Enquadrando a Fragmentação da Paz
uma análise sobre os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e21005Palavras-chave:
Fragmentação, Paz Positiva, Objetivos do Desenvolvimento SustentávelResumo
Este artigo discute o conceito de fragmentação da paz, a fim de entender como o conceito proposto por Galtung (1969) é operacionalizado, implementado e disseminado como uma agenda internacional. Tendo como parâmetro os Objetivos do Desenvolvido Milênio e de Desenvolvimento Sustentável implementadas pelas Nações Unidas, este artigo incorpora uma perspectiva de enquadramento, argumentando que a paz positiva é mais que um conceito, e sim uma estratégia comum e global pragmática.
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Referências
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011a). “International practices: introduction and framework” in Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent, International Practices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-35.
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011b). “International Practices”. International Theory, 3, 1-36.
Arora, N. K. and Mishra, I. (2019). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time. Environmental Sustainability (2019) 2:339”“342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00092-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Autesserre, S. (2009). Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention, International Organization, 63(2), 249-280. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090080. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Berger, B. (1974). ‘Forewod’ in Goffman, E. (ed.) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press, i-viii.
Biermanna, F.; Kanieb, N. and Kim, R. E. (2017). Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2017, 26-27:26-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010.
Boulding, K. (1978). Stable Peace. Austin: University of Texas Press.
CDCS (2004). A new strategy for Social Cohesion European Committee for Social Cohesion: Revised strategy for Social Cohesion. Available at: [www.coe.int/t/dg3/socialpolicies/socialcohesiondev/source/RevisedStrategy_en.pdf]. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Claggett-Borne, Elizabeth (2013), “Definitions of Peace and Reconciliation” in Malley-Morrison et al (2013) International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation. New York: Springer.
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher (2016). Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace. Oslo Forum Papers, 006, December.
Deffner, Veronika and Hoerning, Johanna (2011) “Fragmentation as a Threat to Social Cohesion? A Conceptual Review and an Empirical Approach to Brazilian Cities”, International RC21 Conference, Amsterdam, July 2011. Unpublished conference paper. www.rc21.org/conferences/amsterdam2011/edocs2/Session%2015/15-1-Deffner.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Easterly, W. (2015). The SDGs Should Stand for Senseless, Dreamy, Garbled. Foreing Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/28/the-sdgs-are-utopian-and-worthless-mdgs-development-rise-of-the-rest/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Entman, R. M. (1993). ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’. Journal of Communication, 43: 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Forrer, John, Timothy Fort and Raymond Gilpin. (2012). “How Business Can Foster Peace.” United States Institute of Peace Report. Washington DC: USIP.
Franklin, Alan B.; Noon, Barry R.; George, T. Luke (2002). “What is habitat fragmentation?”, Studies in Avian Biology, No. 25: 20-29.
Galtung, Johan (1969), “Violence, peace and peace research”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.6(3), pp.167-191.
Galtung, Johan (1971), “What is a Good Peace Proposal”, Security Dialogue, 2: 291-294.
Galtung, Johan (1990), “Violence and Peace” in Smoker et al (1990) A Reader in Peace Studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Goertz, G., Diehl, P. and Balas, A. (2016). The Puzzle of Peace: the Evolution of Peace in the International System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hák, T; Janoušková, S. and Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Jeon, H. (2005). Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Joachim, J. (2003). ‘Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women’s Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 47(2), 247-274. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/3693544. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Knaggård, Ã…. (2013). Framing the Problem: Knowledge Brokers in the Multiple Streams Approach. Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 2013, Mainz, Germany. Retrieved from: https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6403258/5337344.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Kolk, An (2016). “The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.” Journal of World Business 51(1):23-34.
Kolk, Ans and Francois Lenfant (2017). “Hybrid Business Models for Peace and Reconciliation.” Business Horizons, forthcoming.
Larsen, Christian A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Christian A. (2014). Social cohesion: definition, measurement and developments. www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2014/LarsenDevelopmentinsocialcohesion.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
MacArthur, John W. (2014). “The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals”, SAIS Review, vol. XXXI,V no. 2 (summer/fall 2014).
Mac Ginty, Roger (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miklian, Jason. (2017). “Mapping Business-Peace Interactions: Five Assertions for How Businesses Create Peace.” Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, forthcoming.
Moncrieffe, J. (2007). ‘Introduction. Labelling, Power and Accountability: How and Why ‘Our’ Categories Matter’ in Moncrieffe, J. and Eyben, R., The Power of Labelling: How People Are Categorized and Why it Matters. London: Earthscan, pp. 1-16.
Rein, M. & Schön, D. (1993). ‘Reframing Policy Discourse’ in Fischer, F. & Forester, J. (eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London: University College London Press, pp. 145-166.
Rettberg, Angelika (2016). “Need, Creed, and Greed: Understanding Why Business Leaders Focus on Issues of Peace.” Business Horizons 59(5):481-492.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006a) “Patterns of Peace”, Global Society, 20: 4, 367-394.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006b), “The problem of peace: understanding the 'liberal peace'”, Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008) Peace in International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sachs, Jeffrey D (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2012; 379: 2206”“11.
Sridhar, Devi (2016). Making the SDGs useful: a Herculean task. The Lancet: Comment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31635-X. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Stevens, C. and Kanie, N. (2016). The transformative potential of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). International Environment Agreements (2016) 16:393”“396. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-016-9324-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2000). The Millennium Development Goals. Department of Public Information.
UN (2015). Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations Press. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MD%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2016). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 16. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN Doc. A/RES/70/1. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UNDP (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York: United Nations.
van Hulst, M. & Yanow, D. (2016). ‘From Policy 'Frames' to 'Framing': Theorizing a More Dynamic, Political Approach’. American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 46(1), 92-112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010a) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, 376: 991”“1023.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010b) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, Comment; 376: 991”“1023.
Wallensteen, P. (2017). Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory, and World Order. New York: Oxford University Press.
Adler, Emmanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (2011b). “International Practices”. International Theory, 3, 1-36.
Arora, N. K. and Mishra, I. (2019). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time. Environmental Sustainability (2019) 2:339”“342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00092-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Autesserre, S. (2009). Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention, International Organization, 63(2), 249-280. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090080. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Berger, B. (1974). ‘Forewod’ in Goffman, E. (ed.) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press, i-viii.
Biermanna, F.; Kanieb, N. and Kim, R. E. (2017). Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2017, 26-27:26-31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010.
Boulding, K. (1978). Stable Peace. Austin: University of Texas Press.
CDCS (2004). A new strategy for Social Cohesion European Committee for Social Cohesion: Revised strategy for Social Cohesion. Available at: [www.coe.int/t/dg3/socialpolicies/socialcohesiondev/source/RevisedStrategy_en.pdf]. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Claggett-Borne, Elizabeth (2013), “Definitions of Peace and Reconciliation” in Malley-Morrison et al (2013) International Handbook of Peace and Reconciliation. New York: Springer.
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher (2016). Understanding fragmentation in conflict and its impact on prospects for peace. Oslo Forum Papers, 006, December.
Deffner, Veronika and Hoerning, Johanna (2011) “Fragmentation as a Threat to Social Cohesion? A Conceptual Review and an Empirical Approach to Brazilian Cities”, International RC21 Conference, Amsterdam, July 2011. Unpublished conference paper. www.rc21.org/conferences/amsterdam2011/edocs2/Session%2015/15-1-Deffner.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Easterly, W. (2015). The SDGs Should Stand for Senseless, Dreamy, Garbled. Foreing Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/28/the-sdgs-are-utopian-and-worthless-mdgs-development-rise-of-the-rest/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Entman, R. M. (1993). ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’. Journal of Communication, 43: 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Forrer, John, Timothy Fort and Raymond Gilpin. (2012). “How Business Can Foster Peace.” United States Institute of Peace Report. Washington DC: USIP.
Franklin, Alan B.; Noon, Barry R.; George, T. Luke (2002). “What is habitat fragmentation?”, Studies in Avian Biology, No. 25: 20-29.
Galtung, Johan (1969), “Violence, peace and peace research”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.6(3), pp.167-191.
Galtung, Johan (1971), “What is a Good Peace Proposal”, Security Dialogue, 2: 291-294.
Galtung, Johan (1990), “Violence and Peace” in Smoker et al (1990) A Reader in Peace Studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Goertz, G., Diehl, P. and Balas, A. (2016). The Puzzle of Peace: the Evolution of Peace in the International System. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hák, T; Janoušková, S. and Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Jeon, H. (2005). Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Joachim, J. (2003). ‘Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women’s Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 47(2), 247-274. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/3693544. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Knaggård, Ã…. (2013). Framing the Problem: Knowledge Brokers in the Multiple Streams Approach. Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, 2013, Mainz, Germany. Retrieved from: https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6403258/5337344.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Kolk, An (2016). “The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.” Journal of World Business 51(1):23-34.
Kolk, Ans and Francois Lenfant (2017). “Hybrid Business Models for Peace and Reconciliation.” Business Horizons, forthcoming.
Larsen, Christian A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Christian A. (2014). Social cohesion: definition, measurement and developments. www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2014/LarsenDevelopmentinsocialcohesion.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
MacArthur, John W. (2014). “The Origins of the Millennium Development Goals”, SAIS Review, vol. XXXI,V no. 2 (summer/fall 2014).
Mac Ginty, Roger (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Miklian, Jason. (2017). “Mapping Business-Peace Interactions: Five Assertions for How Businesses Create Peace.” Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, forthcoming.
Moncrieffe, J. (2007). ‘Introduction. Labelling, Power and Accountability: How and Why ‘Our’ Categories Matter’ in Moncrieffe, J. and Eyben, R., The Power of Labelling: How People Are Categorized and Why it Matters. London: Earthscan, pp. 1-16.
Rein, M. & Schön, D. (1993). ‘Reframing Policy Discourse’ in Fischer, F. & Forester, J. (eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London: University College London Press, pp. 145-166.
Rettberg, Angelika (2016). “Need, Creed, and Greed: Understanding Why Business Leaders Focus on Issues of Peace.” Business Horizons 59(5):481-492.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006a) “Patterns of Peace”, Global Society, 20: 4, 367-394.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2006b), “The problem of peace: understanding the 'liberal peace'”, Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008) Peace in International Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sachs, Jeffrey D (2012). From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2012; 379: 2206”“11.
Sridhar, Devi (2016). Making the SDGs useful: a Herculean task. The Lancet: Comment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31635-X. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Stevens, C. and Kanie, N. (2016). The transformative potential of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). International Environment Agreements (2016) 16:393”“396. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-016-9324-y. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2000). The Millennium Development Goals. Department of Public Information.
UN (2015). Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations Press. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MD%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2016). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 16. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg16. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UN Doc. A/RES/70/1. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
UNDP (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York: United Nations.
van Hulst, M. & Yanow, D. (2016). ‘From Policy 'Frames' to 'Framing': Theorizing a More Dynamic, Political Approach’. American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 46(1), 92-112. DOI: 10.1177/0275074014533142. Accessed 31 Jan. 2020.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010a) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, 376: 991”“1023.
Waage J, Banerji R, Campbell O, et al. (2010b) The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet, Comment; 376: 991”“1023.
Wallensteen, P. (2017). Quality Peace: Peacebuilding, Victory, and World Order. New York: Oxford University Press.
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2020-06-26
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Vieira, Maurício. 2020. “Enquadrando a Fragmentação Da Paz: Uma análise Sobre Os Objetivos Do Desenvolvimento Sustentável Da ONU”. Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies 21 (junho). https://doi.org/10.20889/M47e21005.
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Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
