Introduction
Until the
mid-twentieth century, the action employed by man to work was, most of the
time, seen only as a mechanical process, in which the worker was not allowed to
critically opine about what he was doing inside a company, and thus, he only
executed what was proposed (Couto & Gutierrez, 2021).
From this
perspective, professor and philosopher Yves Schwartz deepened and began studies
in France on the activity of work and its connection with man/worker, calling
it the ergology of work. The author points out that, when considering the
influence of work at all points in a human being's life, it is of utmost
importance to address the subjective aspects of workers regarding their
knowledge and values as primordial elements of individual and collective
reconstruction of and at work (Schwartz & Durrive, 2010).
Ergology
comes to show the actions that the worker does to guarantee his job and, also,
to evidence that work activity is not merely action, but also the permanent
summoning of the worker's subjectivity. Thus, Ergology proposes an approach in
the micro dimension of work to understand the real activity of those who work.
In other points, Ergology is also to be able to see the complexity of work in
what is actually happening in the life of the main protagonist, the worker,
making it reveal the knowledge and values that emanate from/in the gestures in
the human doing, surfacing in the invisibility of work, in the most
infinitesimal of the activity (Trinquet, 2010; Souza, 2021).
Pinno
et al. (2019) address that, from an ergological perspective, living is a
dramatic use of self that constantly demands negotiation by the worker and the
obligation to do in the here and now, in an environment filled with norms,
temporarily established.
However,
to ensure the control and safety of all processes, the worker is presented with
antecedent norms, which embrace heterodetermined execution restrictions,
because there is in them something that can be identified as the expression of
a scientific dogmatism supported by a social power. The complex character of
antecedent norms indicates values - which do not refer only to a monetary
dimension, but rather to elements of the common good, which are resized in
organizations, work environments, and in their relationship with the external
environment - in which they are also the subject of debates, conflicts, and
political arbitration. In light of this, the ergological approach synthesizes
that every human activity of work is "a web of permanent renegotiations of
these norms" (Schwartz, 2016, p. 253). However, the human being cannot
live by laws and norms alone, it is impossible and unlivable (Canguilhem,
2009).
Thus,
man's action at work will always couple a debate of these norms and the attempt
to make choices or renegotiations, which are not always conscious of or
supported by personal values. So, renormalizing takes place in the
professional's attempt to update/personalize the environment based on their
personal values and knowledge, thus living in a constant drama of the use of
self (Schwartz, 2014). Both technical and managerial activities, are
intertwined in the use of each professional's values, prior knowledge and
experiences (Bonfada et al., 2021).
In other
words, the activity of work is the real and, as such, it is only realized
through the real and adequate means for its execution. However, between the
prescribed work and the actual work there are multiple variabilities in
relation to the work process that cannot be briefly anticipated. Soon, this space between the prescribed work
and the actually performed work is inscribed the reality of professional human
activities (Ribeiro et al., 2019).
Given these assumptions,
to work is also to be faced with choices, because one day of work is never the
same as another and, within that, these choices are made from the unique values
impregnated in the worker (Calvo, 2020; Neder et al., 2021).
With
the assumption that the environment is unfaithful, it implies the worker to
manage the infidelities imposed by and make choices according to their lived
experiences, resulting in a risk-taker to ensure the functioning of their
activity (Oliveira, 2018), as well as the management of themselves and the
environment. In view of this, the conduct of resingularizing is necessary and,
in view of this, it is conjugated to taking the risk to have the management of
the work on a daily basis, because the emptiness of norms and the deficiency of
guidelines leads the professional to take risks, to make that means, his
(Calvo, 2020).
Nursing, as an academic discipline, is governed by rules,
regulations, ordinances, and procedures. However, as a service sector, in which
it articulates simultaneously with production and consumption, it still needs
to face the environment where it is inserted, in order to meet such production
demand. The professional must develop skills based on subjectivity/
individuality in the face of norms and prescriptions.
However, it is
worth pointing out that the activities in the health area have their own
characteristics, quite different from the industrial characteristics. The basis
of inputs and work processes are dynamic and still allow an exchange, often
interpersonal, between the user who provides subjective data to the service
provider (active co-participation in the process), which does not happen in
industry (Souza, 2011).
From
the ergological point of view, the nursing profession has skills and knowledge
that go beyond the work prescribed there, because considering the history of
nursing and the dynamic place where they work (hospitals, clinics, health
clinics, etc.), they refer to the use of skills in the provision of care that
go beyond techniques, but are not always presented as the content of the
profession.) refer to the use of skills in the provision of care that go beyond
techniques, however, are not always presented as the content of the profession.
This invisibility of nurses' work is often restricted and little talked about
among their peers (Bonfada et al., 2021).
Given
the above, this research has the following problem to be answered: what is the
quantity of studies on ergology and nursing available in the Databases and if
they are able to become a reference in the scientific environment?
This article aims to reveal the
number of articles published on the subject of Nursing and Ergology, through
bibliometric analysis, based on two important databases worldwide, Scopus and Web of Science, and to present the
relevance of the subject in the proposed context.
In
this research, the main years of publications of articles on ergology are
punctuated, as well as their main scientific journals, the authors involved
with greater frequency in the publications and the areas of knowledge that the
articles fall into.
Methodology
Bibliometrics
has been used in several areas of knowledge as a methodology. Its principle is to
evaluate and analyze the scientific academic productions on several themes, in
order to generate a quantitative study of the publications and its main
objective is the development of increasingly reliable indicators (Araújo,
2006).
The
importance of bibliometric studies is supported by the need to know and
evaluate the productivity and research quality of actors (authors/researchers),
allowing the detection of dispersion models and patterns of citation behavior
in their scientific production (Quevedo-Silva et al., 2016).
This
article is structured to use as a search source two databases, Scopus and Web of Science. Although there are other specific databases,
we chose these databases because they are internationally recognized and
because of their adherence to the subject matter. After defining the databases,
the key words used (nursing and ergology) were defined. The association of
these words was chosen in order to provide specific feedback regarding the
study proposal.
The
Scopus database was chosen because it is responsible for indexing abstracts
and citations from peer-reviewed literature (books, journals, among others)
from around the world in several thematic areas (interdisciplinary) on
scientific research productions, scientific journals, among others, from all
over the world, in several thematic areas (interdisciplinary), about scientific
research productions, besides providing solutions to monitor and analyze such
processes. In addition, as a search result, it enables the use of the
parameters necessary for the use of the VOSviewer© program for the
development of bibliometrics.
Web of Science was selected because it contains registered citations
in several areas of scientific knowledge, in different countries around the
world, as well as thousands of institutions (educational, governmental and
corporate) in its portfolio. In this way, the research linked to this platform
is composed of high-quality information and reliability in the analyzed data in
order to generate future research strategies. As a search result, it enables
the use of the parameters necessary for the use of the VOSviewer© program,
in its version 1.6.18, for the development of bibliometry.
Given
this, the criteria used in the two Databases, first in Scopus and then in Web of Science, were:
a)
Words used to search for articles: Nursing and Ergology. Searched both
in the titles and in their abstracts. The English language descriptors were used due to the search
requirements of the databases, as well as the Portuguese language terms, which
resulted in a significant restriction of search results;
b)
Regarding the temporal period, the field all years was flagged, that is, no
limitation was applied, allowing the visualization of the first publication
made on the theme, in order to make an exhaustive search on the approached
theme;
c)
The inclusion criteria used were previously established to obtain results
pertinent to the objective of this study. The exclusion criteria were duplicate
articles, articles without abstracts, and contents that were not fully related
to the theme. For this exclusion, the title and abstract of the article were
read beforehand;
d)
Since each database had to be analyzed individually, it was necessary to use
the two keywords and the Boolean descriptor AND. No article filters were
added to remove duplicates, this was confirmed by reading the titles after
search results in the databases;
e)
The data obtained from the databases were exported in text format, then
processed in the Microsoft Excel® program. Then the VOSviewer© program was used to analyze them. As analysis
criteria, the Network visualization was used, which aims to establish
the collaboration network between the authors of the articles that reflect the
theme addressed. Afterwards, we proceeded to the Overlay visualization analysis,
which by means of the collaboration network, establishes the related score
levels, ranging from low (blue), medium (green), and high (red). At the end,
Density visualization was performed. There are two variants of Density
visualization. In the first, density visualization is discussed, followed
by cluster density visualization. In the item density view, items are
represented by their labels in a similar way as in the network view and the
overlay view. Each point in the item density view has a color that indicates
the density of the items in that point. By default, the colors range from blue
to green and red. The greater the number of items near a point and the higher
the weights of the items, the closer the color of the point is to red.
Conversely, the smaller the number of items near a point and the smaller the
weights of neighboring items, the closer the color of the point is to blue (Van
Eck & Waltman, 2018).
f)
The data processing was carried out with regard to the authors' names, the
intention of comparing their publication positions, the educational institution
that had the interest for the research, how many articles published by the
authors, the year of publication, the theoretical reference cited, and which
journals they published in. This data is presented below.
Results and Discussion
Work
in the context of health is considered essential work and a basic attribute for
human life. This work, considered essential for health professionals, has as
its objective the individual and the groups of patients within the
health/illness context, exposed or not to risks, those who need curative
measures, in order to preserve health and prevent diseases (Pires, 2000; Borges
& Trindade, 2021).
In
parallel, the nursing profession acts in several dimensions of health: in
assistance, in health promotion, and in the prevention of diseases in
collective health, and is also active in the phases of life: from birth to
death. However, since its end product is the patient, nursing care tends to deal
with a void of standards. Trying to manage the norms and also to deal with the
patient's subjectivity and the variability of the environment where he/she is
inserted forces this professional to manage, to leave his/her mark as a living
person, to use his/her knowledge and internal values to try to control the
environment, to make it his/her own.
In
view of this, it is fundamental to bring out the knowledge impregnated in the
workers and confront certain processes of the worker's activities that lead to
production wear and consequently to loss of health. Trying to approximate the
norms to the reality presented is of utmost importance to understand the real
work activity. It is then noted the diversity of details and the importance of
studying the nursing activity in the micro view of work.
To
arrive at the data that motivated us to write this article, we first had to
access the CAPES Periodicals Portal page of the Ministry of Education. Then a
search was performed by the university where the authors are registered in the
field - CAFe Access (Federated Academic Community). Once logged in to access the platform, we searched the Collection List
and entered the name Scopus and then
the Web of Science main collection. Performed
the steps separately, this allowed us to redirect to the official page of each
requested Database.
Using
the search strategy defined for this study, 9 (nine) articles were found in the
Scopus database. Then, using the same
strategy for the Web of Science database,
7 (seven) articles were found. After reading the titles and abstracts, no
duplicate articles were found, and the 16 (sixteen) articles selected were read
in their entirety.
After
reading and refining the information contained in the scope of the articles, 3
(three) articles, from a total of 16 (sixteen) read in full, were excluded for
not containing the necessary and substantiated information for the development
of the theme addressed.
As
a final result, thirteen (13) articles were obtained in full adherence with the
theme of the relationship between nursing and ergology. Thus, following the
necessary procedures for the VOSviewer© program, the articles were imported in
the format corresponding to the specification for the data analysis, and 2
(two) files corresponding to each database were saved for their organization.
Using
the VOSviewer© program interface, it
was possible to select the create field and then, Create a map based on bibliographic data. Then the field that supports exported files
in the chosen databases, Read data from bibliographic databases files, was selected. So the files were selected in
the relevant tabs of the program.
The results of the program's analysis, through Network visualization, made it possible to determine the following selections: by
coauthorship, by occurrence, by citations, by referenced bibliographies, and
co-citations. Once the mode by citations was chosen, the following choices
defined by the program followed: by Authors, or by Organizations and/or by
Countries. The field that addresses the number of authors per document was
selected and, as a result of the analysis, the number of 27 authors referenced
in the 13 selected articles was presented.
Thus,
the approach on this theme is opportune and the bibliometric analysis made it
possible to visualize, from the selections of the data performed, the number of
authors with an interest in the proposed theme, the main educational
institutions involved, the number of publications in the cited databases and, consequently,
to observe the need to deepen the relations in line with the proposed subject
and the sectorial needs through scientific research. As a consequence, it was
possible to observe the need to deepen the relations in consonance with the
subject proposed with the sectorial needs by means of scientific research.
Researching
each author individually, through the Overlay
Visualization process, it was observed that they have master's and doctoral
degrees in their specific areas of work and in which they sought theoretical
and methodological knowledge of ergology to demonstrate the work of nurses in
various environments and situations within health institutions.
Considering
the research method cited here, it is pointed out that from the 13 journals
found, we can first separate and organize them by: authors' names, year of
publication in order to better express and understand the various themes that
ergology and nursing have addressed (Chart 1).
Chart 1
Authors and their publications in the databases.
|
NO. |
Author |
Title of the
published article |
|
1 |
Bertoncini et al. (2011) |
Working conditions and renormalizations in the
activities of family health nurses |
|
2 |
Fontana & Lautert (2013) |
The nursing work situation and occupational risks
from an ergological perspective |
|
3 |
Santos & Camponogara (2014) |
A look at nursing work and ergology |
|
4 |
Mendes & Cunha (2018) |
La opacidad del trabajo de enfermería y las
configuraciones del riesgo |
|
5 |
Pinno et al. (2019) |
The drama of
the "use of self" in the work of the nursing team in a surgical
clinic |
|
6 |
Ribeiro et al. (2019) |
Theoretical and
methodological contributions of ergology to research on nursing work |
|
7 |
Calvo et al. (2020) |
Risk
management and the complexity of the right to refuse dangerous work in the
context of hospital care: Preliminary issues. |
|
8 |
Frantz et al. (2020) |
Nurses' work
and competence in hemotherapy services: an ergological approach |
|
9 |
Bonfada et al. (2021) |
The use of
self-body in nurses work in hospital care: an ergology approach |
|
10 |
Frantz & Vargas (2021) |
Renormalizing
the work of nurses in hemotherapy: Between the prescribed and the real |
|
11 |
Vocci et al. (2021) |
Vulnerabilities
of nurses in intensive care unit: integrative review |
|
12 |
Voges (2021) |
"An
on-call that broke my heart": nursing work from dialogical perspectives
in times of covid-19 |
|
13 |
Calvo et al. (2022) |
The
complexity and contradictions of the right to refuse to do hazardous work in
the surgical center of a hospital |
Source: the authors.
Given
the limitation of registered journals on the ergology/nursing theme in the
explored databases, such research is expressively qualitative, focusing on
verbalizations and observations, mostly in the professionals' field of work.
It
is perceived that most researchers have an eye toward the organization of
nursing work and in its management of patient care. It is also worth mentioning
that these scholars are not only undergraduate or graduate nurses, but people
concerned about the health of nurses and interested in understanding and
solving demands regarding the work activity, life, and individual and
collective knowledge of nursing, in order to circumvent the various demands,
variabilities, and difficulties related to the profession.
According
to the studies, it was possible to observe that nursing work is structured on
consistent bases to support its practice, anchored in the historical and social
knowledge of medicine and nursing itself. Thus, when developing their practice,
nurses have the theoretical and scientific basis to make concise choices,
transgress norms and remodel their behaviors, which has demonstrated
particularities in their work, aiming to overcome the gaps between the
prescribed work and the real work (Santos & Camponogara, 2014).
The
various types of scientific research cited here are aimed at producing
knowledge in the humanities and health sciences. Certainly, adopting such
knowledge is wisely opportune to stimulate the readers' understanding and,
also, to promote the improvement of the quality of life and health of the
people involved.
From the detailing of the possibilities that the
bibliometric study allows, 27 authors were quantified who proposed to work and
publish the results and analyses of their research in adherence with the
Nursing theme, and it was also possible to verify that some of them worked in
more than one journal, as can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1
Authors and total publications in the databases
|
N.º |
Author |
N.º of publications |
|
1 |
Vargas, M.A.O. |
3 |
|
2 |
Camponogara, S. |
3 |
|
3 |
Cunha, D.M. |
3 |
|
4 |
Mendes, D.P. |
3 |
|
5 |
Pires, D.E.P. |
3 |
|
6 |
Pinno, C. |
2 |
|
7 |
Ribeiro, G. |
2 |
|
8 |
Frantz, S.R.S. |
2 |
|
9 |
Calvo, D.S.C. |
2 |
|
10 |
Scherer, M.D.A. |
2 |
|
11 |
Ferreira, J.A. |
2 |
|
12 |
Brito, M.J.M. |
1 |
|
13 |
Beck, C.L. |
1 |
|
14 |
Borgato, M.H. |
1 |
|
15 |
Fontana, R.T. |
1 |
|
16 |
Lautert, L. |
1 |
|
17 |
Mello, T.S. |
1 |
|
18 |
Silva, R.M. |
1 |
|
19 |
Voges, M.C.N. |
1 |
|
20 |
Gallo, I.G. |
1 |
|
21 |
Fontes, C.M.B. |
1 |
|
22 |
Vocci, M.C. |
1 |
|
23 |
Bonfada, J.S. |
1 |
|
24 |
Spiri, W.C. |
1 |
|
25 |
Bertoncini, J.H. |
1 |
|
26 |
Santos, T.M. |
1 |
|
27 |
Bitencourt, J.V.O.V. |
1 |
Source: the authors.
Nursing
practice will always be linked to social functions among the health and
well-being of individuals. As a social practice, nursing is inserted in the
environment of work and health care and, thus, suffers historical, social,
economic and political influences. It is considered an activity that meets the
needs of the human being regarding the health and disease process (Martins,
2013).
Given
the challenges faced by nursing in the management of care and still be guided
as a social being in the service sector where the end product is immaterial. It
is also worth mentioning how the profession is conditioned by historical and
social influences that plague the work process as a social practice.
Social
responsibility is present in various sectors, but it is in universities that
one can see the concern in providing knowledge and ensuring good results in the
end, such as the end of social inequalities and ensuring an increasingly
egalitarian and fair world. Thus, it is through knowledge that such
institutions have guaranteed their visibility and, consequently, through
extension projects, are able to pass it on to local and regional communities
and transform them into co-participants in a more productive and participative
society.
However,
in view of the complexity that exists in Brazil both in the area of education
and research, as well as in the degree of existing social problems,
universities are a key player in facing such real problems.
In
the context of this study, the real problem is the lack of knowledge about the
invisibility of nurses' work by managers during the workday. Thus, it becomes
opportune among those surveyed the concern and urgency to give such visibility
to the activities of these professionals, to show the values inserted there,
and also the risks they face daily in the face of health problems and social
vulnerabilities that each region of the country presents.
Thus,
it was possible to list the main Teaching and Research Universities that
allowed themselves to study the theme ergology and nursing. Thus, it was
observed that twenty-seven authors presented in the databases are mostly from
Federal Universities and a minority from Private Universities.
The
main study scenarios were with professionals who work in hospitals, followed by
those who work in blood centers. Systematic Reviews of Literature on the
vulnerabilities of nursing work and ergological perspectives on the profession
were also visualized.
Through
the methodology, it was also presented as results that the institutions with
the largest number of theses and dissertations, with a focus on subjectivity in
the nursing work, are in the Southern region of Brazil, where the State of
Santa Catarina had 4 (four) publications, followed by the Southeastern region
and, lastly, the Central region of the country with one publication (Graphic 1).
Graphic 1
Main educational institutions to which the authors who
published on ergology and nursing are affiliated
Source: the authors.
In
an attempt to understand and relate the nursing profession with the objectives
of this work and ergology, it was shown how the discipline is dominated by
academic knowledge, ordinances, resolutions, etc. However, faced with making
quick decisions and ensuring patient safety, such a professional begins to
renormalize (remake the environment as their own, including work, from their
values and life experiences) and consequently try to control the variabilities
of the environment (Pinno et al., 2019). However, there will always be the use
of self to improve the workday and thus it is possible to show actions that are
often invisible in the field of professionals.
Thus,
of the 27 authors interested in understanding this drama, they relied on 133
files as theoretical references, among them: journals, scientific notebooks,
books, resolutions, and regulations. However, all scientific work produced in
universities and colleges must be anchored in published
theoretical-methodological references that discuss the theme the author wishes
to establish. It aims to ground and give consistency to the whole study and
help answer research questions and problems to support its arguments.
Under the theme ergology, the book Work and
Ergology: conversations about human activity, by authors Yves Schwartz and
Louis Durrive, from 2010, was the most cited in the theoretical-methodological
references by the papers found.
However, there are other sources of research that
were cited only once, not fitting to put all due to the amount of material
studied. Thus, it is seen that there are Brazilian papers posted in national
and international journals relating ergology and nursing in the scientific environment
and the concern of researchers on the subject (Table 2).
Table 2
Main sources of research used
|
Name of the
Research Source |
N.º of citations |
|
Book: Work and Ergology: Conversations on Human
Activity |
10 |
|
Book: Ergonomics |
9 |
|
Brazilian Journal of Nursing |
7 |
|
Latin American Journal of Nursing |
7 |
|
Text & Context Nursing |
7 |
|
Work, Education and Health |
7 |
|
Work & Education |
5 |
|
Labyrinths of work: Interrogations and views on
living work |
4 |
|
Les Competences
en Ergonomie |
3 |
|
Journal of Nursing from Midwestern Minas Gerais
State |
3 |
|
Work |
3 |
|
National Health Surveillance Agency |
2 |
|
Public Health Textbooks |
2 |
|
Book: Work Clinics: new perspectives for
understanding work today |
2 |
|
Book: Understanding work to transform it: the
practice of ergonomics |
2 |
|
Science & Collective Health Journal |
2 |
|
Northeast Nursing Network Journal |
2 |
|
Laboreal Journal |
2 |
|
Letras de Hoje Journal |
2 |
|
Public Health Journal |
2 |
|
Book: Ergonomics in Search of its Principles:
Epistemological Debates |
1 |
|
Book: Intelligence at Work: Selected Texts of
Ergonomics |
1 |
|
Ergonomic Action Journal |
1 |
|
Acta Paulista Journal of Nursing |
1 |
|
USP's School of Nursing Journal |
1 |
|
UFPE Nursing Journal |
1 |
|
Educação & Sociedade Journal |
1 |
Source:
the authors.
The
results revealed show the authors' interest in research on the nursing work in
the context of the invisible and visible of the activity, making a dramatic for
measuring the continuities, the transfers of communication of informal feelings
between those involved, the paths used to get around the moment exposed to
them. In this way, every work has a mix of visible and invisible actions
(Schwartz, 2011).
Further
exploring the program's resources for compiling data by subject and
collaborating for the theoretical referential, the citation analyses help in
the verification of the main authors with previously published scientific
works. In this way, these thinkers help the researcher to guide his research
and contribute to problem solving. The more referenced the authors are, the
greater their viability and importance in the academic environment.
The
most used bibliographic reference was Yves Schwartz, with 53% of citations,
followed by Louis Durrive with 17%. Other authors cited in the research and not
less important, covered 17% and 10% of the total studies, thus demonstrating
that the new generation is gaining space in scientific research related to
labor ergology and, thus, being placed as reliable researchers on the subject.
However, to consider only this form of citation
analysis is to have a macro view of the situation, and this theoretical
foundation is of utmost importance for any form of scientific research, because
it is through this that the study has credibility in the area of study and thus
be supported by people who are dedicated to and live the ergology of work
(Graphic 2).
Graphic 2
Most referenced authors in the searches found in the
databases.
Source: the authors.
By
the concern to give visibility in the renormatizations that the professional
exercises, facing the environment where it is inserted, ergology scholars argue
that the solution to the risks that the professional is exposed during his
working day, means that it is not enough just to present improvement in the
standards of protection to the worker and / or improve organizational forms to
improve the ability to manage the work in its course, but adapt the changes
that are constant in the work process (Oliveira, 2018).
In
this approach, it is shown that the proposed theme manages to fit into several
journals, notebooks and other scientific archives in the field of interdisciplinarity,
as well as can be addressed not only in Brazil, but also in other countries
where worker health is put in evidence
Scientific
journals or scientific periodicals are intended to contribute to the growth and
development of science, to meet the needs of the academic public that seeks
information, and also to enable the monitoring of scientific events, which
arise in a particular region, in a continuous and updated way.
However,
when reading some journals published by the 27 researchers, it was observed
that the theme nursing covers from care functions to administrative functions
in the service sector, as well as present at the judicial level, thus showing
how nursing is articulated to the multiple institutional scenarios in order to
meet the demands of society in the search for health.
However, because these are studies related to
health professionals and nursing itself, it would be common to find
publications of scientific research in nursing journals with the purpose of
disseminating the profession. However, it was possible to verify that there
were publications in journals with objectives pertinent to the work of nursing,
with the objective of stimulating reflection and improving scientific technical
knowledge for society.
As for the results on published journals, the Text
& Context Nursing Journal was the one chosen by the authors to publish
their results on nursing and ergology, corresponding to 23%, which is
equivalent to three publications. The same score was given to the Revista Brasileira
de Enfermagem (23% of the total of papers, which is equivalent to three
published journals). Then, the journals Work, Education, and Health and Work
had 15%, consolidating two publications each, in the databases. Other journals
accounted for 8%. The table below presents the distribution, by periodicals, of
the number of articles on the theme published each year (Table 3).
Table 3
Main journals published by the authors studied in this
research
|
Journals |
Total publications |
2011 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
2022 |
|
Text & Context
Nursing Journal |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
Brazilian Journal of
Nursing |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
- |
|
Work, Education and
Health |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Work |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
1 |
|
Latin American Journal of
Nursing |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Bakhtiniana Journal |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
|
Salud Colectiva Journal |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Source: the authors.
Since the work of nursing and the ergological methodology
have their emergence in different times, in the second half of the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries, due to the social, economic and cultural challenges
inserted in the work processes of each time. In view of this, it is essential
to add to this study the years of publications in journals indexed in the
Databases mentioned here.
Using
the VOSviewer© program, it was possible to organize the journals by publication
dates. Thus, they were most frequently dated between the period 2019 and 2021.
The research shows how beginners are publishing on the linked topics in
important journals indexed in the worldwide reference Databases by other
researchers (Graphic 3).
Graphic 3
Year of publication
of the articles in journals indexed in the Databases.
Source: the authors.
Considering that ergology is present in social areas because
it addresses human activity, it can integrate and rely on knowledge from
various disciplines, especially Sociology and Philosophy (Couto &
Gutierrez, 2021).
According
to Ribeiro et al., 2019, there is an interest for research on the knowledge
invested and constituted by nurses to manage patient care. For the authors
Vocci et al., 2021, management is the vulnerable part of nursing work and,
thus, predisposing to the risks that professionals are exposed to during user
care. Thus, it is possible to show the power of ergology on the management
activity of nurses.
In
order to present ergology as a possibility to bring out knowledge, focusing on
micro-regulations operated by human action, one can say that ergology, as an
epistemic discipline, also participates in the processes of education, i.e., it
prioritizes the valorization of social practices involved by man in his
existential project, in close relationship with life and work, in a constant
relationship with himself and with the environment where he is inserted, in
which he is called to act, confront and be confronted by the environment and,
thus, make choices facing the (im)possibilities of managing care, health (his
own and that of others) and productivity.
Thus,
this bibliometry demonstrated the concern and the growing interest for
scientific research in the field of ergology, in the daily clinical care of
nurses. However, in every work activity, a certain singular knowledge of the
professional is deposited, an invested knowledge resulting from previous
experiences, both professional and personal, in their life history and in their
constituted knowledge.
Finally,
it is relevant to address and clarify that not every form of prescription,
antecedent norms and knowledge in disagreement with the work activity are
strange or mistaken. Every legacy of human knowledge comes from antecedent
norms that outline the prescriptions. In other words, prescriptions are
extremely important for the world and for living in society, because in their
absence, human beings would have to relearn everything on a daily basis.
The
limitations of this study can be understood and explained with the
insufficiency of a significant volume of articles on the subject linked to the
platforms SCOPUS and Web of Science, in addition it is noteworthy that in the
Portuguese language only in Scopus three articles were found and in the Web of
Science no article in that language was reported.
Conclusion
The
bibliometry proved to be opportune in the data survey and can be easily
collected and organized for future works on the subject. In the thirteen
articles found, one can return to the reflection regarding ergology in the
nursing work process, in which it was observed that the micro-regulations
existing in the professional's environment were essential and showed themselves
as the possible way for the environment and the work process to become livable
through renormatizations. Nursing work, specifically in daily care, was
permeated by the hypertrophy of norms, and although these norms played a guiding
role for the actions developed there, they proved, at the same time, impossible
to anticipate all the variability and specificities of daily health care. It
was in the human action of/on the job, when confronted with the norms and being
permanently confronted by them, that the regulations took place, that is, these
professionals were constantly making regulations in process and managing the
(dis)workings, which was revealed by the several studies raised by this study.
It
can be concluded then that the theoretical production of nursing is still
incipient in which Ergology has been used as theoretical and methodological
support, specifically with the intention of giving visibility to the work in
the daily care, i.e., the number of articles that address the ergological look
to nursing is still modest. However, the subject has gained space, the articles
produced have provoked various interests, provoked debates and clashes,
shedding light on the work and sometimes (re)orienting management at the local
level, with significant improvement in the production of care and management,
through a two-way dialogue between specialist knowledge and knowledge in
adherence with the work situation, fed by the work activity, in real production
conditions.
References
Araújo, C. A. (2006).
Bibliometria: evolução histórica e questões atuais. Em Questão, 12(1),
11-32. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=465645954002
Bertoncini, J. H.,
Pires, D. E. P., & Scherer, M. D. A. (2011). Condições de trabalho e
renormalizações nas atividades das enfermeiras na saúde da família. Trabalho,
Educação e Saúde, 9(1), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-77462011000400008
Bonfada, J. S.,
Camponogara, S., Vargas, M. A. O., Silva, R. M. da, Mello, T. S., & Pinno,
C. (2021). The use of self body in nurses work in hospital care: an
ergology approach. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74(1), e20190259. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0259
Borges, E., &
Trindade, L. L. (2021). Processo de trabalho em saúde e enfermagem. Suplemento
digital Revista ROL Enfermagem, 44(11-12), 43-50. https://e-rol.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Processos-de-trabalho-em-saude-e-enfermagem.pdf
Calvo, D. S. C.
(2020). Direito de recusa a trabalho perigoso/riscos graves e iminentes:
paradoxo, obstáculos e apropriações em um centro cirúrgico hospitalar.
[Tese de doutorado, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]. Repositório da
UERJ. https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/16775
Calvo, D. S. C.,
Ferreira, J. A., Cunha, D. M., & Mendes, D. P. (2020). Risk
management and the complexity of the right to refuse dangerous work in the
context of hospital care: Preliminary issues. Work, 67(3), 655-664. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203315
Calvo, D. S. C.,
Ferreira, J. A., Cunha, D. M., & Mendes, D. P. (2022). The complexity
and contradictions of the right to refuse to do hazardous work in the surgical
center of a hospital. Work, 27(3), 761-770. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-210073
Canguilhem, G. (2009).
O normal e o patológico (6 ed.). Editora Forense.
Couto, M. P., &
Gutierrez, B. A. O. (2021). Estratégias de Comunicação no trabalho de
Enfermagem: abordagem ergológica. Revista Kairós-Gerontologia, 24(29),
281-296. https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/kairos/article/view/53821
Fontana,
R. T., & Lautert, L. (2013). A situação de
trabalho da enfermagem e os riscos ocupacionais na perspectiva da ergologia. Revista
Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(6), 1306-1313. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3105.2368
Frantz,
S. R. S., & Vargas, M. A. O. (2021). Renormalização do trabalho do
enfermeiro em hemoterapia: Entre o prescrito e o real. Texto & Contexto
Enfermagem, 30, e20190060. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2019-0060
Frantz,
S. R. S., Vargas, M. A. O., Pires, D. E. P., Brito, M. J. M., Bitencourt, J. V.
O. V., & Ribeiro, G. (2020). Trabalho e
competência do enfermeiro nos serviços de hemoterapia: uma abordagem
ergológica. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0775
Martins, F. Z. (2013). Atividades
gerenciais do enfermeiro em centro cirúrgico. [Dissertação de mestrado,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul]. Repositório digital Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Sul. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/83989
Mendes, D. P.,
& Cunha, D. M. (2018). La opacidad del trabajo de enfermería y las configuraciones del riesgo. Salud Colectiva, 14(4),
725-742. https://doi.org/10.18294/sc.2018.1349
Neder, Y. P. C.,
Damasceno, B. R., Vinagre, R. F., Santos, I. C., & Pessanha, L. F. M.
(2021). As contribuições da ergologia para a compreensão da segurança e saúde
no trabalho. Anais do III Simpósio
Nacional de Engenharia de Produção Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados,
Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. https://ocs.ufgd.edu.br/index.php?conference=sinep&schedConf=IIISINEP&page=paper&op=view&path%5B%5D=1336
Oliveira, S. (2018). Gestão da prevenção
e dos riscos profissionais:
desenvolvimentos? Em R. Di Ruzza, M. Lacomblez & M. Santos. (Orgs.). Ergologia,
Trabalho, Desenvolvimentos (pp. 69-78). Fabrefactum.
Pinno, C., Camponogara, S., & Beck, C. L. C. (2019). A dramática do “uso de
si” no trabalho da equipe de enfermagem em clínica cirúrgica. Texto &
Contexto Enfermagem, 28,
e20170576. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0576
Pires, D. (2000). Reestruturação produtiva e consequências para o
trabalho em saúde. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 53(2), 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672000000200010
Quevedo-Silva, F.,
Santos, E. B. A., Brandão, M. M., & Vils, L. (2016). Estudo Bibliométrico:
orientações sobre sua aplicação. Revista
Brasileira de Marketing, 15(2), 246-262. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v15i2.3274
Ribeiro, G., Pires, D.
E. P., & Scherer, M. D. A. (2019). Contribuições Teórico-Metodológicas da
ergologia para a pesquisa sobre o trabalho da enfermagem, Revista Texto
& Contexto Enfermagem, 28, e20170163. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0163
Santos, T. M., &
Camponogara, S. (2014). Um olhar sobre o trabalho de enfermagem e a ergologia.
Revista Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, 12(1), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-77462014000100009
Schwartz, Y. (2011).
Conceituando o trabalho, o visível e o invisível. Revista Trabalho, Educação
e Saúde, 9(1), 19-45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-77462011000400002
Schwartz, Y. (2014).
Motivações do conceito de corpo si: corpo si, atividade, experiência. Letras
de Hoje, 49(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7726.2014.3.19102
Schwartz, Y. (2016).
Abordagem ergológica e necessidade de interfaces pluridisciplinares. Revista
Virtual de Estudos da Linguagem, 14(11), 253-264. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/107939
Schwartz, Y., &
Durrive, L. (2010). Trabalho e Ergologia:
conversas sobre atividade humana. EdUFF.
Souza, A. C. (2021). Ergologia, saúde e trabalho: uma revisão
integrativa com ênfase nos centros de atenção psicossocial. [Dissertação de
mestrado, Universidade Federal de Itajubá]. Repositório institucional da
Universidade Federal de Itajubá. https://repositorio.unifei.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/2920
Souza, M. A. S. L. de. (2011). Trabalho em saúde:
as (re)configurações do processo de desregulamentação do trabalho. Em J. Davi,
& C. Martiniano. (Orgs.). Seguridade
social e saúde: tendências e desafios (pp. 147-174). EDUEPB. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333740697_Trabalho_em_saude_as_reconfiguracoes_do_processo_de_desregulamentacao_do_trabalho
Trinquet, P. (2010).
Trabalho e educação: método ergológico. HISTEDBR, 10(38), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.20396/rho.v10i38e.8639753
Van Eck, N.
J., & Waltman, L. (2018). VOSviewer© Manual. Universiteit Leiden,
CWTS Meaningful metrics. https://www.vosviewer.com/documentation/Manual_VOSviewer_1.6.8.pdf
Vocci, M. C., Gallo,
I. G., Spiri, W. C., Borgato, M. H., & Fontes, C. M. B. (2021).
Vulnerabilidades do enfermeiro em unidade de terapia intensiva: revisão
integrativa. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74(3), e20200724. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0724
Voges, M. C. N.
(2021). “Um plantão que partiu meu coração”: o trabalho de Enfermagem sob as
perspectivas dialógica e ergológica em tempos de covid-19. Revista
Bakhtiniana, 16(4), 72-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/2176-457351666