, A D. “Mr Edison's Life Units.” New York Times, 23 Jan 1921: 1, 6.
Runes, Dagobert D. The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Alva Edison. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968 [1948].
Schwartzman, Arnold. Phono-graphics: the Visual Paraphernalia of the Talking Machine. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.
Sconce, Jeffrey. Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.
Segal, Howard P. Technological Utopianism in American Culture. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Segal, Robert Alan. Theorizing about Myth. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.
Stahl, William A. God and the Chip : Religion and the Culture of Technology. Waterloo: Laurier University Press, 1999.
Stambovsky, Phillip. Myth and the limits of reason. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.
“Telephones and Their Use.” New York Times, 10 Jul., 1877: 2.
“The Aerophone.” New York Times, 25 Mar., 1878.
“The Future of the Phonograph,” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1878, III:2.
“The Phonograph.” New York Times, 7 Nov., 1877: 4.
“The Phonograph.” Harper's Weekly. 30 Mar. 1878: 249-250.
“The Psychophone.” History Detectives. Writ. Gwen Wright. Season 7, episode 1. PBS. 2009.
“The Speaking Phonograph.” Scientific American, 16 Mar,. 1878: 1828.
“The Talking Phonograph.” Scientific American, 22 Dec., 1877: 300.
The Thomas Edison Papers. Rutgers University, 2010. Miscellaneous Scrapbook Series, 1860-1878, Cat. 30,102. Accessed Sep. 10, 2015. http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=SB032&.
Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars : A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009.
“Will Men and Machines Merge?” British Broadcasting Corporation, 9 Nov. 2012, accessed 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121108-will-men-and-machines-merge.
“Will the Internet Become Conscious?” British Broadcasting Corporation, 22 Nov. 2012, accessed 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121121-will-the-net-become-conscious.
Willis, Martin. Mesmerists, Monsters, and Machines : Science Fiction and the Cultures of Science in the Nineteenth Century. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2006.
Wurtzler, Steve J. Electric Sounds : Technological Change and the Rise of Corporate Mass Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Young, David. “Documenting Science Through Journals.” 14 May 2002. North Carolina State University Libraries. Accessed 1 Feb., 2013. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/exhibits/tippmann/scijo.html.
Abrams, M H and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.
Adorno, Theodor W. “The Form of the Phonograph Record.” In Essays on Music, Translated by Thomas Y. Levin, 277-282. Berkley: University of California Press, 2002.
“An Electrical Outrage.” New York Times. 28 Nov., 1877: 4.
Andrews, Tamra. Dictionary of Nature Myths : Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Armagnac, Alden P. “Edison, at 79, Active While World Catches Up.” Popular Science, Volume 110, n.1 (Jan., 1927): 25.
Baldwin, Neil. Inventing the Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Bodvarsson, Ö B and H van den Berg. The Economics of Immigration: Theory and Policy. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
Burnett, Judith, Peter Senker and Kathy Walker. The Myths of Technology: Innovation and Inequality. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.
Carlson, W. Bernard. “The Telephone as Political Instrument.” In Technologies of Power : essays in honor of Thomas Parke Hughes and Agatha Chipley Hughes. Michael Thad Allen and Thomas Parke Hughes. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
Collins, Theresa M. & Gitelman, Lisa. Thomas Edison and Modern America: An Introduction with Documents. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo Press, 1979.
Coupe, Laurence. Myth. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2009.
de Lautour, Christopher R. Conversation with author. 25 Dec., 2012.
Desmond, Shaw. “Edison's Views Upon Vital Human Problems.” Strand Magazine, Jul.-Dec. 1922: 156-162.
Doniger, Wendy, ed. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1999.
Doty, William G. Myth: A Handbook. Wesport: Greenwood, 2004.
Dupriez, Bernard Marie and A W Halsall. A Dictionary of Literary Devices : Gradus, A-Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Phonograph and Its Future.” The North American Review, Vol. 126, n.262 (May-Jun., 1878): 527-536.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Success of the Electric Light.” The North American Review, Vol. 131, n.287 (Oct., 1880): 295-300.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Dangers of Electric Lighting.” The North American Review, Vol. 149, n.396, (Nov., 1889): 625-634.
Edison, Thomas A. “The Perfected Phonograph.” The North American Review, Vol. 146, n.379 (Jun., 1888): 641-650.
“Edison Now Admits the Soul May Exist.” New York Times, Oct. 15, 1926.
Eliade, Mircea. The Forge and the Crucible. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Feaster, Patrick. “Framing the Mechanical Voice.” Folklore Forum 32 (2001): 57-102.
Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1990.
Forbes, Bertie C. “Edison Working on How to Communicate with the Next World.” The American Magazine, Sep., 1920: 30+.
“French Fancy Busy on Spirit Machine.” New York Times, 7 Oct., 1920: 11.
Frye, Northrop and Jay Macpherson. Biblical and Classical Myths : The Mythological Framework of Western Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
Guberman, Daniel. “Post Fidelity: A New Age of Music Consumption and Technological Innovation.” Journal of Popular Music Studies, Vol. 23, n.4 (2011): 431-454.
Hatina, Thomas R. Biblical Interpretation in Early Christian Gospels: Vol. 2, Gospel of Matthew. London, New York: T & T Clark, 2008.
Healy, David. US Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
Heidler, David S and Jeanne T Heidler. Manifest Destiny. Wesport: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Herlocher, Dawn. 200 Years of Dolls: Identification and Price Guide. Iola: KP Books, 2005.
Hue, Marie Hélène. Monstrous Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Kittler, Freidrich. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Standford University Press, 1999.
Knight, David M and Matthew D Eddy. Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science 1700-1900. Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
Kreilkamp, Ivan. Voice and the Victorian Storyteller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Landon, Brooks. Science Fiction After 1900: From the Steam Man to the Stars. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Lastra, James. Sound Technology and the American Cinema: Perception, Representation, Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Marshall, Edward. “ ‘No Immortality of the Soul’ Says Thomas A. Edison.” New York Times, 2 Oct. 1910: 1, 15.
Martinelli, Patricia A and Charles A Stansfield. Haunted New Jersey: Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Garden State. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2004.
Milner, Greg. Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Kindle Edition. Faber & Faber, 2010.
Miller, Randall M. and Theodore J. Zeman, Francis J. Sicius, Jolyon P. Girard. Daily Life Through American History in Primary Documents. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2012.
“Miseries of the Phonograph.” San Francisco Post. 1 April 1878.
Montgomery, Scott. The Scientific Voice. New York: Guilford, 1996.
Moran, Richard. Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.
Morton, David. Off the Record: The Technology and Culture of Sound Recording in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
Musser, Charles. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. New York: Charles Scibner's Sons, 1990.
“Not a Thinking Machine.” Nature. 10 Oct, 1878: 630.
“Phones of the Future.” New York Times, 9 Jun., 1878: 6.
“Phonomine, Autophone, and Kosmophone.” New York Times, 11 Jun., 1878: 5.
“Practical Uses of the Phonograph.” New York Times, 28 Apr., 1878.
Pyle, Forest. “Making Cyborgs, Making Humans.” In The Cybercultures Reader, David Bell and Barbara M Kennedy, ed. London: Routledge, 2000. 124-137.
Rosenberg, John D. Genius of John Ruskin: Selections from His Writings. 2nd Edition. University Press of Virginia, 2000.
Rothenbuhler, Eric W and John Durham Peters. “Defining Phonography: An Experiment in Theory.” The Musical Quarterly Vol. 81, n.2 (1997): 242-264.
Rothman, A D. “Mr Edison's Life Units.” New York Times, 23 Jan 1921: 1, 6.
Runes, Dagobert D. The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Alva Edison. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968 [1948].
Schwartzman, Arnold. Phono-graphics: the Visual Paraphernalia of the Talking Machine. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.
Sconce, Jeffrey. Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000.
Segal, Howard P. Technological Utopianism in American Culture. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Segal, Robert Alan. Theorizing about Myth. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.
Stahl, William A. God and the Chip : Religion and the Culture of Technology. Waterloo: Laurier University Press, 1999.
Stambovsky, Phillip. Myth and the limits of reason. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.
“Telephones and Their Use.” New York Times, 10 Jul., 1877: 2.
“The Aerophone.” New York Times, 25 Mar., 1878.
“The Future of the Phonograph,” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1878, III:2.
“The Phonograph.” New York Times, 7 Nov., 1877: 4.
“The Phonograph.” Harper's Weekly. 30 Mar. 1878: 249-250.
“The Psychophone.” History Detectives. Writ. Gwen Wright. Season 7, episode 1. PBS. 2009.
“The Speaking Phonograph.” Scientific American, 16 Mar,. 1878: 1828.
“The Talking Phonograph.” Scientific American, 22 Dec., 1877: 300.
The Thomas Edison Papers. Rutgers University, 2010. Miscellaneous Scrapbook Series, 1860-1878, Cat. 30,102. Accessed Sep. 10, 2015. http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=SB032&.
Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars : A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009.
“Will Men and Machines Merge?” British Broadcasting Corporation, 9 Nov. 2012, accessed 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121108-will-men-and-machines-merge.
“Will the Internet Become Conscious?” British Broadcasting Corporation, 22 Nov. 2012, accessed 8 Feb. 2013. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121121-will-the-net-become-conscious.
Willis, Martin. Mesmerists, Monsters, and Machines : Science Fiction and the Cultures of Science in the Nineteenth Century. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2006.
Wurtzler, Steve J. Electric Sounds : Technological Change and the Rise of Corporate Mass Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Young, David. “Documenting Science Through Journals.” 14 May 2002. North Carolina State University Libraries. Accessed 1 Feb., 2013. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/exhibits/tippmann/scijo.html.
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2015-11-23
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de Lautour, Reuben. 2015. “Som, reprodução, Misticismo: Thomas Edison E a Mitologia Do fonógrafo”. Música Em Contexto 9 (1):23-53. https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/Musica/article/view/19583.
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