Governança responsiva: uma abordagem para a conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade além da jurisdição nacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e23003Palavras-chave:
Biodiversidade Além da Jurisdição Nacional, Governança responsivaResumo
As áreas marinhas além da jurisdição nacional representam 64% da superfície total dos oceanos e cerca de metade da superfície total do planeta. Devido à sua distância e vastidão, elas estavam em grande parte protegidas da interferência humana no passado. No entanto, os avanços tecnológicos removeram essa proteção, expondo esse ecossistema em grande parte desconhecido a atividades humanas insustentáveis. Para enfrentar esse problema emergente, a Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas concordou com a natureza juridicamente vinculativa de um futuro acordo sobre a conservação e uso sustentável de Biodiversidade Além da Jurisdição Nacional, em tradução livre sob a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (UNCLOS). No entanto, considerando um cenário de negócios como de costume, no qual indivíduos e tomadores de decisão respondem a problemas em vez de trabalhar para preveni-los, este artigo aplica as lentes de governança responsiva para avaliar dez anos de reuniões do Grupo de Trabalho Informal Ad Hoc com o objetivo de provar que a governança é um problema dirigido e pode estar fortemente conectado à percepções humanas de sinais específicos e às posições relativas de poder dos atores. Assim, as chances de ter um acordo flexível que cumprirá apenas uma resposta parcial ao problema ambiental são significativas e isso só reduzirá ou mitigará parte do problema, mas não tudo. Em casos como esse, a governança permanecerá ineficaz de certa forma.
Downloads
Referências
Ardron, Jeff A., Henry A. Ruhl, and Daniel OB Jones. "Incorporating transparency into the governance of deep-seabed mining in the Area beyond national jurisdiction." Marine policy 89 (2018): 58-66.
Ardron, Jeff, Elisabeth Druel, Kristina Gjerde, Katherine Houghton, Julien Rochette, and Sebastian Unger. "Advancing governance of the high seas." IDDRI Policy Brief 6, no. 13 (2013): 1-11.
Barros-Platiau, Ana Flávia. And Leandra Regina Gonçalves. 2019. “Antarctica and ABNJ in the Anthropocene : Challenges to the Sustainable Management of Marine Genetic Resources ?” Ambiente e Sociedade. 22.
Barros-Platiau, Ana Flávia, Carina Costa de Oliveira. Conservation of living resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction: BBNJ and Antarctica = Conservação dos recursos vivos em áreas além da jurisdição nacional: BBNJ e Antártica / organizadoras– Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2020. 388 p. ; 23 cm.
Bennett, Nathan James, Jessica Blythe, Carole Sandrine White, and Cecilia Campero. "Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy." Marine Policy 125 (2021): 104387.
Berkes, Fikret, Johan Colding, and Carl Folke, eds. Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Blasiak, Robert, Carole Durussel, Jeremy Pittman, Carole-Anne Sénit, Matilda Petersson, and Nobuyuki Yagi. "The role of NGOs in negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 81 (2017): 1-8.
Blasiak, Robert, Jean-Baptiste Jouffray, Colette CC Wabnitz, Emma Sundström, and Henrik Österblom. "Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources." Science advances 4, no. 6 (2018): eaar5237.
Blasiak, Robert, Jeremy Pittman, Nobuyuki Yagi, and Hiroaki Sugino. "Negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction." Frontiers in Marine Science 3 (2016): 224.
Campbell, Lisa M., Noella J. Gray, Luke Fairbanks, Jennifer J. Silver, Rebecca L. Gruby, Bradford A. Dubik, and Xavier Basurto. "Global oceans governance: new and emerging issues." Annual review of environment and resources 41 (2016): 517-543.
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Website: Convention Area. Available at 〈https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/convention-area〉 (accessed 4 June 2021).
De Santo, Elizabeth M., Áslaug Ásgeirsdóttir, Ana Barros-Platiau, Frank Biermann, John Dryzek, Leandra Regina Gonçalves, Rakhyun E. Kim et al. "Protecting biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction: An earth system governance perspective." Earth System Governance 2 (2019): 100029.
De Santo, Elizabeth M., Elizabeth Mendenhall, Elizabeth Nyman, and Rachel Tiller. "Stuck in the middle with you (and not much time left): the third intergovernmental conference on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 117 (2020): 103957.
Druel, Elisabeth, and Kristina M. Gjerde. "Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Marine Policy 49 (2014): 90-97.
Druel, Elisabeth, and Kristina M. Gjerde. "Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Marine Policy 49 (2014): 90-97.
Druel, Elisabeth, and Kristina M. Gjerde. "Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Marine Policy 49 (2014): 90-97.
Gjerde, Kristina M. "Challenges to protecting the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction." The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 4 (2012): 839-847.
Gjerde, Kristina M., and Anna Rulska-Domino. "Marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction: some practical perspectives for moving ahead." The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 2 (2012): 351-373.
Gjerde, Kristina M., Harm Dotinga, Sharelle Hart, Erik Jaap Molenaar, Rosemary Rayfuse, and Robin Warner. "Regulatory and governance gaps in the international regime for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction." IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (2008).
Gonçalves, Leandra R. "Regional Fisheries Management Organizations." Springer Series. 2021.
Gonçalves, Leandra Regina; Michelle Portman, Mabel Augustowski, Ioaniss Giovo and Peter Mackelworth. Ocean Governance: Exploring how marine conservation is taken into account using Evolutionary Governance Theory. In: Conservation of living resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction : BBNJ and Antarctica = Conservação dos recursos vivos em áreas além da jurisdição nacional : BBNJ e Antártica / organizadoras Ana Flávia Barros- -Platiau, Carina Costa de Oliveira. – Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2020. 388 p. ; 23 cm.
Haas, Peter M. Epistemic communities, constructivism, and international environmental politics. Routledge, 2015.
Harden-Davies, Harriet. "The next wave of science diplomacy: marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 1 (2018): 426-434.
HAS (2018). High Seas Alliance. High Seas Alliance recommendations for Marine Protected Areas under the new international legally binding instrument. Available at: http://www.highseasalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/HSA-MPA-recommendations_March-2018.pdf Accessed on: June, 2021.
Houghton, Katherine, and Julien Rochette. "Introduction: Advancing governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 49 (2014): 81-84.
ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas – ICCAT. Convention text Madrid: ICCAT, 1966. Available at: https://www.iccat.int/documents/commission/basictexts.pdf Accessed June, 2021;.
IUCN (2020). International legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction IUCN Comments. Available at: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/iucn_comments_on_revised_bbnj_draft_text_february_2020.pdf Accessed on: June, 2021.
Klinger, Dane H., Anne Maria Eikeset, Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir, Anna-Marie Winter, and James R. Watson. "The mechanics of blue growth: management of oceanic natural resource use with multiple, interacting sectors." Marine Policy 87 (2018): 356-362.
Marciniak, Konrad Jan. "New implementing agreement under UNCLOS: A threat or an opportunity for fisheries governance?." Marine Policy 84 (2017): 320-326.
Mendenhall, Elizabeth, Elizabeth De Santo, Elizabeth Nyman, and Rachel Tiller. "A soft treaty, hard to reach: the second inter-governmental conference for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 108 (2019): 103664.
OECD. Strengthening Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. ISBN 978-92-64-07332-6 (2009)
Ostrom, Elinor. "A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems." Science 325, no. 5939 (2009): 419-422.
Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge university press, 1990.
PEW (2013). Conserving Marine Biodiversity: Addressing Existing Commitments And Designing Next Steps For Action. Policy recommendations.
Ramirez-Llodra, Eva, Paul A. Tyler, Maria C. Baker, Odd Aksel Bergstad, Malcolm R. Clark, Elva Escobar, Lisa A. Levin et al. "Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea." PLoS One 6, no. 8 (2011): e22588.
Rosenau, James N. "Governance in the Twenty-first Century." In Palgrave Advances in Global Governance, pp. 7-40. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2009.
Tiller, Rachel, Elizabeth De Santo, Elizabeth Mendenhall, and Elizabeth Nyman. "The once and future treaty: towards a new regime for biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction." Marine Policy 99 (2019): 239-242.
UN. Rio Declaration. Agenda 21. Rio declaration on environment and development. (1992).
UN. The Future we want. Rio Declaration. (2012). Available at: http://rio20.net/en/iniciativas/the-future-we-want-final-document-of-the-rio20-conference/ Accessed on: June 2021.
Vadrot, Alice, Arne Langlet, Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki, Petro Tolochko, Emmanuelle Brogat, and Silvia Ruiz-Rodríguez. "Marine Biodiversity Negotiations During COVID-19: A New Role for Digital Diplomacy?" Global Environmental Politics. Published electronically April 21, 2021. muse.jhu.edu/article/789823.
Vierros, Marjo, Curtis A. Suttle, Harriet Harden-Davies, and Geoff Burton. "Who owns the ocean? Policy issues surrounding marine genetic resources." Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull. 25, no. 2 (2016): 29-35.
Visbeck, Martin, Ulrike Kronfeld-Goharani, Barbara Neumann, Wilfried Rickels, Jörn Schmidt, Erik van Doorn, Nele Matz-Lück, and Alexander Proelss. "A sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts: global ocean challenges benefit from regional initiatives supporting globally coordinated solutions." Marine Policy 49 (2014): 87-89.
Webster, D. G. "The action cycle/structural context framework: A fisheries application." Ecology and Society 20, no. 1 (2015).
Webster, D. G. Adaptive governance: The dynamics of Atlantic fisheries management. Mit Press, (2009).
Webster, D.G., Leandra Regina Gonçalves, Rakhyun E. Kim and Jennifer Bailey. How power disconnects may affect the outcome of the ongoing BBNJ negotiations? In: Conservation of living resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction : BBNJ and Antarctica = Conservação dos recursos vivos em áreas além da jurisdição nacional : BBNJ e Antártica / organizadoras Ana Flávia Barros- -Platiau, Carina Costa de Oliveira. – Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2020. 388 p. ; 23 cm.
WOA (2021). The Second World Ocean Assessment WORLD OCEAN ASSESSMENT II. Available at: https://www.un.org/regularprocess/sites/www.un.org.regularprocess/files/2011859-e-woa-ii-vol-i.pdf Accessed on: June, 2021.
Wright, Glen, Julien Rochette, Kristina Gjerde, and Isabel Seeger. "The long and winding road: negotiating a treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction." Paris: IDDRI (2018).
Yadav, Siddharth Shekhar, and Kristina Maria Gjerde. "The ocean, climate change and resilience: Making Ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction more resilient to climate change and other anthropogenic activities." Marine Policy 122 (2020): 104184.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
