Tímpanos
O caso do etíope Nägarit, símbolo do antigo poder real
Resumo
Como vários tambores encontrados em muitas partes do mundo, o nägarit, um tímpano da antiga Etiópia, era considerado como um símbolo de poder e autoridade. Hoje em dia seu uso tornou-se praticamente inexistente. Este estudo tenta fazer um retrato abrangente desse tambor. Posteriormente, a ergologia do nägarit será elucidada em termos de sua fabricação, tamanho, preferência de material e desenhos de laços e tensionamento. Em seguida é feita uma discussão sobre a história de seu uso pelas cortes reais da Etiópia anteriores, seu significado, função e papel. Algumas questões relacionadas à história, difusão geográfica, papel e significado musical detalhado, técnicas de execução e padrões de execução podem permanecer sem resposta, porque o nägarit está obsoleto hoje em relação à sua função como um instrumento musical de corte, mesmo que ainda seja usado em antigas igrejas ortodoxas etíopes remotas.
Downloads
Referências
Baily, John / Dick, Alastair (2001). Naqqarakhana [Naqqara; tablkhana]. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Stanely Sadie (editor). Volume 17. Macmillan Publishers, London pp. 636-637.
Barber, Wilfred C. (2012). Ethiopian War in 1935: Prelude Events in Addis Ababa (Chicago Times). Reporting on International Political Conflicts: Pulitzer Prize Winning War Coverage. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (editor). Pulitzer Prize Panorama No. 3. Litt Publisher.
Barblan, Guglielmo (1941). Musiche e strumenti musicali dell' Africa orientale italiana. Edizioni della Triennale d'oltremare, 1941
Baumann, Peter-Max (1978). Ethnohistorische Quellen zur Musik Äthiopiens aus schriftlichen Zeugnissen von 1500”“1800. Musikethnologische Sammelband. Volume II, pp. 25”“28
Bekerie, Ayele (2015). 119 Years Anniversary of Ethiopia’s Victory at the Battle of Adwa on March 1st, 1896. Tadias Online Magazine. Published Feb., 2015 (http://www.tadias.com/02/28/2015/ethiopia-adwas-eternity/; last retrieved 15.11.2016)
Blades, James (2005 revised Edition). Percussion Instruments and their History. Kahn & Averill, London. First published in 1970.
Blades, James / Bowles, Edmund A. (2001). Nakers. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Stanely Sadie (editor). Volume 17. Macmillan Publishers, London pp. 596”“598.
Blench, Roger (1984). The Morphology and Distribution of Sub-Saharan Musical Instruments of North-African, Middle Eastern and Asian origin. Musica Asiatica Vol. 4, pp. 155-191.
Connor, William J. / Howell, Milfie (2001). Naqqara. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Stanely Sadie (editor). Volume 17. Macmillan Publishers, London pp. 635-636.
D’Avray, Anthony (1996). Lords of the Red Sea: The History of a Red Sea Society from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden.
D’Avray, Anthony / Pankhurst, Richard (2000). The Nakfa Documents: The Dispatches, Memoranda, Reports, and Correspondence Describing and Explaining the Stories of the Feudal Societies of the Red Sea Littoral from the Christian-Muslim Wars of the Sixteenth Century to the Establishment 1885-1901 of the Italian Colony of Eritrea (Aethiopische Forschungen). Otto Harrassowitz Publishers.
Dear, Matt (2011). The Drum: A History. Scarecrow Press Inc.
Dick, Alastair (2001). Nagara. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Stanely Sadie (editor). Volume 17. Macmillan Publishers, London pp. 591-592.
Elsner, Jürgen (1983). Musikgeschichte in Bildern: Nordafrika. Werner Bachmann (editor). Volume 1, No. 8. VEB Leipzig.
Elsner, Jürgen (2009). Tasa and mirfa`: Two flat-bottomed Kettledrums of Yemen. Studia Instrumentorum Musicae Popularis (New Series). Gisa Jähnichen (editor). Monsenstein und Vannerdat, pp. 1-16.
Elsner, Jürgen (2017). Interregionale Konstruktionsmerkmale jemenitischer Kesseltrommeln (see https://www.academia.edu/33174511/Elsner_J%C3%BCrgen_2017_._Interregionale_Konstruktionsmerkmale_jemenitischer_Kesseltrommeln)
Ethiopia 1935- Ethiopians Preparing for War against Italian Invaders uploaded on YouTube 04 March 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C84_WzjWk0Y (last retrieved 28.11.2016)
Ferdinando, Martini (1925). Nell'Affrica Italiana. Impressioni e ricordi. Nona edizione, Milano, Treves.
Gansemans, Jos (1986). Zentralafrika. Musikgeschichte in Bildern, Vol. 1, No. 9, Werner Bachmann (editor). VEB Verlag für Musik, Leipzig. pp. 150”“159.
Gottlieb, Robert (1996). Sudan II-Music of the Blue Nile Province: The Ingesana and Berta Tribes, An Anthology of African Music, UNESCO Collection, D 8073, France.
Gottlieb, Robert (1998). Solo Tabla Drumming of North India. It’s Repertoire, Styles, and Performance Practices. Vol. I: Text and Commentary. Motilal Banarsiddas, Delhi.
Günther, Robert (1972). Die Sozialstruktur im Spiegel musikalischer Konvention bei den Völkern Westäthiopiens. Jahrbuch für musikalische Volks”“ und Völkerkunde. Volume VI, pp. 51”“64
Haile Selassie of Etiopia: Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1935. http://footage.framepool.com/it/shot/916870166-abissinia-haile-selassie-d'etiopia-seconda-guerra-italo-etiopica-farewell-to-yesterday (last retrieved 05.12.2016)
Harlan, Harry (1925): A caravan Journey through Abyssinia. National Geographic, vol. XLVII, no. (1925): 613-633.
Isenberg, Charles William (1841). Dictionary of the Amharic Language in Two Parts. London.
Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990). Amharic English Dictionary. Volume 1. Otto Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden.
Kebede, Ashenafi (1971). The Music of Ethiopia: Its Development and Cultural Setting. Dissertation. Wesleyan University.
Kebede, Ashenafi (1982). Roots of Black Music: The Vocal, Instrumental and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America. Ethius Book.
Kimberlin, Cynthia Tse (2007). Negarit. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 3, Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (editor). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Printers; pp. 1104-1106.
Kubik, Gerhard: Ostafrika: Musikgeschichte in Bildern, i/10 (Leipzig, 1982)
Kulmer, Friedrich Freiherr von (1910). Im Reiche Kaiser Meneliks: Tagebuch einer Abessinischen Reise [The Empire of Emperor Menelik: Diary of an Abyssinian Journey]. Von Klinkhardt & Biermann Printers, Leipzig.
L’Illustration (1935). (French Magazine, No. 4833 ”“ 93). October Edition.
Leontieff, Nikolai Stepanovich (1900). Provinces Equatoriales d'Abyssinie. Expédition du Dédjaz Comte N. de Léontieff. Chambrelent.
Mbabi”“Katana, Solomon (1984). The Use of Measured Rhythm to Communicate Messages among Banyoro and Baganda in Uganda. Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology. Vol. V: Studies in African Music. University of California. Los Angeles pp. 339”“356
Meyer, Andreas (1997). Afrikanische Trommeln: West- und Zentralafrika. Museum für Völkerkunde Berlin; Auflage: Museum für Völkerkunde Berlin
Montagu, Jeremy (2002). Timpani and Percussion. Yale University Press.
Pankhurst, Richard (1983). Captain Speedy’s Entertainment: The Reminiscences of a Nineteenth Century British Traveller to Ethiopia. Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell’Istituto italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente. Volume 38/3, pp. 428-48
Parkyns, Mansfield (1853). Life in Abyssinia: Being Notes collected during three years’ Residence and Travels in that country. Volume 2. Murray, London. (https://archive.org/details/lifeinabyssiniab21853park (last retrieved 23.11.2016)
Pears, Jeff (2014). Prevail: The Inspiring Story of Ethiopia's Victory over Mussolini’s Invasion: 1935-1941. Skyhorse Publishing.
Powne, Michael (1968). Ethiopian Music, an Introduction: A Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments. Oxford University Press.
Riubal-González, Alfredo (2014). An Archeology of Resistance: Materiality and Time in an African Borderland. Rowman & Littlefield.
Sachs, Curt (1971). Handbuch der Musikinstrumente. Second Edition Wiesbaden 1930. Breitkopf & Härtel.
Sachs, Curt (1979). Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente, zugleich Polyglossar für das gesamte Instrumentengebiet. First Edition Berlin 1913. Georg Olms Publisher Hildesheim / New York.
Second Italo-Abyssinian War / Ethiopia / 1930-1939; http://footage.framepool.com/en/shot/691371686-haile-selassie-i-of-ethopia-second-italo-abyssinian-war-topee-throne
Second Italo-Ethiopian War Documentary uploaded on YouTube 17 March 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ILueKshJEQ (last retrieved 28.11.2016)
Simon, Arthur (1989). Trumpet and Flute Ensembles of the Berta People in the Sudan. J.C. Djedje, Carter (Hrsg.), African Musicology: Current Trends Vol. 1 (A Festschrift presented to J.N.K.Nketia). Los Angeles, Crossroad Press, pp. 183-217.
Simon, Arthur (1999). Zur Musik der Berta ”“ Feldforschungen im Sudan. 50 Jahre Musikwissenschaftliches Institut in Hamburg (offprint). Peter Petersen & Helmut Rösing (editor), Peter Lang, pp. 151-168.
Simon, Arthur (2003). Die Musik der Berta am Blauen Nil/ Music of the Berta from the Blue Nile - Sudan, Museum Collection Berlin, SM 17082, WERGO GmbH (Aufnahmen 1982/83 und 76 Seiten Kommentar
Società Geografica Italiana Onlus), the ‘Ostini’ collection (photos); http://www.archiviofotografico.societageografica.it/index.php?it/152/archivio-fotografie/sgi_master_dbase_8563/4003 (last retrieved 07.12.2016)
Teffera, Timkehet (2006). The Role of Traditional Music Among East African Societies: The case of Selected Aerophones. Folklore Studies. Volume 32. RÅ«ta ŽarskienÄ— (editor), pp. 36”“49
Teffera, Timkehet (2008). The Bol Negero Ensemble of the Berta of West Ethiopia. Annales D’Éthiopie: Musiques Traditionnelles D’Éthiopie, Vol. XXIII 2007-2008, Olivier Tourney (editor), Centre Francais des Études Éthiopiennes [French Center for Ethiopian Studies], De Boccard, Paris, pp. 281-314.
Teffera, Timkehet (2018). Music Instrument Collection of World Museum Vienna: North Africa ”“ Part II; see: https://www.academia.edu/35679874/Timkehet_Teffera_2018_._Music_Instrument_Collection_of_World_Museum_Vienna_North_Africa_Part_II
Tibebu, Teshale (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. The Red Sea Press Inc.
Touma, Habib Hassan (1975). Die Musik der Araber. Internationales Institut für vergleichende Musikstudien. Heinrichshofen Publisher. Wilhelmshafen.
Van Thiel, Paul (1986). Zentralafrika. Musikgeschichte in Bildern, Vol. 1, No. 9, Werner Bachmann (editor). VEB Verlag für Musik, Leipzig. pp. 42”“43.
Widenmann, Eduard / Kauf, Hermann (editor). (1845). Harris' Gesandtschaftsreise nach Shoa und Aufenthalt in Süd-Abyssinien: 1841 ”“ 1843. Reisen und Länderbeschreibungen der älteren und neusten Zeit, eine Sammlung der interessantesten Werke über Länder- und Staatenkunde, Geographie und Statistik. Volume 30. Cotta Publishers Stuttgart / Tübingen
Downloads
Publicado
Versões
- 2019-12-25 (2)
- 2019-12-25 (1)
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2019 Música em Contexto
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
