Liber, Augustus and Mark Antony
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14195/1984-249X_34_17Keywords:
Liber, Augustus, Mark Antony, Divine models, Augustan poetry, HoraceAbstract
Libertas was an essential issue in Roman politics, connected to the beginnings of the Republic; and Liber was a divinity that corresponded to this aspect from different perspectives. Liber and libertas, especially in politics, were deeply rooted in the Roman mind, and political leaders found it interesting to establish this connection. Between the forties and the thirties BC, several political leaders adopted divinities as patrons and models. In the context of civil war, the struggle for power was presented in poetry as a confrontation between divine models. This article investigates the role of Bacchus as a divine model for political leaders in Horace, focusing on his associations with Augustus and Mark Antony/Cleopatra. My aim is to show how Horace, taking advantage of the god’s paradoxical character, contributes to the assimilation of Liber to the Augustan repertoire in a moment of profound political transformations in Rome.
Downloads
References
BATINSKI, E. E. (1991). “Horace's Rehabilitation of Bacchus”. The Classical World, Vol. 84, No. 5, p. 361-378.
BEARD, M.; NORTH, J.; PRICE, S. (1996). Religions of Rome Vols 1 and 2 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
BRINK, C. O. (2011). Horace on Poetry Epistles Book II The Letters to Augustus and Florus Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
CASTRIOTA, D. (1995). The Ara Pacis Augustae and the imagery of abundance in later Greek and early Roman imperial art Princeton, Princeton University Press.
CLAUSEN, W. (1994). A Commentary on Virgil, Eclogues Oxford, Oxford University Press.
COLEMAN, R. (ed.) (1977). Vergil. Eclogues Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
CUCCHIARELLI, A. (2012). Publio Virgilio Marone. Le Bucoliche Introduzione e commento di Andrea Cucchiarelli. Traduzione di Alfonso Traina Roma, Carocci Editore.
CUCCHIARELLI, A. (2011a). “Virgilio e l’invenzione dell’‘età augustea’. Modelli divini e linguaggio politico dalle Bucoliche alle Georgiche”. LEXIS. Poetica, retorica e comunicazione nella tradizione classica, vol. 29, p. 229-274.
CUCCHIARELLI, A. (2011b). “Ivy and Laurel: Divine Models in Virgil’s Bucolics”. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 106, p. 155-178.
GIUSTI, E. (2016). “Dithyrambic Iambics: Epode 9 and its General(s’) Confusion”. In: BATHER, P.; STOCKS, C. (eds.). Horace Epodes: Contexts, Intertexts, and Reception Oxford, Oxford University Press , p. 131-51.
FABRE-SERRIS, J. (2009). “Figures romaines de Dionysos à la fin du I siècle av. J.-C.”. Images of the Pagan Gods. Warburg Institute Colloquia, 14, p. 281-296.
FANTHAM, E. (2005). “Liberty and the People in Republican Rome”. Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 135, No. 2, p. 209-229.
FELDHERR, A. (2010). “Dionysiac Poetics and the Memory of Civil War in Horace’s Cleopatra Ode”. In: BREED, B. W.; DAMON, C.; ROSSI, A. (eds.). Citizens of Discord. Rome and Its Civil Wars Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 223-232.
FISHWICK, D. (1969). “Genius and Numen”. The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 63, n. 3, p. 356-67.
HARRISON, S. J. (2007). Generic Enrichment in Vergil and Horace Oxford, Oxford University Press .
HARRISON, S. J. (2019). “Horace’s Hymn to Bacchus (Odes 2.19): poetics and politics”. In: MARTINS, P.; HASEGAWA, A. P.; OLIVA NETO, J. A. (eds.). Augustan Poetry. New Trends and Revaluations São Paulo, Humanitas, p. 231-242.
HARRISON, S. J. (ed.) (2017). Horace Odes Book II Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
HORNSBY, R. A. (1962). “Horace on Art and Politics (Ode 3.4)”. The Classical Journal, Vol. 58, No. 3, p. 97-104.
HUNTER, R. (2006). The Shadow of Callimachus Cambridge, Cambridge University Press .
LOWRIE, M. (1997). Horace’s Narrative Odes Oxford, Clarendon Press.
MAC GÓRÁIN, F. (2014). “Apollo and Dionysus in Virgil”. Incontri di Filologia Classica 12 (2012-2013), p. 191-238.
MAC GÓRÁIN, F. “Virgil’s Bacchus and the Roman Republic”. In: NELIS, D.; FARRELL, J. (eds.). (2013). Augustan Poetry and the Roman Republic Oxford, Oxford University Press , p. 124-145.
MARTINS, P. (2021). A Representação e seus Limites. Pictura loquens, Poesis tacens São Paulo, Edusp.
MARTINS, P. (2017). “Augusto como Mercúrio Enfim”. Revista de História da Usp, 176, p. 1-43.
MARTINS, P. (2011). Imagem e poder: considerações sobre a representação de Otávio Augusto São Paulo, Edusp .
MAYOR, J. B.; SWAINSON, J. H. (eds.) (2010). Cicero, De Natura Deorum Libri Tres With Introduction and Commentary Vol. 2 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press .
MILLER, J. F. (2009). Apollo, Augustus and the Poets Cambridge, Cambridge University Press .
MILLER, J. F. (1998). “Horace's Pindaric Apollo (Odes 3.4.60-4)”. The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 48, n. 2, p. 545-552.
OLIENSIS, E. (1998). Horace and the Rhetoric of Authority Cambridge, Cambridge University Press .
SAURON, G. (2013). Augusto e Virgilio. La rivoluzione artística dell’Occidente e l’ara Pacis Milano, Jaca Book.
SCOTT, K. (1929). “Octavian’s Propaganda and Antony’s De Sua Ebrietate”. Classical Philology, Vol. 24, n. 2, p. 133-141.
SCOTT, K. (1941). “The Sidus Iulium and the Apotheosis of Caesar”. Classical Philology , Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 257-272.
SEAFORD, R. (2011). Euripides Bacchae With an introduction and translation by Richard Seaford. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
SERIGNOLLI, L. (2019). “Bacchus, Augustus and the poet in Horace Odes 3.25”. In: MARTINS, P.; HASEGAWA, A. P.; OLIVA NETO, J. A. (eds.). Augustan Poetry. New Trends and Revaluations São Paulo, Humanitas, p. 275-306.
SLATER, W. J. (1976). “Symposium at Sea”. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. 80, p. 161-170.
STEVENS, J. A. (1999). “Seneca and Horace: Allegorical Technique in Two Odes to Bacchus (Hor. "Carm." 2.19 and Sen. "Oed." 403-508)”. Phoenix, Vol. 53, No. 3/4, p. 281-307.
TAYLOR, L. R. (1975). The divinity of the Roman Emperor Philadelphia, Porcupine Press.
TAYLOR, L. R. (1920). “The Worship of Augustus in Italy During his Lifetime”. TPAPhA, vol. 51, p. 116-133.
THOMAS, R. F. (ed.) (2011). Horace. Odes, Book IV and Carmen Saeculare Cambridge, Cambridge University Press .
WISEMAN, T. P. (2008). Unwritten Rome Liverpool, Liverpool University Press.
WISEMAN, T. P. (1998). Roman Drama and Roman History Exeter, University of Exerter Press.
WYLER, S. (2008). “Réhabilitation de Liber: ambiguïtés de la condamnation des images dionysiaques, de l'affaire des Bacchanales à Actium”. In: BENOIST, S; DAGUET-GAGEY, A. (eds.). Un discours en images de la condemnation de mémoire Metz, Centre Régional Universitaire Lorrain d'Histoire, p. 229-244.
ZANKER, P. (1988). The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus Translated by Alan Shapiro. Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Lya Serignolli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Given the public access policy of the journal, the use of the published texts is free, with the obligation of recognizing the original authorship and the first publication in this journal. The authors of the published contributions are entirely and exclusively responsible for their contents.
1. The authors authorize the publication of the article in this journal.
2. The authors guarantee that the contribution is original, and take full responsibility for its content in case of impugnation by third parties.
3. The authors guarantee that the contribution is not under evaluation in another journal.
4. The authors keep the copyright and convey to the journal the right of first publication, the work being licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License-BY.
5. The authors are allowed and stimulated to publicize and distribute their work on-line after the publication in the journal.
6. The authors of the approved works authorize the journal to distribute their content, after publication, for reproduction in content indexes, virtual libraries and similars.
7. The editors reserve the right to make adjustments to the text and to adequate the article to the editorial rules of the journal.
